...Two different neurological disorders that can occur in development and how they affect development. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders states that spina bifida, which means cleft spine, is characterized by the incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or meninges (the protective covering around the brain and spinal cord. There are four types of spinal bifida: occulta, closed neural defects, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Occulta is the mildest and most common form in which one or more vertebrae are malformed. Closed neural tube defects make up the second type of spina bifida. This form consists of a diverse group of defects in which the spinal cord is marked by malformations of fat, bone, or meninges. The third type is, memingocele, spinal fluid and meninges protrude through an abnormal vertebral opening. And the most severe and occurs when the spinal cord/neural elements are exposed through the opening in the spine is called myelomeningocele. The effect it has on development is that it can range from minor physical problems with little functional impairment to severe physical and mental disabilities. Spina bifida’s impact is determined by the size and location of the malformation, whether it covered, and which spinal nerves are involved. Also, most people with spina bifida are of normal intelligence. The national Institute of Neurological Disorders states that cerebral palsy refers to any one of a number of neurological disorders that appear...
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...Projective processes: gangs, bullying, and racism Groups and gangs When does a group become a gang? Hamish Canham (2002) defines a gang mentality as one in which de- structive forces have taken over. It is paranoid-schizoid functioning where there is no thinking, only a need to rid oneself of parts of the personality that might expose the individual (or group) to feelings of neediness, ignorance, or weakness. Within the personality, this is achieved by imposing a reign of terror on the vulnerable parts. In gang behaviour, the reign of terror is directed towards other groups. A gang is anti-thought, anti-parents, and anti-life. Hamish offers a commentary on William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies and tracks the way in which the boys lose touch with an idea of parental function and give way to the lure of the gang. He draws attention to the way in which Ralph and Piggy manage to impose some structure by making the rule about the conch: in community meetings, boys cannot speak unless they are holding the conch. At the beginning of their time on the island, the older boys are in touch with the idea of rules (which Hamish suggests are a representation of parental function), and they agree to this arrangement. Later, the rule is cast aside, the conch smashed, and order is overthrown in an outpouring of paranoid-schizoid behaviour. Jack, the leader of the choir, represents the pull in the group away from feeling lonely, afraid and dependent on each other ...
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...The main question about the drug addiction is that how chronic drug use affects the function of the brain and how this leads to the aberrant behavioral manifestations of addiction (Volkow & Li, 2005). Surprisingly, a desire of drug-intake is motivated with drug reward like needs of water when thirsty except that the natural reward does not have the characteristic of compulsiveness, persistent, and loss of control (Stewart and Wise, 1992). Given with the reward hypothesis, most of the recent studies of addictive behavior in neurobiology examined the circuits of the reward system. Goldstein and Volkow (2002) conducted the study about the underlying neurobiological basis of drug addiction with the method of neuroimaging. They found that the anatomical core of the reward system is dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmentum area (VTA) that project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and other forebrain structures. Several of those structures may be specifically involved in the reward produced by different substances which means that not only the dopamine is the conductor but the other monoamines and acetylcholine may also...
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...system produce behavior in mental events Assumptions: there must be a relationship between nervous system behavior and mental events. What is biopsychology? * The branch of psychology that studies the relationship between nervous system activity and behavior and mental events. * A new branch of neurosciences. * Makes use of the findings discovered by other branches of psychology. Brain consists of neurons and glia. Other branches of the neurosciences are 1. Biological psychiatry is interested in treatment of biological treatments of 2. Developmental neurobiology is interested in how the nervous system changes and develops 3. Neuroanatomy is interested in the structure of the nervous system and hw the different areas are connected to one and another 4. Neurochemistry is interested in how the neurons work and how they communicate with one another 5. Neurobiology is interested the structure and the mechanics of the nervous system. Biological psychology focuses on behavior (the observative behavior and the unobservative behavior) Biopsychology has six branches 1. Physiological psychology the study of neural mechanism of behavior through the manipulation of the nervous system in controlled experiments either surgically, electrically or chemically. 2. Psychopharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs on brain and behavior. Research may involve both humans and animals. 3. Neuropharmacology the study of behavioral deficits...
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...together with secondary dysfunctions of BG-recipient brain areas. To overcome that limitation, several studies have focused on the main skeletomotor output region of the BG, the globus pallidus internus (GPi). Using single-cell recording and inactivation protocols these studies provide consistent support for two hypotheses: the BG modulates movement performance (‘vigor’) according to motivational factors (i.e. context-specific cost/reward functions) and the BG contributes to motor learning. Results from these studies also add to the problems that confront theories positing that the BG selects movement, inhibits unwanted motor responses, corrects errors on-line, or stores and produces well-learned motor skills. Addresses 1 Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Institute and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 2 Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, UMR5229 CNRS, 67 Blvd. Pinel, 69500 Bron, France Corresponding author: Turner, Robert S (rturner@pitt.edu) nor are all of the hypotheses mutually exclusive. These hypotheses are elaborated in the references cited above. The present review summarizes recent experimental results that, in our opinion, buttress a subset of the hypotheses and add to the list of difficulties that challenge many of the others. Function versus dysfunction The desire to understand normal functions of the BG is...
