...Civilizations are divided into 3 main groups; The Neolithic Era, Bronze Age and Iron Age. They all had great accomplishments in agriculture, government, religion, and education. Every civilization had their own unique way of living. Many of our agriculture, inventions, and religion were practiced by them. We merely adopted their way of life. So we can say that Early Civilizations became fundamentals for our modern invention, agriculture and religion. Ancient people discovered the development of agriculture accidentally. Before finding agriculture, ancient people had a hunter-gatherer system where males go hunting and females and kids stay home and gather fruits or any other edible plants. Farming started from the Neolithic Era which involved the domestication of animals and plants. Increasing population was the number one reason people started to farm. Because they couldn’t feed all the hungry mouths just by hunting animals. They had to have a large population at that time because ancient people lived under constant dangers caused by other tribes. The people who first cultivated cereal grains have observed them in the wild while they were hunting or gathering and noticed the seeds fall. After sometime, they return to the same place to find a newly grown plant. That’s when they got the idea of farming. 2 best known agricultural villages were Jericho located near Jordan River and Catal Huyuk in modern day Turkey. People in the Neolithic Era were the first people to domesticate...
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...The art they created was mostly drawings and sculptures of animals. • Whenever they would paint animals, they did it from a profile view. This • “Bison with a Turned Head” (1- ) o Broken spear thrower. • A lot of the paintings they did were along cave walls and ceilings. • “Hall of Bulls” o Bulls floating on cave walls. o No sense of proportion. ▪ The largest bull is 11’6” long while others are way smaller. • Artists in the Paleolithic period were not aware of a scale. There drawings were all very disproportional. • They did not use frames around their cave paintings so some of them go on for miles. Neolithic Period • The Neolithic period began around 8000 BCE. • People in the Neolithic age began to settle down in one place rather than travel around. • They moved from a hunter and gatherer society to a planting crops and domesticating animals. • The Catalhoyuk was built in the...
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...Lecture #2 How Art Made The World In this weeks lecture and video, you will discover the greatest mystery of human creativity. You will begin to see the correlation between what an artist sees and creates and how that correlates to the culture in which they live. Modern humans, Homosapiens, who had the same brain that we have no, date as far back as 150,000 years ago. Yet they lived for thousands of years without creating images until 35,000 ago. Archeologists call the point in history when our pre-historic ancestors suddenly began to create images of the world around them “The Creative Explosion”. In 1879 in Altamira Spain, the first discovery of pre historic cave paintings were discovered by amateur archaeologist Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola and his eight-year-old daughter María . When the discovery was first made public in 1880, it led to a bitter public controversy between experts which continued into the early 20th century, since many did not believe prehistoric man had the intellectual capacity to produce any kind of artistic expression. The acknowledgment of the authenticity of the paintings, which finally came in 1902, changed the perception of prehistoric human beings. Paleolithic cave art that developed across Europe, from the Urals to the Iberian Peninusula, from 35,000 to 11,000 BC. Because of their deep galleries, isolated from external climatic influences, these caves are particularly well preserved. The caves are inscribed as masterpieces of creative...
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...Tymesha Hankerson Foster, 1B August 26, 2012 Civilization Essay Would you think people who are considered uncivilized help make the world what it is today? The definition of being civilized is to bring people to a stage of social, cultural, and moral development. Before we got to where we are today the Paleolithic Age was the first stage to go through; the Neolithic Age brought us to the Last Ice Age and agriculture was created. This also established into the different way civilization was interpreted between cultures. From 2,500,000 B.C.E. to 10,000 B.C.E. human species were getting to know each other and finding ways to survive. The tools they used were made from natural findings such as stones, bones, and wood. Each person had a task to complete. Men had to hunt and women gathered things and kept the tribe or village in order. During this period there was no idea of living idle. Wherever the food went so did the human species. The maximum size for any group was 30, meaning the groups weren’t big. In between the time Paleolithic Age began and ended, the Last Ice Age came along. Quickly there was a change on the eating schedule. It went from hunting and gathering to strictly agriculture. Agriculture has played an enormous part of the lifestyle we live today. Things such as job specialization, cities, writing, and the government have all came from the creation of agriculture. Humans learned to tame and control wild animals and taught themselves self-control as well. When...
