...Nature of Logic and Perception Dominique Harris COMM/251 February 23rd, 2014 Erica Vester Nature of Logic and Perception To understand critical thinking one must first become formulary with what it means to use critical thinking skills. According to "The Critical Thinking Community" (2013), "critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action” (para. 2). This means to have successful critical thinking skills one must allow themselves to solve problems creatively, think “outside” the box, and find alternative solutions. Critical thinking allows for one to think in a more open minded space. When adding logic and perception to critical thinking they both go hand in hand. With that being said perception and logic do not mean the same. Logic is defined as “a proper or reasonable way of thinking or understanding” ("logic," 2014). Where perception is, “the way you think about or understand someone or something” (“perception,” 2014). This means that logic is based on reasoning and perception is one’s own senses and can easily be changed. Human senses can be influenced by one’s own interpretation, which makes them unreliable. When one thinks rationally when dissecting data then one will be able to think accurately. Yet, if one is highly...
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...Nature of Logic and Perception Paper Rationality is being governed by final causes. In this paper the writer will attempt to explain the nature of logic as it relates to critical thinking, identifying an instance in his or her life where perception of reality within a situation was far from the actual reality. In realizing the truth of the situation, the writer will discuss what he or she thought was going on within the situation, whether there was a difference, what happened, and describe what he or she learned in order to make a change in his or her critical thinking process. Working in a non-profit organization, the writer became very knowledgeable about the nature of the business in a very short time. Being in a position to see the ins and outs of the organization, the writer realized the importance of achieving his or her goal of becoming the leader of a non-profit organization. An organization that specialized in accessing the barriers of at-risk youths transitioning back into the life of higher education, self-awareness, job readiness skills, financial literacy and an abundance of faith through faith-based structures. Being an employee of an organization that focused on the same mission and values as the one he or she was interested in creating, he or she began to improve his or her work ethics in an attempt to be promoted within the company. Applying for several positions within the organization allowed the writer to showcase the skills and abilities that he or she...
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...Beliefs According to the dictionary theology is defined as “the field of study and analysis that treats of God and of God's attributes and relations to the universe; study of divine things or religious truth; divinity”. (Theology, n.d) The term theology derives from two Greek words when joined means “the study of God.” Theology studies focus on the nature of God and different religious beliefs. Whereas, philosophy focuses on the study or creation theories of the more simple things in life. The term philosophy is also derived from two words, which stands for love and wisdom. According to the dictionary philosophy is defined as “the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct”. (Philosophy, n.d) For example, thought and how we should live, and the existence of nature. So, basically theology is becoming familiarized with GOD and concentrating on how and when he functioned as he did. Philosophy, on the other hand, is focusing on the more expanded meanings and positions. Ethics is the study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy (Ethics, n.d). There are three schools when determining and understanding the process of ethics. The three schools of ethics are virtue, consequentialist, and deontological. Each of these schools holds importance but are nothing without the other. All three of these are needed to come to the best ethical decision. When talking about...
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...latter is a philosophical movement, embracing certain ideas and methods but dealing with all philosophical subject matters, while the former is a way of sorting philosophical questions into two different categories in the context of a curriculum. Practical Philosophy is also the use of philosophy and philosophical techniques in everyday life. This can take a number of forms including reflective practice, personal philosophical thinking and philosophical counselling. Cosmology is the academic discipline that seeks to understand the origin, evolution, structure, andultimate fate of the Universe at large, as well as the natural laws that keep it in order. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and...
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...Logic Main article: Logic Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Arguments use either deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when, given certain statements (called premises), other statements (called conclusions) are unavoidably implied. Rules of inferences from premises include the most popular method, modus ponens, where given “A” and “If A then B”, then “B” must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is the syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables. These can be assigned values or can be quantified as to when they apply with the universal quantifier (always apply) or the existential quantifier (applies at least once). Inductive reasoning makes conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. For example, if “90% of humans are right-handed” and “Joe is human” then “Joe is probably right-handed”. Fields in logic include mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and philosophical logic. Metaphysics Main article: Metaphysics Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship...
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...axioms. Among these are that logic and mathematics are at the core of truth, that the scientific method is effective in discerning the truth, and that observable phenomenon is a reflection of reality. These I take on faith so long as they yield results which are self-consistent. I also allow myself beliefs which are not provable even from these axioms, but for which there exists no contradictory evidence. However, there is no conviction I hold so strongly that I consider it infallible. All beliefs should be challenged, and I am constantly revising my beliefs to cater to logic and nature. Still, I can and must have some beliefs for which there is no proof, but none for which there exists evidence that contradicts them. Above all, we must believe logic and mathematics are the keys to truth. All provably true results are a result of logic, and all results are consistent with one another. This must be taken on faith, for it serves as our only way of objectively approaching truth. Some people have suggested the possibility that we may someday find that logic and mathematics do not govern truth and that indeed there is some more accurate approach we ought to be taking. This, of course, would be a very difficult point to argue to someone who believes logic is key to reality. That aside, logic is embedded in the human brain. It seems to govern thought itself. We accept logic and math as the path to truth because the results they yield are verifiable. Denying logic the right to its own veracity...
