...The beginning of the Chicken Leg Dissection Lab was a chicken leg placed on the tray. The fibula and the tibia bone of the chicken’s leg was dissected for this lab. On the outside of the leg, it had bumpy skin, had white spots which is probably the cartilage, ligament, and the fat. And the bone was also shown. The muscle was exposed on one of the sides. We soon begin the procedure. The skin and fascia was cuted by a scissor and pulled down gently to the bottom of the leg. We then examine the meat or also know as the muscle. It was smooth and was pink and red. Cutting through the meat, the tendons was shown. It was strong, white, and like a sturdy string. After all the meat was cut off and pulled down to the bottom of the bone, the bone was...
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...and Physiology I Shemika Spraggins Kaplan University Introduction: Skeletal System and Digestive System The Human body is one the most complex organism that is made up of several systems that all work together to keep all of us alive. Amount these systems are: The skeletal System and Digestive System. The Skeletal System has two hundred and six bones that protect the body’s organs, provide central support and attachment for muscles movement throughout the body. This system plays an important function in the...
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...Muscular System The muscular system is made up muscles, joints, tendons, bones, ligaments and connective tissue that help to support the body’s internal organs. They work together to perform a variety of functions. These include; stability, posture, motion, heat, circulation and digestion within the body. Essentially the muscular system provides power for movement of all body parts. It is the muscles within our body which provide us with movement via contractions and without this vital system life would completely stop. Stability and posture Our skeletal muscles attach to our bones through tendons where bones act as levers. This causes our muscles to contract, relax, effectively it controls the bone. Muscles also provide strength for stability and posture by allowing the bones to align properly. If muscles are too tight or loose then this causes the bones to become misaligned which creates poor posture. Skeletal muscles can be stretched or strengthened to support the bone correctly, allowing maximal stability. Finally, skeletal muscles are also important for providing the body with balance and coordination which is also important because they aid fluid body movement for physical skill performance which is key when taking part in sport. Good balance and coordination also improves posture and prevents injury because you will have good postural responses to a stimulus e.g putting your hands in front of your face to protect yourself. http://www.childdevelopment.com.au/home/90 ...
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...Like skeletal muscle tissue, it is striated (the muscle fibers contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers). Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, contraction is usually not under conscious control (involuntary). Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder. Smooth muscle fibers are usually involuntary (not under conscious control), and they are nonstriated (smooth). Smooth muscle tissue, like skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, can undergo hypertrophy . In addition, certain smooth muscle fibres, such as those in the uterus, retain their capacity for division and can grow by hyperplasia. Skeletal muscle tissue is named for its location - attached to bones. It is striated; the fibers (cells) contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers. Skeletal muscle tissue can be made to contract or relax by conscious control (voluntary). The muscular system is responsible for all the movement in the human body. The muscles in the body are attached to bones (roughly 700 of them) this makes up around half of a persons body...
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...Unit 2 the muscular system The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body. Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles and takes up half of a person’s body weight .Each of these muscles is an organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. Humans have three types of muscle skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Muscle types Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles because they work our internal organs. They are outside our control. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue due to the presence of a large number of mitochondria, Voluntary muscles make the body move. They are attached to the skeleton and can be controlled. Voluntary muscles have fast twitch and slow twitch fibres. Fast twitch fibres contract quickly, but do not use oxygen well and tire quickly. Slow twitch fibres contract slowly, but use oxygen well and keep going for a long time. Top sprinters have more 'fast twitch' fibres. Endurance athletes tend to have more 'slow twitch' fibres. Each voluntary muscle is made up of muscle cells. These cells are fused together into fibres that run the entire length of the muscle. Two types of fibres, a thick fibre, known as myosin and a thin fibre, known as actin, work within a voluntary muscle. Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movement...
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...Cell Theory Cell Theory is a way to describe the biology of living things. Cell theory says that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells by themselves are alive, but they can also be part of a larger living thing. The smallest living organisms (like bacteria but not viruses) and the biggest ones (like humans and whales) are all made of cells. Very small organisms like bacteria and amoebas are only made of one cell each, so they are called unicellular organisms ("uni" means "one"). Larger organisms are made of many cells, and they are called multicellular organisms. Definition: The Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of Biology. Credit for the formulation of this theory is given to German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow. The Cell Theory states: * All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. * The cell is the basic unit of life. * Cells arise from pre-existing cells. The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that: * Energy flow occurs within cells. * Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell. * All cells have the same basic chemical composition. Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial: In Greek, ἐπί (epi) means "on" or "upon", and θηλή (thēlē) means "nipple". Epithelial layers are avascular, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane. Epithelia...