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...Over ten thousand years ago, men in the Stone Age discovered a new way of life. Bamber Gascoigne’s article from www.historyworld.net, “The Neolithic Revolution,” refers that the most significant single development in human history was when mankind discovered easier ways to provide for his family. According to many paleohistorians and historians, the most revolutionary event occurred when man went from hunter-gatherers, to farmers and domesticators. This drastic change affected the people politically, geographically, socially, and economically. In the beginning of time, people of the land roamed anywhere they could find food and water. Once mankind knew how to farm, they experienced many political changes. Humankind realized they needed a...
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...societies grew and developed greater complexity, civilization came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements. Concepts of civilization : 1. Urban focus 2. New political and military structures 3. A new social structure based on economic power 4.The development of more complexity in a material sense. 5. A distinct religious structure 6. The development of writing. 7. New and significant artistic and intellectual activity The first civilization were developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt. 2. What does mean “The Neolithic Revolution” and when does it started and where spread? The end of the last ice age around 10,000 B.C.E. was followed by what is called the Neolithic Revolution, a significant change in living patterns that occurred in the New Stone Age (the word Neolithic is Greek for ‘‘new stone’’). The biggest change was the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance (food gathering) to producing food by systematic agriculture (food production). Systematic agriculture developed independently in different areas of the world between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E. From the Middle East, farming spread into southeastern Europe and by 4000 B.C.E. was well established in central Europe and the coastal regions of the Mediterranean. The cultivation of wheat and barley also spread from western Asia into the Nile valley of Egypt by 6000 B.C.E. and soon spread up the Nile to other...
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...INTRODUCTION: Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of foods. However, in today’s world milk is consumed by adults for food, as an antidote, and for skin care therefore, making it an essential commodity to every society. Milk contains essential vitamins and nutrients that cater to the well being of both adults and children; this includes calcium, vitamins A, B & D. The history of milk began in the Neolithic age (the new stone age), a time when humans started the transition from hunting and gathering to a more settled way of life. Life Cycle of Milk Supply Chain: Environmental and societal impact of Milk; The dairy industry poses a number of challenges to the health of the environment- * Methane emission- this is release from cows’ during the digestion process either by belching or flatulence. Statistics vary on how much methane an average dairy cow expels on a daily basis. Some experts say 100 liters to 200 liters, while others say it's up to 500 liters a day. This amount of methane is comparable to pollution expelled by a vehicle * Carbon emission- according to studies carried out by the U.S dairy carbon footprint study, it showed that carbon footprint of a gallon of milk is approximately 17.6 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalents. This will usually occur during milk freight and distribution. * Water pollution-Disposal of...
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...An Analysis of the Pile-Dwellings in the Hemudu Site: The Natural Reasons of the Appearance and the Classification of the Pile-Dwellings in the Hemudu Site Abstract The pile-dwelling is a special architectural type, mainly popular in Yangtze River valley and the southern area in ancient China. It has been widely considered as the direct development of nest. The origin of this architectural style, in China, might be traced to the Neolithic Age. It can be found in amount of Neolithic sites of the Hemudu culture and the Liangzhu culture, together with other Neolithic sites located in the southwestern part of China, for instant, the Yun Menkou site (Mount Jian, Yunan province). Based on the report on the excavation, in this article, we discussed the natural causes of the appearance and the classification of the pile-dwellings in the Hemudu site. Keywords China; the Hemudu Site; pile-dwelling; natural environment; timberwork building Introduction The Hemudu site lays in the alluvial plain named Yu (Yuyao) --- Ci (Cicheng) which is located in the northern piedmont of Siming Mountain and surrounded by the Ningshao Plain together with the southern part of the hilly-country of Cixi. The ancestors in this area constructed their village directly on the cyan clay-like loam stratum (formed with marine deposit). As the village is located in the transition zone which lies between plains and hills, its terrain is geographically high in the south but low in the north. The...
