...Damien White April 31, 2014 Where’re Talking About Football “There is a difference between conceit and confidence. Conceit is bragging about yourself. Confidence means you believe you can get the job done.” says John Unitas. Professional football players believe that they are too good to not be paid the incredible amount that they already are given, and America’s economy is strongly impacted by the NFL. The National Football League has given countless citizens jobs, including those that play professional football. It also provides amazing leaps socially in society along with the entertainment factor. Even though America’s society thoroughly enjoys watching professional football games, people hardly realize the impacts the National Football League has on the country. When the National Football league was beginning to morph into something huge, there was a great deal of other political, social, and economic situations taking place. Politically during the establishment of the NFL, amendments were being passed and conventions were being held. The president that held office during this time was Grover Cleveland. The Platt Amendment was being passed along with the happening of the Anglo-Boer War in the commencement of the new football league. Another political matter that was taking place was the reelection of President McKinley, nominated by the Republican Party. They used “Prosperity at Home, Prestige Abroad” as a platform, while “the full dinner pail” was their slogan. Socially...
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...ability to play the game with passion. Some professional football players believe that they are too good to not be paid the incredible amount that they already are given, and America’s economy is very much impacted by the NFL. The National Football League has given countless citizens jobs, including those that play professional football. It also provides amazing leaps socially in society along with the entertainment factor. Even though America’s society thoroughly enjoys watching professional football games, people hardly realize the impacts the National Football League has on the country. When the National Football league was beginning to morph into something huge, there was a great deal of other political, social, and economic situations taking place. Politically during the establishment of the NFL, amendments were being passed and conventions were being held. The president that held office during this time was Grover Cleveland. The Platt Amendment was being passed along with the happening of the Anglo-Boer War in the commencement of the new football league. Another political matter that was taking place was the reelection of President McKinley, nominated by the Republican Party. They used “Prosperity at Home, Prestige Abroad” as a platform, while “the full dinner pail” was their slogan. Socially, the United States was very minute before the NFL. There was not nearly as much gambling or entertainment before football went professional. There were no video games that represented...
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...organizations despite varying economic conditions and market capacities. Every league acknowledges that the purpose of revenue sharing is to allow a closer range of payroll spending that might otherwise not be accomplished, preventing large market teams from controlling the allocation of high-priced free agents (Kesenne, 2006). Television rights and licensing agreements play a huge role in revenue sharing. The National Football League and CBS created a revenue sharing model that included televising all regular season games for an annual fee of $4.65 million and by 2014 the NFL earned a share of $4.9 billion (Stone, 2015). Often times, the media exploits financial figures that are included within the revenue sharing agreement. The National Football League teams share more than sixty one percent of total revenues generated by the league which lends itself to good business. The NFL also shares ticket and merchandise revenues with all teams except for the Dallas Cowboys which keeps revenue generated from merchandise sales and does not receive any from the other thirty-one teams (Kesenne, 2006). Each of the NFL franchises retain suite, club seating and sponsor revenues from naming rights and other properties. In 2014, the NFL generated $10 billion in revenue and is projected to generate up to $25 billion in 2025 (Stone, 2015). Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Hockey League (NHL) and National Basketball Association (NBA) share national TV revenues; however, each team...
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...Jim Albert and Ruud H. Koning (eds.) Statistical Thinking in Sports CRC PRESS Boca Raton Ann Arbor London Tokyo Contents 1 Introduction Jim Albert and Ruud H. Koning 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Patterns of world records in sports (2 articles) . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Competition, rankings and betting in soccer (3 articles) . . 1.1.3 An investigation into some popular baseball myths (3 articles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Uncertainty of attendance at sports events (2 articles) . . . 1.1.5 Home advantage, myths in tennis, drafting in hockey pools, American football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modelling the development of world records in running Gerard H. Kuper and Elmer Sterken 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Modelling world records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Cross-sectional approach . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Fitting the individual curves . . . . . . . . 2.3 Selection of the functional form . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Candidate functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Theoretical selection of curves . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Fitting the models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 The Gompertz curve in more detail...
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...case of the English football league Simmons, Rob and Forrest, David The Department of Economics Lancaster University Management School Lancaster LA1 4YX UK ©Simmons Rob and Forrest David All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission, provided that full acknowledgement is given. The LUMS Working Papers series can be accessed at http://www.lums.co.uk/publications/ LUMS home page: http://www.lums.lancs.ac.uk/ NEW ISSUES IN ATTENDANCE DEMAND: THE CASE OF THE ENGLISH FOOTBALL LEAGUE David Forrest* University of Salford Rob Simmons** Lancaster University November 2004 *School of Accounting, Economics and Management Science, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, e-mail: d.k.forrest@salford.ac.uk. Phone: 0044 (0)161 295 3674, Fax: 0044 (0)161 295 2130. **(Corresponding author) Department of Economics, The Management School, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YX, e-mail: r.simmons@lancaster.ac.uk. Phone 0044 (0)1524 594234, Fax 0044 (0)1524 594244. Acknowledgement We are grateful to two referees, Tunde Buraimo and participants at the Applied Econometrics Association, Football’s Econometrics Conference, in Patras, Greece, for helpful comments on an earlier draft. 1 ABSTRACT This paper uses an attendance demand model with panel data on over 4,000 games to examine economic problems of fixture congestion in English Football League schedules. We find that televised midweek Champions League matches involving English...