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...Bulimia Nervosa Psychology 101 Abstract This research paper will deliver information about bulimia. It will provide and support people who have bulimia. It will analyze the causes and effects of this disorder. There will be a verification of treatments for bulimic disorder. This research will pinpoint anyone who shows symptoms of bulimia. It will clarify how it is essential for family members and friends to provide assistance when needed to restrain bulimia. The study will give guidance on the available treatments offered to the public. It will provide the symptoms a person might encounter that have bulimia. It will consist of the danger that could accelerate the chances of developing bulimia. The data given will help the researchers to pass it on a clinical psychologist that will decide if the person shows up positive with bulimia. Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa can be defined as an eating disorder described by constant binge eating and consuming a lot of calories immediately followed by vomiting or purging. People with bulimia are difficult to be recognized because the eating and purging is done in private. Also, they can maintain a normal healthy weight, so it is not noticeable at first glance. A bulimic can take in an excessive amounts of food within a short period of time. The person loses control and it is estimated that about 3,400 calories was consumed roughly over an hour and to make matters worse about 20,000 calories can be eaten by in eight hours. (Psychology...
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...Shaleigh Williams INFT 101-B60 LUO March 6, 2013 Summary In the article “Adult learning Disorders: Contemporary Issues” the authors discuss a book that is made of 4 different parts: Development, Neurobiology and Specific Learning Disorders, Diagnosis and Assessment, and Life Outcomes. Throughout the article they break down those different parts into what each one actually means. The article “Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century” discusses the ways that adult learning and all of its theories change and have changed over time and how drastically they have changed. The first part, Development, discusses different theories for understanding different adult learning disorders. Those chapters talk about how some learning disorders may have sex-related differences among the disorders. It also discusses how certain adults with a variety of learning disabilities might have atypical brain development. If a person that is determining a disability uses a model of an atypical brain development, it could possibly help them better understand a need for a very flexible plan of treatment. The second part, Neurobiology and Specific Learning Disorders, explains a case where a graduate student who is high functioning was having a lot of issues keeping up with the extraneous amounts of reading and work even though he is very intelligent because he was not able to absorb the information. It also discusses the problems that adults with nonverbal learning disabilities, especially...
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...completed high school due to dropping out do to use. Author is unsure as to know if there is a fact proving that marijuana use is good or bad. Although, research shows that using marijuana under the age of 25 has serious negative impacts on the neurobiology of the brain. “Early adolescent marijuana use is related to later adolescent problems that limit the acquisition of skills necessary for employment and heighten the risks of abusing legal and illegal substances. Hence, assessments of and treatments for adolescent marijuana use need to be incorporated in clinical practice” (Brook, Balka, & Whiteman, 1999, p.1550). Perhaps the topic of marijuana use needs be addressed before it is pursed between the lips of adolescent male. Conclusion From this paper one can see how detrimental marijuana use can be for male youth in North America. One hit is a life decision that impacts one’s life profoundly. When one is an adolescent they are often living in the here and now and not thinking about the future just instant gratification and social acceptance. Individuals need to be educated on the long-term consequences of their decision making. The Criminal Justice System and schools should provide more educational programs for youth to educate them on neurobiology, teach coping mechanisms, and provide programs to keep youth from grabbing for that blunt and instead reaching out for advice and support. Furthermore, the government and policy makers need to make changes that will benefit all and not only...
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...the giving). Much debate exists as to whether true altruism is possible. Arguably, the act of sharing, helping or sacrificing may be primarily motivated by the gratification it returns. This seems to assume a different understanding of 'benefits', though, from the traditionally assumed meanings (which are external - recognition from others, reciprocation etc. - rather than internal), making this a problematic argument. The term altruism may also refer to an ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others. Used in this sense, it is the opposite of egoism. Contents[hide] * 1 The notion of altruism * 2 Scientific viewpoints * 2.1 Anthropology * 2.2 Evolutionary explanations * 2.3 Neurobiology * 2.4 Psychology * 2.5 Sociology * 3 Religious viewpoints * 3.1 Buddhism * 3.2 Jainism * 3.3 Christianity * 3.4 Islam and Sufism * 3.5 Judaism * 3.6 Sikhism * 3.7 Hinduism * 4 Philosophy * 5 See also * 6 References * 7...
