...PROPOSED MASTER STUDIES MASTER IN ECONOMICS (HEALTHCARE) A Review of Healthcare Financing System in Developed Countries and Malaysia. By: Wong Lim Ping Finance Division Ministry of Health Putrajaya May 2011 MASTER IN HEALTH ECONOMICS TABLE OF CONTENT: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction Field of research Objective of study Literature review Scope of research Research Methodology Work Schedule Brief bibliography Wong Lim Ping 790904-13-5151 2 MASTER IN HEALTH ECONOMICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION As Malaysia strikes toward the high income economic through its various initiatives under Government Transformation Programme (GDP) and Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), healthcare has been identify as one of the trust under Mission Cluster Groups (MCG) in driving the nation‟s development path. Healthcare is a very important component of national development and that the creation of a healthy and productive workforce is essential to support and sustain the growth of the nation. In Malaysia, the Government under the Ministry of Health (MOH) is the provider, regulator and funder of the healthcare system, thus, raising the question of dependency of government subsidized healthcare services that serve the inefficiency use of government resources. In year 2009, the government expenditure on healthcare as a percentage of total Gross Domestic products (GDP) is 4.8% of which the 1.8% is from the government expenditure and 3% from private expenditures (source: World...
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... Date Chairperson, Department of ( ) DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family members for their enduring support they gave for the whole time I was pursuing this project. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I would like to thank my supervisor .................... who has guided me in writing this project. More particularly my special thanks go to my lecturers for taking me through the whole course. I am also greatly indebted to my fellow students who were with me throughout the course work. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Class A drugs- drugs deemed by the government to cause the most lethal harm when consumed. They attract heavy jail terms including life in prison. Community care- a term used in healthcare policies to mean looking after people with particular needs in the community. Local strategic partnership- a single non-statutory body, aligned with local authority boundaries that bring together at a local level the different parts of the public sector as well as the private, business and voluntary sectors so that different initiatives and services support each other and work together Policy- this is a guideline set by the government with the aim of achieving specific goals. It outlines the strategies to be utilised in realizing desired objectives and results. Strategy- the methodology or tactics employed to fulfil the mandate and objectives of a...
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...Universal healthcare coverage in Indonesia One year on January 2015 Written and produced by www.eiu.com/healthcare an Economist Intelligence Unit business healthcare Universal healthcare coverage in Indonesia— One year on Contents Abbreviations 5 Introduction 6 Indonesia’s version of Universal Healthcare: What is the JKN? What about the KIS? 8 Challenges with Indonesia’s version of Universal Healthcare 12 Teething problems—A short-term affair? 12 Balancing the budget—Fiscal sustainability 13 Chronic undersupply—Another barrier to providing truly comprehensive services 15 How should the healthcare industry prepare in the short to medium term? 17 Healthcare service providers: Pockets of opportunity 17 Med-tech and pharma: Spotting opportunities and tailoring product offerings 19 © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2015 1 Universal healthcare coverage in Indonesia— One year on Foreword Ivy Teh, Managing Director at Clearstate, an Economist Intelligence Unit business. 2014 marked a watershed year for Indonesia, the world’s fourth populous country, with the election of the popular reformist politician, Mr. Joko Widodo, as its president. The year also saw the rollout of the long-delayed universal healthcare scheme (UHC). Indonesia intends to phase-in the world’s largest single player health care insurance program from 2014 to 2019, reaching universal coverage for all Indonesians...
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...Health expenditure in India C. P. Chandrasekhar Jayati Ghosh There are perceptions that government spending on health in India, which is low by international standards, has been further undermined during the period of economic liberalisation since the early 1990s. In the first of a two-article Macroscan on this subject, C. P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh examine the relative significance of public and private expenditure on health and the trends in Central Government expenditure. The next edition will analyse health expenditure by State governments in the recent past. | In the past decade, Central Government expenditure on woman and child development has remained relatively constant as a share of GDP - Mahesh Harilal It is well known that health expenditure in India is dominated by private spending. To a large extent this is a reflection of the inadequate public spending that has been a constant if unfortunate feature of Indian development in the past half century. This is particularly unfortunate because of the large positive externalities associated with health spending, which make health spending a clear merit good. The greater reliance on private delivery of health infrastructure and health services therefore means that overall these will be socially underprovided by private agents, and also deny adequate access to the poor. This in turn has adverse outcomes not only for the affected population but for society as a whole. It adversely affects current social...