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...pottery. The first pottery phase for the Jomons were made by using cords and were all made by hand, without the invention of the wheel. The word Jomon means “cord-marking” in Japanese. They used many tools and also enjoyed jewelry and figurines. They had little development with agriculture and didn’t use any kind of metal. The mostly used stone for knives, axes, etc. The Jomons lived in pit dwellings surrounded by open areas, but because of the climate changing, they had to move around a lot. Since the Jomon Period lasted so long, they were divided into different phases. Those phases were Incipient, Initial, Early, Middle, Late, and Final. The Incipient Jomons were in the middle of the transition from the Paleolithic ways of life to the Neolithic. The Initial Jomons dealt with the climate warming up, which increased food supplies for them. The Early Jomons had large amounts of shell mounds, which showed that the Jomon people’s diets continued to come from the ocean. The middle Jomons marked the high point for the Jomon culture. They increased their population and production of hand crafts. The warming climate also reached its high point which caused a lot of movement in the mountain regions. The Late Jomons had to deal with the climate cooling down, which caused the people to move out of the mountains to settle in places closer to the coast, especially around Honshu’s shores. They are also responsible for new fishing technologies. The Final Jomons had a great deal of problems. The...
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...East and North Africa on a world map, and recognize several countries in these regions Types of maps – political and physical • Political maps show boundaries of states and countries, major roads, capitals • Physical maps show physical features of the land like mountains, plains, volcanoes Types of geography (geography = the study of the earth) – physical and human • Human geography studies where people are in the world, what the people are like who live in certain areas, how people impact geography (for example, population density) • Physical geography studies landforms and physical features of the earth Paleolithic Age – 2.5 million BCE to 8000 BCE • Humans were nomadic (were constantly moving) • Evolved (slowly changed and advanced) by learning to walk upright, making stone tools, etc. Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution) – occurred in 8000 BCE • During this revolution, humans stopped being nomadic and settled down into communities and villages (which would later develop into civilizations thousands of years later) • Humans being FARMING (agriculture) – this allowed people to have much more food than they previously had, which made life easier o At the same time, there was a separation between the work that men and women did o Warriors also became important Characteristics of civilizations – record keeping, advanced cities, specialized workers, advanced technology, complex institutions (like religion...
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...Civilization Prepared for Mr. Bsharah By Chris Treadwell History B1 Spring 2013 Civilization is defined as; an advanced state of cultural and material development in human society, marked by political and social complexity and progress in the arts and sciences. This wasn’t achieved easily, nor was it an ever-progressing movement. More so it was the product of several trial and error advancements in various fields of human endeavor. The starting point for all this advancement is known as the Neolithic Revolution, also referred to as the agricultural revolution. This was the shift from a nomadic hunter-gatherer culture to a more settled agricultural lifestyle. The domestication of plants and animals was a major turning point in mankind’s evolution, but it took more than a millennia to transform from nomads to agrarians. Archeological data indicates that several different forms of plant and animal domestication evolved in separate locations worldwide. “The earliest Neolithic societies appeared in the Middle East about 8000 B.C.E., in China about 4000 B.C.E., and in India about 3600 B.C.E.” The first farming was largely grain based in fertile river-valleys with adequate climate and natural resources to sustain farming. Over time man began developing the where-with-all to change his surrounding environment to suit his needs even further. Certain crops were grown in areas according to availability geographically and ease of production rather than chosen by preference. Not...
