...In this essay, the view that social class differences in educational underachievement are the result of school processes such as labelling will be assessed. Internal and external factors will be assessed with the use of researchers such as: Bernstein, Bereiter & Engelmann, Keddie and Howard. Internal factors such as labelling have been shown to effect education achievement. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to them. Becker carried out a study on labelling on 60 Chicago high school teachers, and found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fit an image of the ideal pupil. The pupils work, conduct, and appearance were key factors to the teachers’ judgements. Becker found that middle class children were closer to the image of the ideal pupil whereas the working class children were furthest away and seen as badly behaved. Cicourel & Kituse’s study of educational counsellors in an American high school shows how this labelling can disadvantage working class student. They found that the way in which counsellors would assess the student’s suitability for courses. They judged students on the basis of their class and/or race. Where students would have the same grades, they work more likely to label middle class pupils as having college potential and to place them on higher level courses. Rist did a study on an American kindergarten and found that the teachers used information about the children’s home, background and appearance to place them...
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...Impact on Wealth Growth from Globalization There are a lot of concerns for today’s economy. One of them being wealth distribution. There is the poor, middle class, and the rich. It is evident from the graph shown that the poor are getting richer, the rich are getting richer, and the middle class is getting poorer. So, what is the cause of this? The big answer economist will say is “It Depends”. It depends what factor you look at because there are many. The one I want to focus on is globalization. Is globalization a factor in wealth growth? How is it a factor? Is globalization positive or negative for wealth growth? If anything, what should be done? These are all the question I will try my best to answer in this essay. Globalization VS Wealth Growth Back to the previous question, does globalization effect wealth growth? My answer is, yes. It absolutely effects wealth growth for all nations. Globalization effects a lot of economic studies. For an explanation, let me first define globalization. TechTarget.com defines Globalization as the tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world, or the process of making this happen. The global economy is sometimes referred to as a globality, characterized as a totally interconnected marketplace, unhampered by time zones or national boundaries. There are probably different ways globalization effects but, I want to look at the business portion of globalization. Every big corporation is always looking for...
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...Item A and elsewhere, assess the view that factors and processes within the school are the main cause of differences in the educational achievement of different social classes: There are many internal factors which affect the educational achievement of children within a school. Internal factor are factors inside the education system which explain class differences in achievement, such as poor teaching, type of school and how students are treated. Labelling plays an important role in different achievement between classes. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to someone, these could be positive or negative. As it says in Item A positive or negative labelling of pupils by teachers can have important effects on performance. Studies have shown that teachers often attach labels regardless of the pupil’s actual ability or attitude. Instead, they labelled the pupils on the basis of stereotyped assumptions about their class background, labelling working- class children negatively and middle- class children positively. A self- fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true simply by the virtue of having being made. Interactionists argue that labelling can affect pupils’ achievement by creating a self- fulfilling prophecy. For example a teacher labels a pupil and on the basic of this label makes predictions about him. The teacher treats the pupil accordingly, acting as if the prediction they made is already true. The pupils then internalises the teacher’s...
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...can contribute to a student being unsuccessful. However, the school administration and the teachers should do everything in their power to help the students be academically successful and increase their chances of being successful in life. The students suffering from the negative effects of poverty are most likely lacking basic needs at home, and it is most definitely not the fault of the student. These needs should and need to be met at school in order...
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...Introduction Industrialization increased tremendously during the 18th and 19th century leading to the success growth of United States as far as overall wealth during the rise to power on its wake. This paper focuses on the different aspects of industrialization that occurred and the various groups that were affected during this period of time, and overall what the effect of industrialization did for America. Three Aspects of the Industrial Revolution Referred to commonly as the second Industrial Revolution, three major aspects during this time immensely played apart towards the shaping of our country as we know it and they were our society, the economy and our politics. Society was largely a big part of the industrialization period and underwent the most significant changes. Large amounts of rural to urban migration occurred due employment because of the creation of organizations and companies. The infrastructure and building of railway lines for transportation of raw materials to distinctive states was happening as well during this time. Significant use of iron and steel created several opportunities for industrialization versus agricultural hence making the United States more of an industrialized nation and less agricultural. Our economy at the time played a major role at this time, and was the second aspect of industrialization. During this time rapid growth in society was experienced with the expansion of companies and the improvement of their internal progression....