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... Mon .. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-403 Course Description: This course is designed to provide students with a basic understanding of the structure, function and disorders of the human body. Topics include an overview of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, as well as a discussion of tissues and special senses. A three- hour lab session is required each week. Prerequisites: SCI-103; SCI-104 Objectives: 1. To provide basic understanding and working knowledge of the human body. 2. To develop writing and critical thinking. 3. To become familiar with essential concepts including structure and functional level of organization and homeostasis. 4. To recognize the gross and microscopic anatomy of the tissues and organs and also demonstrate how different tissue types interact to create organs. 5. To develop observational skills and logical thought patterns. 6. To use anatomical terms fluently when describing different tissues and organs. 7. To examine the biomechanics and gross anatomy of the muscular system. 8. To describe the significance of the nerve impulse in making rapid adjustments for maintaining homeostasis and to learn how nervous...
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...oggy1962 first attempt 1.1 The four basic human body structures and their units are cells, tissues, organs and systems. Cells – these are the smallest independent unit in the human body and can only be seen with a microscope. There are many different types, shapes and sizes. Each type is specialised and carries out a particular function in the body. The types of cells include epithelial cells (the skin), muscle cells, nerve cells, bone cells and blood cells. Every cell has a nucleus, (except red blood cells), a cell membrane and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains the body’s genetic material; this directs all the metabolic activities of the cell. The cell membrane is semi-permeable and surrounds the cytoplasm. Its function is to protect the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances in and keeping others out. The cytoplasm is a gel like substance in which organelles are suspended. These include ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitrochondria, and centrioles. The organelles each have different functions within the cell. Tissues – a group of cells is known as a tissue. Different types of tissues are found in different organs. Humans have four different types of tissue: Epithelial tissue – this covers the body surface. The major functions are protection, secretion, absorption and filtration. Connective tissue – this is the most abundant tissue in the body. It binds structures together and forms a framework and support for organs. It...
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...Skeletal.eap3am 8/20/02 1:20 PM Page 50 50 The Body Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3....
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...and how it relates to posture and maintaining balance. 5. Explain the staircase effect. 6. Define tetanic contraction, and distinguish it from a twitch. 7. Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions, and give examples. 8. Describe the two ways in which smooth muscle is organized, and describe their functions. 9. Describe how the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction differs from that of skeletal muscle. 10. List four factors that control smooth muscle contractions. 11. Summarize in a table the similarities and differences between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. 12. Explain the ways in which different groups of skeletal muscles(agonists, etc.) interact to produce smooth, coordinated movements. 13. Describe with diagrams what is meant by a first class lever, and give examples. 14. Describe with diagrams what is meant by a third class lever, and give examples. 15....
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...Unit 2 the muscular system The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body. Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles and takes up half of a person’s body weight .Each of these muscles is an organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. Humans have three types of muscle skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Muscle types Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles because they work our internal organs. They are outside our control. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue due to the presence of a large number of mitochondria, Voluntary muscles make the body move. They are attached to the skeleton and can be controlled. Voluntary muscles have fast twitch and slow twitch fibres. Fast twitch fibres contract quickly, but do not use oxygen well and tire quickly. Slow twitch fibres contract slowly, but use oxygen well and keep going for a long time. Top sprinters have more 'fast twitch' fibres. Endurance athletes tend to have more 'slow twitch' fibres. Each voluntary muscle is made up of muscle cells. These cells are fused together into fibres that run the entire length of the muscle. Two types of fibres, a thick fibre, known as myosin and a thin fibre, known as actin, work within a voluntary muscle. Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movement...