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...Mert Woodard History 1910 Professor Tracy Religion in Çatalhöyük The Neolithic period is undoubtedly one of the most imperative ears in history. It was a pivotal period in which farming, technology and human culture made very significant advances. There are many important settlements from this period, and one of the most significant is the site known as Çatalhöyük. Çatalhöyük, meaning “mound at the fork” in Turkish, is located in South Central Turkey, a region known by many as Anatolia. Çatalhöyük is now a large mound covering thirty-two acres and reaches sixty feet at its highest point. The people of Çatalhöyük built houses out of mud brick and would knock them down and rebuild over many years. This rebuilding would accumulate land higher and higher, thus the mound. The site’s layers, representing each “city”, are numbered from the top, 0, to the bottom, X. The oldest level has been dated to about 6500 B.C. The mound was first excavated in 1958 by British archaeologist James Mellaart, and after over thirty years the excavations are being led by fellow Englishman Ian Hodder. The discoveries made by Mellaart and Hodder, as well as their interpretations, shed light on what the people of Çatalhöyük were like. The excavation of the site can tell us what they ate, how they lived, and what they may have believed. Religion is one of the most widely debated topics concerning the settlement and its inhabitants. Mellaart strongly believed that the people of Çatalhöyük...
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...SOC3116 Notes Why is it useful to ask questions about the role of technology in society? To challenge our complacency We have become accustomed to rely on technology for the basis of communication and information gathering. Want to become aware to the extent of which this is the case Social media vs. traditional media? 1 way vs 2 way communication interaction comes from 2 way communication. The defining characteristic. Environment is critical of the use of technology. Perception of the role of television in society in the 60s and 70s tv became more widespread people though kids became addicted. Neil postman says there is always a tradeoff when it comes to new technologies * as new technologies are introduced there is always some kind of exchange you don’t always just get new technology on top of everything else. * Ex telephone when it was introduced people the viewpoint of having telephones on top of everything else is only true at the beginning. Later on our behaviors change. People don’t visit people or write letters as often * Sometimes the tradeoff is clear there are always tradeoffs the ability to see those depends on how much we are willing to speculate. * It becomes our responsibility to begin to ask ourselves what the tradeoff is * Postman says what benefits some harms others * He is saying that technology is not value neutral technology is like a hammer is a hammer good or bad? Presented as a dichotomy its either good or...
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...Chapter 1: Art Before History Preview: This chapter surveys developments in art in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods, discovered in sites including Africa, France, Spain, Germany, England, Turkey, and Iraq. The art produced in these periods range from cave paintings and figures, to architectural structures. The art produced in prehistory indicates a shift from recognition of human and animal forms in the environment, to the conscious representation of these forms. It also reveals much about the societies that produced it: humans in the Paleolithic period were nomadic hunters, and their art appears to have served primarily ritual purposes related to fertility and the hunt, while art produced in the Neolithic period reflects the shift to food production and built settlements. Key Terms: • Paleolithic, Neolithic • twisted perspective, composite view • incise • henge, post-and-lintel, megalith, tumulus, corbel vaulting • Anatolia, Mesopotamia Lecture Notes: Introductory Notes: Paleolithic Period: Artworks in the Paleolithic period: • Human with feline head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany o Date: o Medium, materials, and size/scale: o Stylistic characteristics: o Function & significance: • Nude woman (Venus of Willendorf), from Willendorf, Austria o Date: o Medium, materials, and size/scale: o Stylistic characteristics: o Function & significance: ...
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...products are being made more available to the consumers. Most consumers choose to use the internet on a daily basis to handle their daily obligations. Specialized software shapes best-practices and industry standards, continually changing the face of business in almost every way. According to Stephen Rampur, the information technology role in business sector certainly is of a great importance. This enables businesses too effectively and successfully plan, manage, execute strategies which lead to profit. The impact of information technology on business is on the rise, as several advancements are focused on to be implemented in various business processes. Without the use of information technology these businesses would be sitting in the Stone Age. Over the past years data was collected on walls, scrolls, paper and pencil, and now computers. With these devices the way of communication has evolved and improved many businesses throughout the world. Would these businesses be where they are now if Information technology did not exist? No they wouldn’t. Internet business processes...
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