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...minimum has been revised and increased twenty-two times. The federal minimum wage was ignored from the year 1981 to 1990, and again until in 2007 where wages were raised to $7.25 per hour. Eight years later, the minimum standard remains the same which is an issue for most American’s considered to be middle class today. Actually, today’s minimum wage is lower than any rate during the years between 1956 and 1985. Nearly a quarter of America’s working adults are laboring for wages that do not support families at the minimally acceptable level (Curry). A person working full-time at the federal minimum wage earns $290 in a week, around $15,080 for the year (Gillibrand). With an annual salary of $3000 less than the nation’s poverty level line, an average family of three will struggle to make ends meet. These low-income families will need government assistance, for basic living needs. At this rate of pay, even an average family who has two working/supporting parents will still have financial burdens. They will be considered a poor family, with house-hold income of equal or just at the country’s poverty level line. It seems that America’s workers are falling behind, in that the middle class is in a state more of regression rather than progression. Some 3.8 million workers were paid at or below the federal minimum wage of $7.25 in 2011 (“Udall: Raising…”). Today’s minimum wage, in most cases, does not cover basic necessities of life. Which causes...
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...When it comes to the result after a serious war, plenty of us have a tendency to assume that the result after a war has always a negative impact on the society of the country, instead of looking at the positive impact it had on the country. In this case, if we observe the result after the Blitz war, we can clearly see that the war had negative, positive and as well as short-term and long-term effect on the development of British society. People of all gender, age, and color were effected under the Blitz. The time was tough and people were losing family members and their close friends. However, the working class was the only population who got the roughest compared to the middle class, and there were many reasons for that. Firstly, the working...
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... Abstract This assignment I will discuss child poverty from the “State of America's Children® 2010 Report”. I found that poverty does not exclude anyone. Poverty hits every race, every country, anytime, it is a sad truth that negatively effects the lives of many children and families poverty continues to rise and it is now at an all time high. Not to mention the unemployment rate. What can we do to put a stop to these rising factors? Introduction Over the last decades, the world has made many changes, and the effects of those changes have profoundly been felt by many families everywhere. Today, children are being raised in single parent homes and it is hard when one parent has to work two jobs because absence of the parents can have very drastic effects on the child. (Miller, 2007). Sadly the numbers are at an all time high, when it comes to families and children living in poverty. Unemployment rates are growing and will continue to grow. Sadly more and more families are out of work and having to live without their basic needs being met. Many children experience poverty during their preschool years, which increases the likely of them even graduating from high school (Duncan, Ludwig, & Magnuson, 2007). Poverty does not only affect other countries it is affecting everyone worldwide no matter the race or...
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...labelling have an effect on a child’s educational achievement. However there are many other school processes that cause underachievement. These will be discussed below. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to them. For example, teachers may label a student as smart, thick, hardworking or troublemaker. Studies have shown that teachers often attach such labels regardless of the pupil’s actual ability or attitude. Instead they label pupils on the basis of stereotyped assumptions about their class background. Howard Becker (1971) carried out an important interactionist study of labelling. He carried out interviews with 60 Chicago high school teachers. His findings were that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted an image of the ‘ideal pupil’. Pupils work, conduct and appearance were key factors influencing teacher’s judgements. Middle class children were seen as the closest to ideal by teachers however lower working class children were seen as furthest away from it because they regarded them as badly behaved. Aaron Cicourel and john Kitsuse’s (1963) study of educational councillors in an American high school shows how such labelling can disadvantage working class students. Cicourel and Kitsuse found inconsistences in the way the councillors assessed students’ suitability for courses. Although they claimed to judge students according to their ability, in practice they judged students largely on the basis of their social class and/or race...
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...RESEARCH/LITERATURE REVIEW OF ISSUES RELATED TO CHILDREN LIVING IN POVERTY _________________________________________________ A PAPER SUMBITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR FS 5833: FAMILY ECONOMICS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY SCIENCES TEXAS WOMAN’S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION BY SARAH KERAMATI ______________________________________________ DENTON, TEXAS APRIL 2012 Introduction Over the last few decades, the world has drastically changed, and the effect on the family dynamic has been profound. Today, there are more single parents, dual earner couples, and parents with more than one job living in both rural and urban areas in the United States than at any time in history (Miller, 2007). There is approximately one in five American children who live below the national poverty level (Meyer, Cancian & Nam, 2007). In today’s society, many people live below the poverty line and those numbers continue to increase because of our high unemployment rates. The Census Bureau reported that 12% of Americans live in poverty. According to the Department of Health and Human Services, the poverty level in 2009 for a family of four was $22,050. Working parents have no time and their finances are often strained. Welfare reform in the United States may pressure single mothers to be employed even though child care is expensive and they may barely make minimum wage (Miller, 2007). If a child experiences poverty during their preschool...