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...GENICON CASE 1.Evaluate GENICON international expansion so far. What are the main reasons it has been successful? GENICON international expansion has been successful because the international markets were expected to grow much faster than USA. This fact may seem unusual as the USA market of this kind of products is the largest all over the world. Another reason of the success of this firm was the transition of the European market for medical devices. These changes where produced because of the entrance of Tyco Healthcare, a global healthcare products company. This company sought favorable contracts with few distributors. The willingness to take GENICON's products increases and this fact helps the company success. Finally, another reason of success could be the strategy of the company, very focused of carrying out deep studies to choose the right countries. Factors as taxes, tariffs, regulations, exchange rates, etc. were taken into account. 2.Apply Country Portfolio Analysis (see Distance Still Matters) to the markets GENICON is considering entering. You may use the combination of industry statistics and country indicators (such as GDP per capita). Which country makes the most sense from this perspective? In order to study these countries we will focus on the GPD, GPD growth, GPD per capita, population and land. In the picture below we can see that China has the best numbers regarding GDP and its growth. Nevertheless, due to this large population the GDP per capita, data that...
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...An Economic Analysis of Health Care in China (draft 8/8/06) Gregory C Chow Princeton University Abstract After describing the institutions for health care in China as they evolved since 1949, this paper presents statistical demand functions for health care. It applies the demand functions to explain the rapid increase in health care demand and the resulting rapid increase in price when supply failed to increase. The failure in increase in supply was traced to the system of public supply of healthcare in China. The reform experience of Suqian city in the privatization of healthcare is reported to demonstrate the positive effect of privatization on supply. The government’s health care program for the urban and rural population is described and an evaluation of it is provided. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Changes in Health Care Institutions 3. Demand Functions for Health Care 4 Supply for Health Care: Public or Private? 5. Government’s Program for Health Care 6. Evaluation of the Current Health Care System 7. Conclusion 1. Introduction With a population of over 1.3 billion China has received much attention, including its spectacular economic development since 1978 and the accompanied deterioration of health care for a substantial segment of its large rural population. Section 2 of this paper...
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...has doubled more in the U.S than any other country along with leaving some people without health care. This paper will discuss health care expenditures, as well as spending is too much or not enough. This paper will also discuss whether or not the nation should add or cut in certain areas and why. How the public need for health care are financed and the percentage of expenditures they represent. Lastly, I will provide future economic needs of the health care system along with reasoning for addressing these needs, and envisions for financing these needs. The spending for health care uses a great deal of the economy revenue, the national studies that have been completed within the past decade clearly shows many U.S citizens will have to make decisions that are disconcerting based on their ability to obtain affordable health care. As health care cost has been on the rise for many years. The expenditures in the United States to health care rose above $2 trillion in 2008. This has affected many families and businesses as well as the budget for the public. Health care spending cost are increasing at a more rapid rate than the economy current state as a whole and more rapidly than employee wages. Other countries spend rate is about 12% while the United States is 20% of the gross domestic product on health care alone. The health care expenditures per person as well as percentage based on GDP the United States have the most expensive health care system. Health Care Spending The...
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...of money on healthcare. In fact, the GDP percentage spent on health care is outrageous percentage of GDP spent on health care. As this number rapidly nearing rises and nears a record high twenty percent. For this reason,, there is are reasonsis evidence to supportbelieve that there are several flaws in the our current system. The problem has escalated at such a rate that there is no longer a question of “if” we address the rising health care costs, but “how” we handle them. Many other Several other countries sustain a more productiverewarding health care system in terms of preventive and curative health services, family planning, nutrition activities and emergency aid while maintaining a lower health care cost per capita (Davidson)at a fraction of the cost of America’s. In order to bring this spending in line with other countries, the United States must be willing to make sacrifices in fields such as insurance, pharmaceuticals, and research among healthcare institutions. heathcare research. This has proven to be a very difficult issue to address due to a longn extensive list of ethical issues within the systemdifferences among American citizens. It has been generally accepted that American’s spending could be brought in line withdown to the level of these other countries if the distribution of medical goods was rationed at rate of 50%the rationing of medical goods was cut at a rate of roughly 50%. In order to provide the most constructive provisions to healthcare expenditureIn...