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...works in relation to that of Plato. The paper starts by evaluating the key components of Aristotle’s system before it evaluates the contrasts between their worldviews. Key components The first key component of Aristotle’s system is metaphysics. This component explains Aristotle’s philosophical views and the history of philosophy. Based on this component, Aristotle showed the relationship between the form and nature of history. He also became the first person who identified the technological language because of this component (Masih, 1999). With the help of this component, Aristotle also established both practical and theoretical reasoning. The second component of the Aristotle’s system is logic. This is among the influential components of Aristotle because it influences decision making in many areas. According to Aristotle, logic was an important component in his study because it was instrumental in the acquisition of knowledge. This component dealt with definitions, inductions, fallacies, divisions and inferences. Aristotle regarded both induction and deduction logics as...
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...the core of both Pieper and Balthasar’s reasoning lies the notion that there is an inherent quality within all that is considered being. This inherent quality is referred to as truth. As Pieper states, “things are true because of their essential reality of being. Regardless of whether one is religious, or believes in God, or has any proclivity towards matters of belief, a person can intellectually deduce and know the following axiom alluded to above: “a thing cannot have being without equally having truth.” Because the aforementioned axiom is knowable by the human mind, Pieper states, “every being, as being, stands in relation to a knowing mind.” Thus, humans are able to know beings, to know things, of both an animate as well as inanimate nature. This point is critical, as it implies there is a connection between the human mind and things through an intelligible process. On the surface, the concept of truth affirms that there is something special present in the existence of a given thing. However, upon further review, this truth is in fact indicative of God, the One who has created and creates all things. The privilege of being the creator of some object is that the creator will know that object far better than an object not created by them. As an example, an auto mechanic will know the car he built far better than the car he did not build. In a similar vein, Pieper states, (an) “existing work of art is ‘known’ by the artist…Yet he knows it more intensely than he could ever know...
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...Evaluation: Strengths… * Psychologists have shown that our brain filters sensory information, proving how unreliable it can be * Science and Plato both use logic and reasoning to explain the laws of nature and events within nature * Empirical knowledge can be flawed Weaknesses * Aristotle argues that knowledge comes from our senses * Psychologists state that the majority of our knowledge come from our senses proving that sensory knowledge is also factual * Science has argues that there is no evidence to determine the alternate universe (Realm of the Forms) * The Forms are not based in the physical world and cannot be used to teach us about the physical world Evaluation: Strengths… * Psychologists have shown that our brain filters sensory information, proving how unreliable it can be * Science and Plato both use logic and reasoning to explain the laws of nature and events within nature * Empirical knowledge can be flawed Weaknesses * Aristotle argues that knowledge comes from our senses * Psychologists state that the majority of our knowledge come from our senses proving that sensory knowledge is also factual * Science has argues that there is no evidence to determine the alternate universe (Realm of the Forms) * The Forms are not based in the physical world and cannot be used to teach us about the physical world CONTINUED Philosopher King: prisoner becomes the philosopher king and should now lead and educate society...
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... this could bring about curiosity in areas normally the student may have given less attention to. This is the philosophy of Plato. He believes a superior educator will be able to draw out those talents in students. Philosophy has been integrated in the history of education from the beginning of time. The use of philosophy is applied to everyday living, education, politics and economics situations. The branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of reality and existence is known as metaphysics. Metaphysics is concerned with the question of nature of the person or the self. It addresses such questions as whether human nature is basically good, evil, spiritual, mental, or physical. (Webb, Metha, Jordan. Pg. 50) Metaphysics is an essential component element of teaching. Children are taught by their parents the ethics of what is acceptable in society. This encourages the child to determine how to function in the social structure. The classroom instructor also enforces this type of teaching. Without this nature of teaching, that person is not able to properly function in a social setting. An example of is a young child has been locked up in an isolated room for most of its childhood. This child would fail in a school setting, or in any public place. Humans,...