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...other words, Skinner's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. Examples of Operant Conditioning We can find examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Consider the case of children completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or employees finishing projects to receive praise or promotions. In these examples, the promise or possibility of rewards causes an increase in behavior, but operant conditioning can also be used to decrease a behavior. The removal of an undesirable outcome or the use of punishment can be used to decrease or prevent undesirable behaviors. For example, a child may be told they will lose recess privileges if they talk out of turn in class. This potential for punishment may lead to a decrease in disruptive behaviors. Components of Operant Conditioning Some key concepts in operant conditioning: Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of reinforcers: 1. Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented...
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...Professor Walker Anthropology December 13, 2014 Ecotourism and its Effect on the World Ecotourism is becoming a big reason why economies in certain countries rise. There is an abundance of beautiful and natural scenery that westerners are willing to go out to see. Both Robert Fletcher (Author of Romancing the Wild) and Martha Honey (Author of Ecotourism and Sustainable Development) give a definition about what ecotourism is and the impact it has on the places where it occurs. They also talk about which classes and groups are involved in these activities for leisure. Honey and Fletcher have different idea how ecotourism will be of different help towards the host of the country where this form of tourism is going on. So what is exactly ecotourism? Fletcher and Honey both have different definitions of what ecotourism is. Fletcher’s definition of ecotourism is: “just interaction with some type of natural resource, as opposed to seeking out the products of human creation, which has been the main form of tourism until now, in terms of mainstream tourism”. This entails leaving home and going to natures beautiful scenery. People are willing to do this to explore new places and find their inners self. It gives them inspirations for their endeavors. Fletcher compares these finding and activities as if people were exploring new worlds like they once did in the 15th/16th century. The benefit of ecotourism with Fletcher’s definition is the economic value that is brings...
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...times had become so he decided to write this novella to help educate the rich and poor alike. When he was in the process of writing A Christmas Carol, he observed the many ways the poor were suffering and what he could incorporate into his novella to create awareness for it. When he finally finished his novella, his dream to create awareness for the poor who were suffering began to become a reality. More and more people were being affected by A Christmas Carol, mostly since it opened their eyes to treacherous reality of poverty. He changed the way many middle class and upper class thought. They began to hold sympathy for the less fortunate in their country and started to help rather than stand there and do nothing.Once the middle and upper class began to help out the poor, the economy boomed. The aristocrats gave the poor jobs, money, and assistance. They did what they could to help bring people out of poverty, because they did not want to turn into a “Marley”, Scrooge's old business partner whom led a horrible afterlife of suffering and despair. The middle class also helped, in the small ways they could. They gave food to the poor, helped to serve them, and even set up systems that could bring people out of the neverending cycle of poverty. In Dickens time...
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...Consumerism and the Impact of Social Class “People in a consumer society consume to improve their quality of life; there are costs associated with this practice (financial, time, ecological, societal and human) for the individual and the collective” (McGregor). Associated in this piece is the concentration in the belief of consumerism’s affect on the societal structure in terms of the social class standards, between lower, middle, and upper class sections. The dependent variable is consumerism; the rise in spending and its involvement and impact in the economy and social standards of today’s society. Independent variable is the focus of socioeconomic status and social class; concerning the idea that wealth allows greater amounts of consuming, however the lower class strives for similar status in the material and nonmaterial goods. Factors that provide consumerism in society and the economy are the buying of consumer goods, which has expanded in recent decades to national and global lengths. Consumerism is said to be the reason that the U.S. had turned citizens into shoppers, making Americans less free to the economy and the market. Globalization; the process of goods and services over national boundaries, is a rising factor, due to the buying, selling and networking of products globally. Countries like the U.S. China have benefitted by the globalization, but also have impacted their society and culture, from the influence of cultural differences, negatively and positively...
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...Outline and assess the view that teacher labelling causes social class differences in educational achievement The labelling theory suggests that teachers judge pupils by their characteristics that relate to class, gender and ethnicity. For example teachers are likely to label middle class pupils as bright and more able to achieve in education, whereas, teachers would see working class as less able pupils. The attachment of labels has important consequences for how others see a person and how he/ she comes to view themselves. Because the teacher judges pupils by their characteristics, the functionalist theory argues that the working class lack culture, which includes values, norms and language. Once labelled a deviant the label can attach to the whole identity of the student, not just the deviant act. Teachers perceive the ‘ideal pupil’ to be one who conforms to middle class standards of behaviour, which, according to Dune and Gazeley note that teachers tend to perceive the ‘ideal pupil’ as middle class. However there are other school factors which cause social class differences in educational achievement, such as, the self-fulfilling prophecy, streaming and pupil subculture. Interactionist sociologists have carried out studies on the effects of labelling. Interactionist sociologist’s study-small case, face-to-face, interactions between individuals, such as the classroom or the playground. Interactionist theories of education focus towards looking at what goes on inside education...
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