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...In the story, From The Brain on Trial, David Eagleman explains that the legal system is operating in ignorance about what is known about neurobiology. Eagleman describes that not all human brains are equal, so they should not be prosecuted the same. He believes that groundbreaking sciences that analyze the brain have changed the understanding of discretion in criminal acts. Eagleman states that criminal activity is firmly fixed inside our brains. Depending on how the human brain is wired determines how someone will act. He argues that there is no such thing as “free will,” so to prosecute the mentally-ill without looking from their brain's point of view is...
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... Paris Barnett Placebos Ethical vs. Unethical Dr. Boehm April 21, 2014 Introduction The placebo drug, commonly known as the “sugar pill”, is a drug used by many physicians and doctors to test their patients on mind-control and their behavior to a trial or experiment. Patients however, do not know they are given the placebo and routinely report changes in their behavior and/or state of being. Many even report the symptoms of the drug they originally thought they were receiving. The articles used are common studies of the Placebo Effect. The first article is about the unethical use of the placebo and how many persons are deceived by the drug that encompasses their body. The second article speaks on the clinical and neurobiology aspects of placebo drugs. The third article is a study that Dove manufactured for women and their inner beauty; the study went viral throughout the United States very quickly. All three articles build upon one another to show how science has evolved throughout the years. Study Dove composed a research study in which participants were to use a patch to make them feel more beautiful than they already felt. They wanted to see if women would be able to feel their inner beauty by themselves or would they need help from a stimulant of some sort. They used several different women; of different races and backgrounds, to make the trial study a reality. The women were to place the RB-X, or beauty patch, on their arm for multiple days and...
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...Family Systems Kiesha M. Watkins Liberty University COUN 502 Fall 2015 Family systems are described as everyone in the family playing a vital role in how the whole family functions. If any member of the family steps out of their role or changes their role, the process will be unbalanced. The balance of a family is called homeostasis or equilibrium and changes are made to ensure that the family stays in balance (Hinson 2015). For example, a family may set up a curfew time for their teenage children to come home after going out with their friends of 10:00pm. One teenager goes out with their friends and comes home at 9:55pm. The teenager returns home on time and meets their curfew. However, the next night the other teenager goes out and arrives home at 10:30pm which is 30 minutes past their curfew. The family becomes upset and is paranoid that something has happened to their child. As a result, the teenager that was tardy for curfew is not allowed to go out for two weeks and her curfew was changed to 9:30pm. The homeostasis of the home was broken and there was a consequence put in place for their actions to ensure this does not happen in the future (Hinson 2015). In Ephesians 6:1-4 it states “Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right”. “Honor your father and mother that it may go well with you and that you may live long in the land”. “Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but bring them up in the discipline and instruction of the...
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...A recent concern in our society is that vaccinations cause autism. As the rates of autism is continuing to rise in the United States many people are questioning whether or not vaccinations are the real cause of this disorder. Many parents have decided to not get their children vaccinated due to the fear that vaccinations possibly cause autism. Autism is not linked to vaccinations here in the United States because there are other factors that are related to the cause of autism. There have been many studies conducted about the association between vaccines and autism. In a study conducted by Frank DeStefano and his collegues they researched how the “increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in vaccines is not associated...
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...In the section “Alien Languages: Not Human” the author describes the differences of between the alien and human languages (using human language as a reference). One of the many differences is with regards to the neurobiology of humans and aliens. According to the text, one corollary is that the communication structure is already hard-wired in our genes since birth. Another corollary is that the different languages spoken by a species is easily comprehended due to the similarities in neural pathways. Another difference is the organization of the language. Based on the author, she believes that the alien languages are well organized since communication will be hindered without syntax or word building. However, the structure and pattern of the...
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...it came to protecting my own children. I currently work as a day care provider, providing a safe place for children to come while their parents are at work. Doing this type of work (and because of my children having a father that will be absent most of their lives) I have done a lot of research about the developing brain and attachment. Understanding about brain development and attachment are essential in raising a healthy child. I strongly believe that attachment theory is necessary in Educational Assistant curriculum due to the impact that attachment has on the developing brain. The journal article that I researched was “The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood: A Convergence of Evidence from Neurobiology and Epidemiology”. The article discussed the impact of abnormal stress on the developing brain. Evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences such as, “childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, as well as, household dysfunction including, parental drug or alcohol use, loss of family members, incarceration of family member or witnessing domestic violence” affect the “health and quality of life throughout the lifespan” (Anda et al., 2005, p. 2). An individual with numerous adverse childhood experiences factors is at an increased risk of negative “multiple human functions and behavior’s” (Anda et al., 2005, p. 2). The impact of childhood abuse and neglect can lead to physical, physiological, behavioral, academic, and social...
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