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...Unavailable Healthcare Student’s Name: University Affiliation Unavailable Healthcare Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2002). Health care costs: Fact sheet. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved on March 12, 2013, from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/factsheets/costs/health-care/index.html The United States department of health and human services has an agency that is dedicated to conducting studies on the cost of healthcare to inform lawmakers and citizens alike. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has done extensive studies on particular ways to target the increasing cost of medical care. This is in recognition of the cost as a barrier to the availability of healthcare to the poor. Ayanian, J.Z. & Van der Wees, P.J. (2012). Tackling rising health care costs in Massachusetts. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 790-793. Retrieved March 21, 2013, from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1208710. Massachusetts is an example of a state on how to enact healthcare reform. Ayanian and Van der Wees (2012) investigate how Massachusetts has handled the rising cost of healthcare. In 2010, the state attorney general found that there was a great variation in the price of medical care throughout the state (Ayanian & Van der Wees, 2012). The state passed a law whose aim was to control medical care costs; Brill, S. (2013, February 20). Bitter pill: Why medical bills are killing us. Time. Retrieved Sept 5...
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...Medical Malpractice Tort Reform in the Healthcare Industry Medical malpractice reform, also known as tort reform, includes strategies to limit medical malpractice costs, deter medical errors and ensure that patients who are injured by medical negligence are fairly compensated. Tort reform has the potential to reduce health care expenditures by reducing the number of malpractice claims, the average size of malpractice awards and tort liability system administrative costs (Medical Malpractice Reform, 2011). Since the 1970s, medical malpractice has been a controversial social issue, which has caused physicians to have increasing concerns about the large number of lawsuits and the negative connotations that tend to go along with them. Physicians have started pushing for legal reforms to decrease the large monetary awards for damages whereas tort attorneys have argued that the negligence suits are an effective way of compensating the victims fairly and forcing the medical professions to follow a proper standard of care (Pozgar, 2013). An article from the Journal of Patient Safety estimates that between 210,000 to 400,000 people die every year in the U.S. from hospital medical errors and 1 in 14 U.S. doctors face a malpractice lawsuit every year (Corapi, 2014). Physicians and healthcare providers argue that the millions of dollars that are awarded in damages increase the cost of healthcare by passing this cost onto the consumer in the form of higher insurance premiums and...
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...Health expenditure by Government in India Title: Health care and expenditure: an analysis of Indian Government’s Welfarism Name: Prakhil Mishra Semester : IV Roll no.: 13BAL027 Table of contents Sr.No. | Content | Page number | 1 | Abstract | 03 | 2 | Introduction | 04 | 3 | Why health expenditure is important | 04 | 4 | Trends in public spending | 05 | 5 | Core areas of spending | 10 | 6 | Conclusion and critical comments | 11 | 7 | Learning outcomes | 12 | 8 | Bibliography | 12 | Abstract Healthcare is a prime indicator of the development in a country. It is the basic function of a state to look after the needs of its citizens pertaining to health and nutrition. In India, there are high numbers of malnourished and undernourished people, and most of them are children under the age of fourteen. Health expenditure in India is a holistic approach of the government as a welfare state to ensure proper distribution at highly subsidized rates for the resource less people. The paper deliberates upon the government spending on health (Where it spends and how much it spends) and tracing of the changing trends in entailment of expenditure. Key matter of contention includes: * Introduction to public spending on health * Why spending on health is important * Changing trends in public spending on health and family welfare * Core areas where spending is done: analysis with the help of laws * Conclusion and critical analysis Key words: health expenditure, crop...
