...The most obvious effects of Nazism are World War II the Holocaust, the loss of millions of lives, and the displacement of millions more. Germany as a whole also faced consequences for the actions of the Nazi Party. Germany lost about 20% of her land. All Germans living in the lost land were expelled, killing nearly 1.8 million people in the process. One of the most obvious and direct effects of Nazism was World War II, beginning on September 1st, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland. It was the deadliest military conflict in history, killing over 60 million people, or 2.5% of the world's population. War raged for nearly six years, from the invasion of Poland to Hitler's suicide in his bunker on April 30th, 1945, alongside his wife of 40 hours, Eva Braun. The Holocaust was one of the largest acts of genocide in history, running from 1933 to 1945, and killing about six million Jews, two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The Nazis killed by taking Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's witnesses, and the physically or mentally disabled from their homes, relocating them to concentration camps. They traveled to the camps by train, hundreds of people crammed into one train car, with no food or water. The journey took days, and many died before they even arrived at the camp. Once in the concentration camps, the able-bodied men were forced to do hard labor, while women, children, and the elderly were killed, usually by gas chambers. The workers...
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...Compare and contrast Nazi and Italian Fascist views on race and national identity Despite both pertaining to the political ideology of fascism and sharing many similar characteristics, the regimes of Nazi Germany and Italy under Mussolini can be seen to differ slightly. One aspect where this becomes apparent is views on race; the differences in attitudes and policy with regards to race for both examples must be discussed as it provides a key distinction between Nazism and Italy’s own brand of Facismo. With regards to national identity, it is possible to concede that both regimes share similar characteristics; however they attempt to achieve their goals of national identity in fundamentally different ways. The central thesis of this paper will contend that Italian Fascism’s views on race contradict that of the Nazi’s, and that while similar aspects and views of national identity are held, there are differing means of establishing national identity. Moreover, this paper will illustrate that Nazism and Italian Fascism are in fact unique phenomena. Examples and evaluative comment will be provided in order to provide a clear comparison and distinction. Firstly, comparison between Italian and Nazi views on race must be discussed at they provide notable differentiation. Racial theory proved to be of paramount importance to 19th century German science and academics which strongly influenced Nazi ideology, ‘Volkish theorists found a theory of race in the writings of Kant which was...
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...Italian Fascism vs. German Nazism By Christina Dixon HIS306: Twentieth-Century Europe (BPI1434A) Instructor: Max Fassnacht May 4, 2015 Fascism and Nazism came during a time when there was an economic crisis that was sweeping through Europe. Fascism and Nazism was two familiar totalitarian regimes that was able to arise from Germany and Italy. In Germany, the National socialist party was conducted by Adolf Hitler, while Benito Mussolini conducted the fascist party in Italy. Italy and Germany’s future was based on the education in the schools, since education played an important role between these two nations. The people’s image of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as two leaders was profoundly the important factors to their popularity. The most essential tool that was allowed in both countries and played a very important role in both political parties was propaganda, which gave both parties the ability to influence the perspectives of the people to their partiality. Italy and Germany are two natural allies, but however they are both different from each other and can be connected in many salutations. “Largo ai Giovani”, Italian for "make way for the young" (Clayton, 2009) was just one of the mottos that was used by Benito Mussolini’s regime. Mussolini’s saying highlights one of the most important aspects during the Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’s education system. The education system in both countries was not just used for learning but also was the...
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...Similarities and Differences between Germany Nazism and Italy Fascism {Author’s name} {Institution Affiliation} {Due date} Similarities and Differences between Germany Nazism and Italy Fascism Introduction Fascism defined, implies an organization or acceptable rule of administration characterized by a government system led by a dictator who exercises harsh and strict control over the citizens, and the commons are mandated to comply with the government rule without resistance. Most authoritarian regimes rely on nationality or race to garner influence and support for a centralized autocratic government. The main aim of a fascist government is to enhance national unity and maintain a stable order in the society by exercising the element of fear among the citizens. Totalitarianism was able to exercise influence, by garnering devotion from regime loyalist. Its prominent execution was purported to collectively influence the success of a country. Supporters of the regime were rewarded by significant posts and incentives while non-loyalists were expected to remain silent without questioning the administrations motives. Use of violence was supported by the administration system to neutralize any emergent form of oppression. Fascism was a prominent governing system that was established during the early twentieth century, based on the need to respond to western influence and assert dictatorial states as new world...