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...The Super bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League, the highest level of professional football in the United States and has one of the most significant economic impacts in the events industry. The game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League. The first ever Super bowl game was on January 15, 1967 with the Kansas Chiefs representing the American Football league playing against the Green Bay Packers who represented the National Football league. The two different league’s decided to play in a world championship game between one another that would act as a placeholder until the merger was to officially being in 1970. After the merger, each league...
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...Thesis statement: Professional athletes deserve their salaries because of the job growth they create, their skill level, and the degree of revenue that they generate for their team owner. Sources: * Gwen Burrow, Economic Modeling, Not Just a Game; The Impact of Sports on the U.S. Economy (2013) http://www.economicmodeling.com/2013/07/09/not-just-a-game-the-impact-of-sports-on-u-s-economy/ Summary of article: Gwen burrow talked about the job growth created by the sports industry. The industry creates about 456,000 jobs that pay an average of $39,000. This is a lot of jobs that sports create. Credibility: Gwen Burrow, is a writer for Economic modeling. Economic Modeling is a data company who helps organizations connect better with people. Relevance: In this scenario, they have captured necessary data to understand how sports benefits the economy. The data they found is the amount of jobs are created because of sports. * Angelo Spaminato, World Stadiums, Past and Future (2016) http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/past_future/future_stadiums.shtml Summary of article: This website has a list of every sports stadium in the world. It has information on stadiums that are already in use, being built, and announced. Currently there are 9 stadiums being built or announced in America. Credibility: World Stadiums is the most comprehensive website on the internet about sports stadiums in the Unites States. Relevance: According to World Stadiums, currently...
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...region is a gigantic source of revenue. However, that’s not always true. Time and time again we have seen sports franchises fold or relocate because their overall presence didn’t fit their location. For example we have seen Atlanta fail to support a National Hockey League (NHL) team twice, the Flames and Thrashers. Both teams relocated to Canada. This has happened in all of the major sports leagues. But, is a city or region necessarily dependent on these sports franchises to boost their economy? Has Atlanta’s economy declined since the Thrashers left? No. Also, let’s make sure that we don’t leave division one college football and basketball programs out of the discussion. Now, we’ll take a deeper look to see if college and professional sports teams make as big of an impact on their regions economy as we might think they do. The National Football League (NFL) is the biggest sporting draw in the United States. There is activity related to the NFL going on in fifteen cities around the United States on a Sunday at any given time during the season (30 teams play each other). Monday night is also a large draw for the NFL. Because of the massive attendance numbers and money that is spent on anything related to that game, the league provides cities around the country with continuous incoming revenue. According to USA Today’s Paul Wiseman, the NFL supports about 110,000 jobs in NFL cities, which include occupations like hotel workers and bartenders. Wiseman also says that the...
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...real business and that the management managed Real Madrid as a business rather than just a soccer club. The performance of Real Madrid as a soccer club is still key to the performance of the business though. 2. What provides the revenue stream from which the club benefits? About one fourth of the income in most top clubs is generated on match-day from such things as sponsorships, television rights and merchandising revenues. Revenue depends largely of the clubs participation and performance in major competitive events such as the European Champions League for instance. Below are listed four types of revenues the club generates and what it basically consists of: * Match-day: Gate receipts are an important, but declining source of revenue. * Merchandising: Includes sales of branded goods such as soccer jerseys, mugs, caps, and watches. Merchandising income ranges from 5-20% of total revenues for a typical national league team. * Sponsorship: Sponsorship form major corporations could account for up to 15% of a top club’s revenue. These...
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...decision making process. Outline the range of economic decisions made in the marketplace. Apply information to make basic economic decisions. Exercise 1.6 Factors in making a business decision Consult the business section of a local newspaper, or the The Australian Financial Review, or a business journal, such as BRW (Business Review Weekly), and find an appropriate article detailing an important business decision that has been made in the last month. Based on the article, determine the factors that were taken into account in arriving at the decision. Discuss the effects that such a decision will have on various interested parties or stakeholders. Factors to be taken into account in arriving at a business decision include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Nature of the business entity. Goals of the business entity. Resources available to the entity. Parties involved in the decision-making process. The management level required for the decision to be made. Possible gains or losses anticipated to be experienced by the business entity. Possible alternatives which could be employed by the business entity. The best or worst case scenario for the entity in adopting a certain business decision. Identifying all possible groups both internal and external to the business entity who may be affected. Identifying the stakeholders (i.e. parties for whom or on whom the decision will have a positive or negative impact). Exercise 1.7 Factors in making a government...
