...the disadvantages because of the benefits that people will inherit and that the economic benefit we receive is a lot more than the cost we put into it. II. Body (Arguments) A) Transition and Topic Sentence for Reason #1 – We can use the new technology 1) Supporting Detail - Not possible without NASA (Wilson, Space Program Benefits) 2) Supporting Detail -Things from fiberglass to GPS (Wilson, Space Program Benefits) 3) Supporting Detail - More investment, more commercialized (Wilson, Space Program Benefits) B) Transition and Topic Sentence for Reason #2 – The exploration development basic necessities 1) Supporting Detail - NASA started water program (Dunbar, “Water Water Everywhere!”) 2) Supporting Detail - Based off design for astronauts (Dunbar, “Water Water Everywhere!”) 3) Supporting Detail - Inexpensive, useful (Dunbar, “Water Water Everywhere!”) C) Transition and Topic Sentence for Reason #3 –The exploration extended to help people in medicine 1) Supporting Detail - Study osteoporosis in space, astronauts are guinea pigs (NASA Science, “Space Bones”) 2) Supporting Detail – Scientists were able to test different methods (NASA Science, “Space Bones”) 3) Supporting Detail – Successful, now used to treat people on Earth (Iwamoto, Result Filters) D) Transition and Topic Sentence for Reason #4 – Commercial space flight can become...
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...Most government agencies are wasteful. But NASA is a vital agency to this nation because it does push our country to develop technology. A lot of good science comes out of NASA. The sad thing is that NASA is run by politicians who cannot or do not understand the agencies mission or its value to the economy. NASA's budget, although large compared to the average income, is very small compared to the national budget. It is one of the few agencies of the US government that actually put more money into the economy that it takes out. I think it is a worthwhile endeavor to explore the things around us. One positive thing about human curiosity is the survival value it brings. According to News.com “A new private space industry could create ten thousand new jobs across the country in five years.” NASA and the aerospace industry provide thousands of jobs across the country they do more than just space exploration they also monitor our environment from space, procure satellites for other agencies and develop the next generation of aircraft technologies. I think President Obama’s reasons are not directly related to the current state of the economy. He has made clear that his priorities are the re-distribution of wealth away from those that are producing it to supply the needs of those that are not producing it. If the economy was booming, President Obama would not reinstate the programs he has canceled. But he will earn the political favor of those that he temporarily pretends to help...
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...Before or during a disaster, it is a challenge and important to communicate correct information clearly to the target audience. Such efforts are taken for granted because we communicate every day. Communicating is very important in the prevention of disasters and reaction to an emergency. Often time’s communication plays a big part, but is placed in a small window of opportunity to gain a response from a small or large group. When lives are at stake, communication should take lead focus in the efforts to prevent disaster. Communication is a two way street. A speaker usually focuses on the information they want to get across. A listener may understand the message, understand a portion, or miss the message all together. This occurrence played out in the disaster of spaceship Challenger and Columbia. In comparison, the communication issues that happened in both Challenger and Columbia are very similar. Even with NASA’s advanced technology, engineers and political backing failed in communicating flaws of productions elements. A contractor in the Challenger camp, Thiokol failed to address flaws in the O –rings in 1977 and engineers disregarded potential launching in colder temperatures. Many years later NASA disaster struck the space program again. Space shuttle Columbia went down in flames over Texas. The disaster was debated because in multiple meetings before launch, potential problems were not communicated or the frequency in which the problem were occurring...
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...Challenger Disaster Research Paper Space Shuttle Challenger was first called as STA-099, and was built as a test vehicle for the space program. But despite its Earth-bound beginnings, STA-099 was destined for space. In 1979, NASA awarded a contract to Rockwell, a space shuttle manufacturer to convert the STA-099 to a space orbiter OV-099. After completion of OV-099, it arrived at the at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida in July 1982, bearing the name "Challenger." Space Shuttle orbiter Challenger was named after the British Naval vessel HMS Challenger that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870s. Challenger launched on her maiden voyage, STS-6, on April 4, 1983. That mission saw the first spacewalk of the Space Shuttle program. The NASA had planned for a six day flight, and their mission was to release and retrieve one satellite to study Haley’s comet, and to launch another satellite that would become part of the space communications network. Challenger was originally set to launch from Florida on January 22nd. But delays in STS-61-C and bad weather caused it to reschedule to January 23rd, 24th, 25th, and 27th. On January 28th 1986, the space shuttle was set to take off, but the launch time was delayed due to problems with the...
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...NASA’s built a habit of relaxing safety standards to meet financial and time constraints. The agency’s “broken safety culture” would lead to tragedy again unless fundamental changes are made. NASA has made a critical mistake in its culture the space agency’s attitude toward safety hasn’t changed much since the 1986 Challenger disaster, which also killed seven along with the Columbian disaster. NASA lacks “effective checks back to the basics of understanding their operation and does not have an independent safety program and has not demonstrated the characteristics of a learning organization, NASA fell into the habit of accepting as normal some flaws in the shuttle system and tended to ignore or not recognize that these problems could foreshadow...