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...According to Fredrich’s “six point syndrome”, a totalitarian state must consist of an official ideology, a single mass party, terroristic police control, monopoly control of the media and arms and central control of the economy. During the Nazi Reich between 1933-1939, under Hitler as Fuhrer (supreme leader), the Nazi regime was able to successfully achieve aspects of totalitarianism by exerting tight control of the media and police; leading to control of certain aspects of German social, political, legal, economical and cultural life. However, there are significant features of the Nazi regime that simply fail to fit Friedrich's six, all encompassing concepts of totalitarianism. Central to the concept of totalitarianism is an official ideology encapsulating a monolithic party led by an omnipotent, almost God-like figurehead. Whilst Hitler, supported by the Fuhrer myth, certainly fits the totalitarian leader definition, the Nazi Party structure contradicts the characteristics of a coordinated central party. Within, power rested on individuals and not in party structure; leading to increasingly fragmented party policy and intensifying interpersonal frictions as individuals radicalised in attempts to please the Fuhrer. In this structure, accountable and rational decision making in the long term became impossible; leaders lost any sense of stability and improvised agencies and policies to enact the amorphous will of the leader. The most radical policy of all, the extermination...
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...The Nazis did the worst in the west catholic areas such as Cologne. And it was at its highest in areas such as Pomerania. Class Nazi voters reflected the rural/urban division in terms of their social groupings. They gained the most support from peasants and farmers, the mittlestand (lower and middle class shop keepers), established ,idle class- teachers and white collar workers. High proportion of the middle class supported the party, but although the working class did join the Nazis in smaller proportions it was the largest section in the NSDAP. Peasants voted for the Nazis but did not join the NSDAP. Appeal of Nazism Protestants and middle class voted for Nazism more than the rest of the German society. But catholics and socialists weren’t due to the fact they both were well represented with well established ideologies in their own right and opposed Nazism on an intellectual level. Also the...
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...Fascism in the Twentieth Century; Hitler and Nazism ‘Fascism’ is one of the most controversial political terms in modern history. The lack of a universally accepted definition for the term has meant that it can and has been applied to a wide variety of political contexts. Fascism developed from the destruction caused by the First World War. Its origins can be traced, however, to the intellectual revolt against liberalism in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. While there was a revolutionary reaction against the ideals of the French Revolution before 1914, it was the First World War which acted as a real catalyst for the emergence of fascism. The war swept away the Hohenzellern, Halsburg and Romanov dynasties in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia respectively and sharpened class-consciousness (the idea of lower, middle and upper classes) and increased ethnic tensions, severely weakening the social fabric of many nations. Fascism, in part, was also the result of a reaction by the middle classes against the perceived communist threat caused by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917. Fascism was the most severe reaction to the post-war political, social and national crisis. The First World War also had a positive significance on the rise of fascism. The survivors of the ‘lost generation,’ (the survivors of the First World War) had become disillusioned and embittered, and were attracted to the direct-action approach of fascist paramilitary organisations. This increased...
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...Leumi, or National Military Organization, were a Jewish underground movement operating from 1931 to 1948 in Palestine; founded because of varying ideals from the passive stance taken up by the main military force of the Jews, the Haganah. The Irgun were extremely well organized and disciplined, adopting intensive recruitment techniques, military training, and military rankings. They not only fought Arab’s, but also the occupying British largely for their publishing of White Papers of 1939 which in the eyes of the Irgun had adverse effects on Jewish settlement in Palestine. An exception being during some of World War II when the Irgun called a ceasefire with the British in order to fight the biggest threat to the Jewish people, German Nazism. The Irgun employed terrorist tactics against the Arabs and British in Palestine in order to obtain a national identity as a Jewish state. These tactics included, attacking of innocent Arab populations, bombings of symbolic British buildings, and police officer assassinations. This intention of the violence was multi-dimensional, through violence the Irgun believed they could send a message to their adversaries, but also to themselves as a Jewish people that they have their own identity and should be recognized as such. When the Irgun’s were founded they aligned “with Jabotinsky’s Revisionist Zionism an ideology that essentially calls for a Jewish state reaching the Jordan River at both ends” (Sellers 3). In order to do this though...