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...TOPIC HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN SINGAPORE CASE STUDY PARKWAY HEALTH XXXXXXXX College University of Wales STUDENT ID- Anonymous (XXXX- XXXXX) INDEX 1. Introduction 3 2. Education system 4 3. Healthcare status 5 4. Health care system 5 5. PESTEL analysis 12 6. SWOT analysis 14 7. References 15 INTRODUCTION One of the most prosperous countries in the world was founded just 200 years back. Singapore was founded as a colony by British Empire in 1819. In 1963 it was under Malaysian federation for 2 years but it detached itself from that identity and now is an independent country. Known for the conservatism of its leaders and strong discipline in social controls, Singapore has grown to be one of the most important trading links in the world. Singapore’s port is one of the busiest ports in the world in terms of amount of cargo it handles. The country comprises of Main Island along with 50 small islands and they are linked to Malaysia by bridge and causeway. The location of Singapore is around south eastern Asia, an island between Indonesia and Malaysia. The latitude and longitude coordinates for Singapore are 1 22 N, 103 48 E. With covering a total of 697 sq km, it has land of more than 687sq km and water of somewhere over 10 sq km. It also enjoys a strip of 193 kms of coastline. On the comparison of countries in the world, it lies at 192 rank. The prosperity and the economic importance...
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...The American Healthcare System and Access to Mental Health Services Abstract Within the American Healthcare system there are three key components. The key components include access, cost, and quality. Access to healthcare is the ability to obtain healthcare services in a timely manner when one needs it. Cost refers to many things in healthcare. It depends upon the individual, national, or provider’s perspective of costs. Quality is the desired healthcare outcomes of an individual or the healthcare outcomes of the population. Access to mental health services is a major issue in the United States. Children are greatly affected by this and often fall through the cracks in the system. Less than half of all children receive the mental health services they need. The Affordable Care Act initiated by President Obama is setting strides to improve the availability of mental health services within communities. This law requires that all health insurance providers cover mental health services. Congress has also increased funding to improve access of child mental health services. Improvements with access include, but are not limited to, integrating primary care physicians with mental health providers and the expansion of child mental health services. These improvements will educate primary care physicians on the available mental health services in their surrounding communities, allowing them to refer their patients as needed while providing a continuum of care. The expansion...
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...Hospital Collaboration and Healthcare Costs Apparently, U.S.A is one of the countries with the highest level of health care expenditure constituting over $ 8000 of the country’s annual per capita income. This health care cost is on the rise and have to be addressed from a distinct health perspective. Hospital merging refers to acquiring of one hospital by another and undertaking its activities either fully or in part to minimize costs and other operation limitations that they face in the American health sector (Ho 2007). Thus, many hospitals merge to boost their market share, acquire more patients with a view of expanding their operations and achieving greater profit margins than those firms that are run separately. Effects of hospital mergers on healthcare costs A number of researches have been conducted on the American health expenditure using a sample of American hospitals from hospitals association in the country. In comparison, independent hospitals were useful as a control sample. These two groups of hospitals gave divergent information that was weighed against national hospital expenditure records. Findings of such studies reveal that merging of hospitals have the potential to cut down on costs of operation in similar to hospitals that operate in isolation but manage their costs effectively (Kaiser Family Foundation 2004). Additionally, very little proceeds accrue from merging of hospitals let alone not increasing influx of patients in merged hospitals. Moreover, hospitals...
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...E S IN T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES Thomas A. LaVeist, Ph.D. Darrell J. Gaskin, Ph.D. Patrick Richard, Ph.D. September 2009 foreward Not everyone in the United States enjoys the same health opportunities. Studies show that minority Americans experience poorer than average health outcomes from cradle to the grave. They are much more likely to die as infants, have higher rates of diseases and disabilities, and have shorter life spans. As the U.S. Congress and the Obama Administration work toward enactment of legislation to reform America’s health care system, a central focus of the debate has been the projected cost of ensuring accessible and affordable health care to every citizen. While some have struggled with the premise that health care reform can actually reduce health-related spending, the experience of racial and ethnic minorities under our current health care system is a strong indication that improving opportunities for good health – and minimizing inequities in health care access and outcomes – may well be good for the nation’s fiscal health, as well. This study, commissioned by the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies and carried out by leading researchers from Johns Hopkins University and the University of Maryland, provides important insight into how much of a financial burden racial disparities are putting on our health care system and society at large. The researchers examined the direct...
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