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...Philosophy. His writings were some of the first to incorporate ethics, logic, science, and metaphysics. His influences on physical science stretched into the Renaissance. In his writings on ethics, he reflected that ethics were practical and not theoretical. He wrote that to achieve morally good ethics one has to be trained by experience, and educators. Logic is the method of how we derive to know anything. He thought that by nature man is blind to morality. He suggests that man is a natural unmoral being. He backs this up by saying that man is born without knowledge. Morality comes from knowledge so man has to acquire this. He suggests that the choices we make after birth determine whether we are immoral or moral. He believed that each man has a unique nature. Aristotle seems to be pretty attacking in his account of human nature since he sees man as totally dependent on others else he is to be useless. I have always found Aristotle to be very intriguing. I can remember reading about Aristotle in high school and it immediately captured my attention. He has many different views on many different things. I agree that we are all born without knowledge. It is through life experiences and obtaining our educations that we gain this knowledge of life. As for a practical example of one of Aristotle’s ideas I chose to write of his ideas on human nature because I somewhat agree with his thoughts. I can see through using logic that his views seem to be accurate. We are all apt...
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...Introduction The Christian World View used to be universal to the idea that Jesus was the only way to salvation but this has been under attack by those who would believe that there are many ways to be saved, they would be known as Pluralist. Ronald Nash confronts these claims and defends the orthodox Christian beliefs in his book “Is Jesus the only Savior?” An analysis of the first six chapters of the book “Is Jesus the only Savior?” by Ronald Nash will be given by the author in two parts, the first will analysis the arguments given by Nash on the topic of Religious Pluralism, and the second part will be a personal conclusion on the topic. Ronald Nash served as a professor for over forty years in the areas of theology, apologetics, ethics, world view and history. Nash had a doctorate in Philosophy with a Christian world view. Book Analysis In the first six chapters of the book “Is Jesus the only Savior?” Nash defends Christian Exclusivism and argues against “Religious Pluralism” specifically John Hicks modern view on the topic. Nash in his logical arguments never strays away from fundamental biblical foundations and presents a clear and logical defense of his view and rebuttal towards Hicks and Religious Pluralism on a whole. Nash starts the book with a very clear and concise definition for Christian Exclusivism, “Christian exclusivism can be defined as a belief that (1) Jesus is the only Savior and (2) explicit faith in Jesus is necessary for salvation.” As Nash argues against...
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...the sage is “...utterly immune to misfortune and that virtue is sufficient for happiness” (Baltzly). The stoic philosophy was and is still is very popular for many people. The stoics had a particular way of thinking that affected their thoughts on philosophy and life, physical theory, logic, and ethics. It is here where we will explore these concepts, and how they were manifested by stoic philosophers. Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic Philosophy which was founded by Zeno of Citium in the early third century, BCE. The basis for the stoicism curiosity derives from the relationship between determinism and human freedom. Determinism, essentially meaning a cause and effect relationship, or basically, that events are bound by causes and determined by prior events. This kind of philosophy was seen as a way of life, and a way to live positively with nature, as opposed to a non-implantable philosophy. Philosophy, according to the stoics was a kind of practice “in the expertise concerning what is beneficial” (Baltzly). Stoic logic has become something of its own study, as it departs from traditional Aristotelean logic. This new kind of logic was termed, “propositional logic”. Thus, this logic was concerned with the statements or propositions, rather than the terms used...
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...Many great thinkers of the Church used reason and logic to search for answers in order to understand and justify the teachings of the Catholic faith. St. Thomas Aquinas provides a clear example in his work of the Summa Theoligica. It is composed of many logical and reasonable arguments intended to direct readers towards the truth found in Catholic teachings. In article three of question two, in the first part of the Summa, Aquinas focuses on the question of God’s existence. He provides a list of answers that appeal to both reason and logic because they are based on empirical observations about the world around us. The first of the reasons explains the existence of God through the theory of motion. Aquinas goes into intricate detail explaining how an object at rest remains at rest until an action is imposed upon it. The action causes the object to move; such action is derived from a previous one which also originated from another and so on and so forth. However, Aquinas points out that there cannot be an infinity of actions that cause...
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...Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world. Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. Axiology is the philosophical study of value. It is either the collective term for ethics and aesthetics. And Logic is the study of arguments. When I thought about my own personal views for educational philosophy, I thought back to my educators in school, my parents, and peers that have made a difference in my life. Compared to the history of logic the demarcation between philosophy of logic and philosophical logic is of recent coinage and not always entirely clear. Characterizations’ include Philosophy of logic is the arena of philosophy devoted to examining the scope and nature of logic. Philosophy of logic is the investigation, critical analysis and intellectual reflection on issues arising in logic. The field is considered to be distinct from philosophical logic. Philosophical logic is the branch of logic concerning aspects other than or outside of formal logic. Philosophical logic is the application of formal logical techniques to philosophical problems. My educational philosophy is based on personal experience, and from daily observations. I believe that the purpose of today’s schools go above and beyond...
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