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Networking Systems Administrator

In: Computers and Technology

Submitted By albertparson
Words 1004
Pages 5
Chapter 6: Outline
Memory and Storage * RAM BASICS- * RAM is used for programs and data * Is one of the most popular upgrades to add to any system * Different variables * Memory module type * Memory chip type used on the module * Memory module speed * Error checking * ALLOWABLE MODULE SIZES AND COMBONATIONS- * Number of modules needed per bank of memory * Total of modules that can be installed * RAM TYPES- * DRAM requires frequent recharges of memory to retain its contents * SRAM does not need frequent recharging * SDRAM was the first type of memory to run in sync with the processor bus * DDR SDRAM uses double data and performs two transfers per clock cycle * DDR2 SDRAM runs its external data bus at twice the speed enabling a faster performance * Rambus was used earlier in Pentium 4 based chipsets from Intel * COMPARISON OF MEMORY MODULES- * All systems built in the early 90’s have used some form of memory module * SIMM- single refers to both sides having same pin out * SIPP- substituted pins for the edge connectors used by SIMM modules * DIMM- each side has different pin out * SODIMM- various pin outs for notebook, laser and LED printers * RDRAM- uses direct Rambus memory chips and is also referred as RIMM * SORM- compact version of the standard Rambus module for used in notebooks * Installing DIMMS and Rambus RDRAM Modules * Memory modules are the memory sticks that are installed into the slots of a motherboard * They have different locking mechanisms for the modules * HARD DISK DRIVES- * Are most important storage devices used by a personal computer * They store different O/S’s and other applications, system configuration files, and data files * Use one or more double sided platters * Platters covered with durable magnetic surface that has sectors * Each sector stores 512 bytes of storage * Hard disks are found in many computers * PATA and SATA cables use 40 pin data cables * PATA and SATA select one uses a 5 pin Molex power cable and the other one uses an L shaped power cable * One or two PATA hard disks or other types of ATA / IDE drives can be connected to a single cable * PATA Drive jumpering cable select * PATA drives are identified as primary/ secondary or master/ slave * ATA Specifications- standards include ATA/ IDE and SATA * New terms include PIO and UDMA. PIO stands for Programmable input/ output and UDMA stands for Ultra Direct Memory Access * This protocol for transmitting data between the hard drive and the RAM directly by passing the CPU and simply referred as DMA * SATA HARD DRIVE PHYSICAL INSTALLATION- * Process of installing an SATA drive differs from that used for installing an ATA/ IDE drive because there are no master slave jumpers and the SATA data cable goes directly from host adapter to drive * CONFIGURING PATA BIOS * Controlled by the motherboard BIOS certain info must be provided to the BIOS * -hardware drive geometry * -data transfer rate * -logical block addressing translation * Hard drive geometry refers to several factors used to calculate the capacity of a hard drive. This includes * -number of sectors per track * -number of read / write heads * -number of cylinder * Most system BIOS are designed to perform auto-detect reading the appropriate configuration from the drive itself * Auto detection is the best way to install a new PATA drive because other settings such as LBA translation, block mode, multi-sector transfers, and UDMA transfer rates are also configured properly * Also if the LBA translation is turned off in the System BIOS only 8.4 GB of the hard disks capacity is recognized by the BIOS system * CONFIGURING SATA BIOS- * After the SATA host adapter is enabled save changes to the BIOS and shut down the system * CREATING AN ATA OR SATA RAID ARRAY- * Raid is a method for creating a faster or safer single logical hard disk drive from two or more physical drives * Adapter cards can be retrofitted to systems lacking or board RAID support * Referred to as hardware RAID ARRAY * Also can be created through the operation system settings * This is sometimes called software RAID ARRAY * ATA AND SATA RAID TYPES- * RAID O * RAID 1 * RAID 10 * RAID 5 * OPTIMIZING ATA/ IDE PERFORMANCE- * Select the correct PIO/ DMA transfer mode in BIOS * Select correct block mode in BIOS * Install busmaster in Windows drivers * Enable DMA mode in Windows * Adjust disk cache software settings * SELECTING THE IDE BLOCK MODE- * Refers to multi-sector data transfers * Some very ATA/ IDE drives do not support block mode and run more slowly when it is enabled * Installing IDE Busmastering Drivers * It bypasses the CPU for data transfers between memory and hard disk interfaces * ENABLING DMA TRANSFERS FOR PATA DEVICES IN WINDOWS- * All versions of windows enable the user to allow DMA transfers between PATA devices and the system * DMA bypasses the CPU for faster performance an is useful for optimizing the performance of both hard drives and optical drives * Before enabling DMA or UDMA mode, check documentation for the drive to see if it supports this mode * Enabling these features on a drive that does not support these can be disastrous * ADJUSTING DISK CACHING SETTINGS IN WINDOWS- * Disk caches use a portion of memory to hold information flowing to and from disk drives * CD AND DVD OPTICAL DRIVES- * Both store data in a continuous spiral of indentations called pits and lands on the non-label side of the media from the middle to the outboard edge * CDR / CD-RW use special media types and more powerful lasers * Some are recordable but not erasable * CD / DVD drive interfaces use some ATA/ IDE interface used by PATA hard disk * Some use SATA interface * PHYSICAL INSTALLATION OF OPTICAL DRIVES- * Must be installed into a 5.25” drive bay * Optical drives must be configured as master, slave, or cable select * SCSI optical drives must be set to a unique device ID * SATA optical drives don’t require special configuration * USB and IEEE-1394a optical drives must be connected to ports with adequate power or they must provide their own power * AND THIS THE SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6

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