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...Nasa’s total budget is is $3.73 trillion, and $18.7 billion of that will go to funding NASA. Is space exploration really the most important thing at the moment when so much needs to be done in America? It is a serious question that needs to be answered. People have many arguments, from jobs and education to technology development and national security. The government funds more than just NASA. In order for the US to be successful we have to keep up to date with the rest of the world. Meaning we have to keep up in space exploration. If we quit funding NASA we will no longer have as much information as others. Being the most powerful country we have to “beat” everyone. Without space exploration and space achievements the US will be left out from other countries and will...
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...presents lots of great teachings on surviving a crisis. The following are the vital inner teachings drawn from the Apollo 13 mission. The first lesson learned from the Apollo 13 mission is prioritizing and communication in a crisis. After the second oxygen tank exploded the priority was to return the crew safely on earth. Thus the projected lunar landing was quickly abandoned and every effort was concentrated on the safe return of the crew to the earth. Without prioritizing activities and effective communication this would not have been possible (Holden, 2012). Training is mandatory for every mission. NASA trains its crew well. Every first crew and the support crew begin training for a mission well even before the mission plans are finalized. This makes the crew prepared for what awaits them. Without proper training the crew would have panicked and the mission ended in a disaster (Holden, 2012). It is therefore imperative that proper training is conducted for every mission planed in...
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...The commission discovered building reports, dated before the shuttle's first flight, that demonstrated shortcoming in this configuration, and the commission finished up NASA's choice making procedure was genuinely defective. In conclusion, the events above all informed the famous rhetoric speech “The Challenger”. “The Challenger,” exemplifies the four components of rhetorical situation on audience, event, speaker, and occasion. Work Cited Reagan, Ronald Wilson. “Challenger Speech.” White House. 28 Jan. 1983. Lieurance, Suzanne. The Space Shuttle "Challenger" Disaster in American History. Berkeley Heights, N.J.: Enslow, 2001. Describes the effect of the disaster on American space efforts; suitable for younger readers. Vaughan, Diane. The "Challenger" Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture,...
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...Apollo 13 was launched on April 11, 1970, at 13:13pm from the Kennedy space center located in Florida. It was a critical mission because the lives of three highly trained and educated astronauts were in extreme danger high up in the open space where there is no other human live existing to help them when they were needing help more than anything else after an explosion happened in the two tanks where all the oxygen was stored in the service module which lead to loss of their oxygen two days after they lunched. It was the worst nightmare for the NASA team when they heard the words “Huston we’ve had a problem” which lead to massive confusion in both teams up in the open space and on earth in NASA’s control center. In the end of the mission after five days spend in the open space with very limited resources the NASA team had gathered the best engineers all around America to help solve successfully the problems that...
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...would we do it, why, and where? GS 1140 2 Part 1 3 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was formally launched on October 1, 1958, with its headquarters in Washington DC. This was the creation of a pronounced history of distinctive scientific and technological triumphs in human space flight, aeronautics, space science, and space applications. NASA had originally believed itself to be the leader in space technology and missile development however when the Soviet Union satellite Sputnik 1 was successfully launched into space while the first two US launches had failed they were proved to be wrong. This led to the Sputnik crisis. Immediately the space race began and NASA quickly employed possibilities for human space flight. Project Mercury was NASA’s first prestigious program, which was exploring whether or not humans could survive in space. With Project Mercury’s success Project Gemini was to follow, with a spacecraft built for two astronauts. With Project Apollo in 1969, Apollo 11 was launched and NASA put the first astronauts on the moon. Several test projects were to follow in the early 70’s. The Space Shuttle program was born in 1981 and it still continues today to assist with the building of the International Space Station. In addition to their heroic achievements NASA’s humanitarian efforts are unmatched. This year NASA will begin to provide educational camps for underprivileged middle school children. With its launch of, Summer of Innovations...
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...MISSION TO MARS Nearly two decades after the Viking was successfully launched and put in Mars, NASA were ready to launch their second major mission to Mars with Mars Observer (MO) at a cost of nearly 1 billion dollars and more than a decade of preparation. This was a complete disaster after the controllers lost contact with the spacecraft three days prior to its deceleration into Mars’ Orbit. The losses incurred were of gigantic proportions and NASA could not afford any more failures. This made them rethink their approach towards space exploration and they eventually came up with the philosophy of FBC (Faster, Better, Cheaper). The aim of this approach was to change the way they worked on space exploration. Instead of spending billions of dollars and decades of effort in coming up with one spacecraft which has a lot of functionalities, FBC aimed at creating smaller and specific missions with strict constraints in money and time. The idea was to diversify the risk across multiple smaller projects rather than laying all the eggs in a single basket. This approach forced the developers to come up with innovative, out of the box solutions to cut down the costs. Another advantage in this approach is that the failure of a mission will not be as catastrophic as before. This really paid off on the first mission when Pathfinder was successfully launched into Mars within the specified constraints. However, things started getting awry when the challenge bar was raised too high....