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...mechanics uses -body mechanics = coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous system -Alignment and balance= posture Mobility= ability to move about freely Immobility: inability to move about freely Bed Rest: an intervention that restricts clients for therapeutic reasons Activity includes many of our bodies systems -Skeletal system * Supports the soft tissue of the body * Protects crucial components of body * Furnishing surfaces for the attachments of muscle, tendons and ligaments * Provides storage areas for minerals and fat * Produces blood cells -Muscular system * Motion skeletal muscle contraction pull up on tendons move bones create movments * Maintenance of posture skeletal muscles contractions hold body in stationary position * Support skeletal muscle support soft tissue in abdominal and floor of pelvic cavity * Heat production skeletal muscles contractions produce heat 1. Skeletal muscle -works with tendons and bones to move body -produce movement by contraction of its cells 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth/visceral muscle Nerve system Nerve impuleses stimulus causes muscles to contract Moblity and the body systems * Cardiovascular system -exercise increase efficiency of heart -decrease bp and hr - increase blood flow to all body parts -increase fribogen-> breaks small clots -respiratory system and cardiac system work together to provide o2 To all part of body Better coordination Metabolic...
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...BIOL 2010 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 2.17. 2.18. 2.19. 2.20. 2.21. Describe the physical organization of the human body and explain how interaction between body components is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis. Define the terms anatomy and physiology in reference to the human body. (LECT & LAB) Describe each of the following levels of organization of the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, system, organism. (LECT & LAB) Identify the principal systems of the body. (LECT & LAB) Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body. (LECT & LAB) Compare common anatomical terms used to describe the various regions of the human body. (LECT & LAB) List by name and location the principal body cavities. (LECT & LAB) Define homeostasis and explain the effects of the lack of homeostasis on the body's function. (LECT & LAB) Describe the chemical level of organization of the human body. Describe the interrelationship of matter, elements, and atoms. (LECT) Identify by name and symbol the principal elements of the human body. (LECT) Diagram and label the structure of a typical atom. (LECT) Describe the function of electrons located in incomplete outer energy levels. (LECT) Define the terms isotope and radioisotope and give their functions. (LECT) Describe the three types of chemical bonding (ionic...
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...muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Skeletal muscle b. Benefits of exercise to muscles 1. Muscle Strength 2. Muscle Endurance 3. Muscle Size 4. Muscle Nerve-Interaction 5. Blood Circulation c. Muscle Soreness After Exercise 1. Causes of muscle Soreness 2. Treatment for muscle soreness 3. Tips for dealing with muscle soreness 4. Tips to prevent muscle soreness III. Conclusion INTRODUCTION Exercise is one of the most important thing for the body, not only to make it strong but also for us to avoid diseases. Disease care is very expensive in any health cares or hospitals. Most of the money spent for health care are really spent for medicines or treatments. Many people now are have no time for exercise because of busyness or just taking aside of it. They didn’t think that having no exercise can lead to the weakness of the body and also can cause of incurable diseases. In this study we will know the importance of having a regular exercise. We will learn the possible effects of exercise to muscles, to motivate us to do exercises for our healthy lifestyle. One in having a regular exercise, it gives energy to the muscles through healthy blood circulation. So as long as we do exercise, the more we will have energy in every muscle. So in that way we can make our performance in work and activities good with a healthy body. MUSCLES AND EXERCISE Three types of muscles Smooth Muscle Smooth muscles have no clearly defined stripes unlike skeletal muscles. Smooth muscles are...
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...BTEC 90 Credit/Extended Diploma in Public Services Unit 5 Physical Preparation, Health and Lifestyle for the Public Services Learner Resource Pack Introduction The human body is a very complex piece of machinery. It is made up of many different systems that work together to allow us to take part in a wide range of sports and everyday activities. It is important that anyone working with clients in the sport and exercise industry has a good understanding of how each of these systems works and copes with the stresses of exercise. This unit will explore the structure and the functions of the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how each of them is affected by exercise. It will also focus on the energy systems and their role in sport and exercise performance. Section One - The Structure and Function of The Skeletal System and How it Responds to Exercise Part 1.1: The structure of the skeleton system The skeleton provides us with a complex framework of bones, joints and cartilage without which we could not stand upright or move. It consists of 206 bones which can be divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial and appendicular skeleton The axial skeleton provides the supportive structure of the skeleton and is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper limbs, shoulder girdle, lower limbs and hip girdle and provides...
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