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...Question 2: Was nazism nationalist or racist? National Socialist German Workers Party or more commonly know as Nazi was formed in 1919. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler in 1921, the party eventually becomes the most powerful political force in German. Nazi party was an ideology that was based on racism and nationalism that governed Germany from 1933 to 1945. They promised to build up its greatness with a scientific theory of racism in which people were racially superior to all others. Their effort and endeavor eventually brought a great deal of success to its nation and followers. Based on the statements made by the authority, they demand the equality of the German people with all other nation and “how they demand land and soil (colonies) for the nourishment of [their] people” (NSDAP program ex.3). Just by looking through their ardor at the first glance, Nazism seems to approaches nationalism. However, when appraise and evaluate acutely about their political form, their nationalistic approaches are just the outer shell and the reality is turns out to be racist. In Nazism, their intention is to give favor to the people with German blood while excluding the foreign races. They made the numerous rules of restriction while strongly support the idea of discriminations for non-Germans while the people with German blood were advocated in almost every aspect in their country. Non-German people were forbidden to participate in many fields such as politics, cultural life and other...
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...205). Adolph Hitler is the main reason why the world has National Socialism. National Socialism is a form of racism, or most commonly called Nazism (Tonser, page 15). To understand National Socialism, you first need to be aware of the history of it. The first origins of National Socialism came from the after effects of World War I. Hitler was a fierce fighter in the fighting of World War I and played a big part in the war (Encarta Encyclopedia). After the war, Germany was charged with the sole responsibility for the war. Germany’s political and economical life was seriously disrupted as a result of this. Then in 1919 the German Workers’ Party was formed. Hitler did not found the party, but did join it shortly after it started. He joined the party with the aspect of making it his party. This did not take long becauseAdolph Hitler once said to his chief of staff Otto Wagener, “Jewish Volk is the parasitic race among the human races. Jewry always marches as those who live as parasites-that is, who are intent on having others work for them, so that they can lead a carefree existence. This is why we must discard of them as quickly as we can, so they do not feed off of us any more” (Turner, page 205). Adolph Hitler is the main reason why the world has National Socialism. National Socialism is a form of racism, or most commonly called Nazism (Tonser, page 15). To understand National Socialism, you first need to be aware of the history of it. The first origins of National Socialism...
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...World War II Research The First World War started the decline of European power all over the world. At the end of the war, social equality, and joint defenses seemed to conquest however this optimism did not survive. The weakness of new democracy and the Great Depression pushed the continent back into war. Germany's Weimar Republic, born on November 9, 1918, in Berlin could not please the conquered people of Germany following World War I. German’s were fuming about the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, which provided that Germany restore lands to other countries, admit accountability for starting the war, and return war criminals to the Allies. Large cash payments for the damages made were to be paid to the Allies. The Treaty of Versailles sternly limited Germany’s military. The Republic signed the treaty on June 28, 1919 from that day forward the German people viewed the Weimar Republic as a two-timing government for having signed a contract of terms they believed to be unreasonable and degrading. The United States stock market crash in 1929 was the final straw that set the world into a depression. A depression is a severe economic turndown marked by sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slow down to a crawl (Kishlansky, 2008). The predicament of the United States rippled all the way through world markets. The U.S. Congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930 which shaped an unfathomable toll against agricultural and manufactured imports...