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...revenue sport in the United States, football is often a target of criticism and inquiry, both from the general public and from politicians. Most recently, the sport has come under pressure because of concerns that there are long-term health effects resulting from head injuries, specifically the impact of multiple concussions. In fact, a large group of retired professional players has sued the National Football League for allegedly withholding information about this long-term impact. The issue has spread to college football, and is also being discussed at the youth level. In early 2013, President Barack Obama made what many thought was an unprecedented public comment about the ongoing controversy. The President expressed concern about the issue and noted that if he had a son, he was not sure he would allow him to play football due to the uncertainty about long-term brain trauma from continuous hits to the head. As controversial as that statement may have seemed at the time, it still does not compare to a previous President’s involvement in addressing safety issues in football. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt took very active and direct public action to address issues of safety in organized football. The sport was growing in popularity, but was highly controversial due to the uncontrolled violence and serious injuries. Many influential people were calling for football to be banned altogether. President Roosevelt’s support for football and strong influence when dealing with...
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...Misterek, Elliott Nelson, LaMonica Smiley QNT 561/Applied Business Research and Statistics Dr. Charlene Dunfee February 10, 2011 Abstract The research study was interested in determining whether extending the regular season of the National Football League (NFL) would be agreeable to NFL players and fans. The problem exists because the NFL owners are pushing for a season extension, but also want to consider how this will impact the players. Surveys were distributed to collect data for this important topic. It was concluded that neither fans nor players want to extend the season, and it is hopeful that these results will be provided and taken into consideration before the owners make a final decision. More of the Same Game Every year professional football keeps lovers of the game on edge, as fans watch a 16-game regular-season in anticipation of the big finale, the Super Bowl Championship. The football schedule consists of four pre-season games and 16 regular-season games. Roger S. Goodell, Commissioner of the NFL, has proposed shortening the pre-season by two games, thereby extending the regular season from 16 games to 18. The proposal by the commissioner has caused controversy between the NFL and the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). With an extended season, probabilities exist that players will sustain more injuries and share less of the revenues from the games. Regardless of the threat of a strike by the players, Goodell and the NFL plan...
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...where people earn $32,000 a year. The highest earning player is David Beckham who earns approximately $966,000 per week, working out to be $50 million per year (Kaitlin Madden).The only way to control the salaries of soccer players is for the soccer bodies such as UEFA and FIFA to put a cap on the amount of money a team is allowed to spend on player wages. No countries currently have a cap although Italian soccer teams had looked into it a few years ago but never went through with it. A cap system would not only lower wages but would ensure fairness between all the teams in a league. It is hard to justify these soccer players getting paid so much when they no longer seem to have any passion for the game. When players are representing their country playing for the national team many no longer sing the national anthem when it is being played before the game unlike the rugby players who sing there national anthem with such pride. It seems that soccer players are now only in it for the money and they don’t even care about winning cups or medals anymore. An example of this is a soccer player called Lucas Neil who when it came to choosing which club he was going to play for he chose to go and play for West Ham, even though he was being offered a contract with Liverpool who are a much bigger club with a far better history and are a club who have always been at the top whereas West Ham are a club in the middle/lower end...
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........... 2 V. Marketing efforts ................................................................ 3 VI. The competition ................................................................. 3 VII. Economic and financial structure ............................................. 4 VIII. Distribution of revenues ........................................................ 7 IX. International financial comparison ........................................... 8 X. Case study ....................................................................... 12 XI. Bibliography ..................................................................... 18 List of figures Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 1 - First division ........................................................................ 3 2 - Market value of the Jupiler Pro League......................................... 6 3 - Evolution of finances of the Jupiler Pro League ............................... 6 4 - Average revenue of European clubs ............................................. 9 5 - Profits/losses of European clubs ................................................. 9 6 - Brand value of European Leagues.............................................. 11 7 - Evolution KRC Genk...
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...Bachelor Thesis for the discipline European Studies: The effects of the Bosman-case on the professional football leagues with special regard to the top-five leagues Bachelor Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ramses A. Wessel Co-Reader: Dr. Tsjalle van der Burg Word count (Text only): 25686 Daniel Schmidt Helbecker Weg 30 58769 Nachrodt Germany daniel18schmidt@web.de Student number: s0146773 12.07.2007 1 Table of Contents: I List of Abbreviations…………………………………….………………….………………6 1.Introduction………...…………………………………………..…………….…..…………7 2. EU Sport politics and Sport Law……………………………………………...…...……9 2.1 Council of Ministers and Sport …………………………………….…,……10 2.2 The ECJ…………………………………………………………………....…….11 2.3 Walrave and Koch………………………………………………………….…..11 2.4 The Dona Case…………………………………………………..…………..….12 2.5 The legal situation for sport before the Bosman case……………..…...13 3.The Bosman Case………………………………………………………………….……..14 3.1 Transfer rules before Bosman…………………………………………….... 14 3.2 Jean-Marc Bosman………………………………………...………….……….15 3.3 The basic of the judgement ………...………………………………….…….16 3.4 Reactions of officials……………..………………………………….………..19 2 3.5 Ideas and outlooks of scholars for the future after the judgement…...20 3.6 Immediate results of the Bosman case……………..…………………...…21 4. Cases after Bosman…………………….…………………………………...…….…….22 4.1 The Lehtonen Case…………………………….……………………….……...23 4.2 Kolpak Case…………………………………………………………….……….24 ...
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