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...phenomenon of curiosity. In 2008, they set up a fMRI- functioning magnetic resonance imaging- study, where they discovered that when the subject’s interest was piqued by a question, special regions of the brain lit up. These regions are the basal ganglia and they correspond to the reward centers of the brain (Ransom). So scientifically, mankind came born with the natural need to explore and yet they have not yet fully explored the huge vacuum of unknown knowledge. President George W. Bush stated, “Mankind is drawn to the heavens for the same reason we were once drawn into unknown lands and across the open sea. We choose to explore space because doing so improves our lives and lifts our national spirit” (“Mars Exploration”). Coincidentally, NASA has sent a probe named “Curiosity” into the void of wonderment: outer space (“Mars”). “One small step for man. One giant leap for mankind.” Neil Armstrong said those famous words when he landed on the moon on the summer morning of July 20th, 1969 (Balogh 5). What did he really mean when he said that famed phrase? Stepping on the moon had more of an impact on the progression of the world than just landing a man on the moon which was a tremendous feat. Kennedy claimed that the achievable goal issued an unparalleled difficult challenge, both through technological limits and human limits (Balogh 5). Starting from the beginning of space exploration to the moon landing, from the first probe sent to Mars to present time, several advances in technology...
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...Introduction Earth has a problem, overpopulation. Many scientist believe that mankind will soon grow to a population that our planet cannot sustain. The land to house, feed, and support the population is dwindling. Increases in drought and natural disasters are occurring more frequently and with increased severity. Pollution is increasing and man’s ability to consume resources is far outweighed by his ability to replace them. These are all problems shared by leaders of some and many countries. Hunger has stricken most of Africa and other places around the world. India and China make up approximately 37 percent of the world’s population. These are not problems that one has to research to find. There are public service announcements on television programming in the United States, one of the world’s superpowers and argued the most powerful nation, that state one in five American children will go to bed hungry. China has a law known commonly around the world that restricts families to one child unless pre-approved. Where do we go from here? Statement of Need Space has long been an area of curiosity for man. Upward man has found a home in the stars, Heaven, one that has yet to be fully explored. How do we do this? How does man find a place to settle when the planet he has called home since the beginning of time is slowly, but surely, dying? The solution is in the history of man himself. The human population took millennia to grow out of Africa. Slowly, man crawled...
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...Alen Sonny Mr. Lewis APUSH Period 5 13 April, 2014 The War between Communism and Democracy for Dominance of Space The Space Race was a war of firsts between the United States of America and the Union Soviet Socialist Republics. But it was also the culmination of the dreams of man for many millennia and the team who worked on the space programs was able to discover what so many of the people that came before and after them could only dream of. It was an endeavor that all of humanity was invested in at the time. It was a testament to the power of the human spirit and it showed how nothing was impossible if we persevered and strived to be better. The space race did not start as one would expect with the respective American and Soviet space agencies. But rather it began with the German V2 missile launches towards the end of World War 2. The V2 missile was designed by Wernher Von Braun a German scientist who had dreamed of traveling to the moon for many years; however this dream had to be secret as it was considered to be treasonous and not helpful to the German cause. Von Braun and many other amateur rocketeers were drafted into the German war machine in order to help build a super weapon and their base was Peenemünde. When the war was nearing its end the Third Reich unleashed its secret weapon, the V2 missile. It could hit anywhere within its target range and there would be no warning. When it hit, it caused scenes of mass destruction. The V2 missiles were to be Hitler’s...
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...9-603-062 REV. OCTOBER 29, 2002 DOROTHY LEONARD DAVID KIRON Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Downsizing at NASA over the last decade through attrition and buyouts has resulted in an imbalance in NASA’s skill mix.1 — The President’s Management Agenda, Fiscal Year 2002 By the end of this decade, many of the most experienced scientists and engineers at NASA and JPL are going to retire. If we don’t have systems in place to retain more of what they know, our institution is going to suffer. — Jeanne Holm, Chief Knowledge Architect for NASA In the spring of 2002, Jeanne Holm, Chief Knowledge Architect for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and its Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), was giving a tour of JPL. Stopping at a viewing stage above JPL’s mission control center, Holm explained the growing need for knowledge management at NASA: Almost 40% of JPL’s science and engineering workforce is currently eligible for retirement. In just four years, half of NASA’s entire workforce will be eligible. Many of these people are the most experienced project managers—the people who worked on Apollo (the mission to the Moon) and built the first space shuttle. Yet, we have few programs designed to bring their wisdom into our institutional memory. In the past 10 years, the budgets on our missions have been radically reduced, missions have multiplied ten-fold, and our scientists and engineers have been pushed...
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