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...Spencer Davison European Politics The Demand and Supply Side Causes of the Austrian Radical Right The 2008 Austrian Parliamentary elections followed an increasingly familiar pattern. Two far right political parties received a combined 29.1% of the votes which translated to 52 seats of the 183 seat legislature, only 30,000 votes away from the leading party. For the past twenty years the Freedom Party of Austria (FPO) has become one of Austria’s most influential, and controversial, political parties. Its strong anti-immigration stance, xenophobic rhetoric, and suspected anti-Semitism have garnered international attention since its creation. Even though this right-wing populism phenomenon of Austria has become one of many cases in Europe, the sheer scale of FPO involvement in the country makes it a unique study. Ruud Koopmans explored the emergence of the extreme right in an attempt to define the causes of it. He compared two contrasting theories in his analysis. Grievance, demand side, theories suggest that growing rightist populism is a direct result of an increasing discontent and xenophobia within a country due to immigration and the consequences of it. Opportunity, supply side, theories focus on the institutional attributes of a particular polity, and how these arrangements make it possible for the right-wing movement to not only start, but flourish as well. He concluded that opportunity theories best explain the rightist movement. However, others believe...
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...often misconstrued, never more than with the Nazis. The Nazis claimed that Nietzsche was one of their biggest inspirations. They had an attraction to Nietzsche's ideas, such as his attacks against Democracy, Christianity, and Parliamentary Governments. They took a lot their like-mindedness towards Nietzsche from his work The Will to Power. The controversy comes from whether or not this was Nietzsche’s intention or if his work was taken out of context by the Nazis for their own interpretation. Although Nietzsche may have had a similar attitude towards concepts such as religion, the will to power, and the idea of an Übermensch (Superhuman) that the Nazis coincided with, his work was not intended to be used in reference to, or in support of, Nazism and/or Fascism. The Nazis misused Nietzsche's philosophy, misinterpreted his views and distorted his intentions to further support their own objectives. One must first know a little history of both Nietzsche and the Nazis before being able to establish any connection between the two. Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the small German village of Röcken bei Lützen. He was named after the Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV because of the fact that he was born on the...
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...------------------------------------------------- FASCISM ------------------------------------------------- Etymology The term fascismo is derived from the Latin word fasces. The fasces, which consisted of a bundle of rods that were tied around an axe which symbolises strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break. Moreover, Fasces was an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate. They were carried by his lictors and could be used for corporal and capital punishment at his command. The word fascismo also relates to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. Definition +"Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State" - Mussolini +The only official definition of Fascism comes from Benito Mussolini, the founder of fascism, in which he outlines three principles of a fascist philosophy. 1."Everything in the state". The Government is supreme and the country is all-encompasing, and all within it must conform to the ruling body, often a dictator. 2."Nothing outside the state". The country must grow and the implied goal of any fascist nation is to rule the world, and have every human submit to the government. 3."Nothing against the state". Any type of questioning the government is not to be tolerated. If you do not see things our way, you are wrong. If you do not agree with the government, you cannot be allowed to live and...
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...made the country ideal for the growth of a new party, and eventually, a new leader (Document 6). Adolf Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, eventually abbreviated to the Nazi Party, about fifteen years prior to his leadership. As Hitler moved up in power within the party, his rhetoric and strong speeches attracted more and more Germans from outside. It was through this party and their newspaper “Popular Observer” that Hitler released propaganda to accumulate support (Document 6). Moreover, Hitler was able to express his anti-Semitic beliefs and use the Jews as a scapegoat for the many problems Germany was dealing with. Afterwards, President Hindenburg named Hitler Chancellor on January 30, 1933 (Document 5). Once Nazism took full control, Hitler had achieved access to every aspect of German life. Less than three months after Hitler was given total power, all other parties ceased to exist (Document 5). It was the accretion of events that led to Hitler becoming dictator; however, some of the most prominent causes were his strong propaganda, the belief in his promises to solve the economic crisis, and the foolish decisions made to support Hitler. Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, and Adolf Hitler rose to power due to specific conditions, but generally, all three dictators ruled in countries with preexisting problems, shared the gift of strong leadership or speaking skills, and developed a cult of personality to gain their people’s support. The dictators are...
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