...Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Neurodevelopmental disorders are biological brain disorders that are responsible for early onset brain dysfunctions. There are four primary complication categories with these disorders, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, behavioral problems, and motor dysfunction. The disorders can be genetic or acquired from trauma, heredity, the environment, or illness. One of the disorders covered under this definition would be ADHD, or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. This paper will discuss the behavioral criteria for this disorder, along with the incidence rates, causes, and two treatment options. Neurocognitive disorders are disorders that show a decline in the individual’s cognitive abilities that are observable by others and can be tested with the use of cognitive assessments. The loss of cognitive abilities can be caused from disease, illness, or trauma. The neurocognitive disorders are Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic. Further discussion will be on dementia from Alzheimer’s. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder If your child has issues with paying attention, difficulty in organizing activities and paying attention to detail, talks excessively, and cannot remain in their seat, they may have ADHD. According to the CDC (2013) the criteria for ADHD would be: Inattention: Six or more symptoms of inattention for children up to age 16, or five or more for adolescents 17 and older and adults; symptoms of inattention...
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...Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Paper PSY/410 Marice Lynnette Jones 05/09/2016 Karen Wood The brain is a magnificent organ within the human body. The brain controls everything from our movement, involuntary functions, thoughts and emotions. Due to its fragile nature, the brain is protected very well by thick layer of membrane called dura mater and encased by a skull (Butcher, 2014). The main focus for this paper is to describe one neurodevelopmental disorder and one neurocognitive disorder. The behavioral criteria for each disorder will be discussed along with incidence rates and their causes. Options for treatment based on two different theoretical models will as provide a valuable insight for the disorders. Neurodevelopmental disorders refer to a group of conditions that presents itself during the developmental period. These disorders impair development or the central nervous system causing an effect on emotions, learning ability, self-control and memory. The most common neurodevelopmental disorder is ADHD. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder causes children to have trouble paying attention, control impulsive behavior and overly active. There are no known causes or risk factors, however a recent twin research studies have linked ADHD with genes. Along with genes, possible contributors towards ADHD would be injury to the brain, environmental exposures, alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy, premature delivery, and low birth weight (CDC, 2016)....
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...Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Paper Photographic memories stick in people’s minds. Emotions and reactions that cannot be erased and are burned into the memory in one’s mind can have detrimental effects as well as saving someone’s sanity. Neurodevelopmental disorders are biological brain disorders that are responsible for early onset brain dysfunctions. The disorders can be genetic or acquired from trauma, heredity, the environment, or illness. This paper will discuss the behavioral criteria for two different disorders, along with the incidence rates, causes, and two treatment options for each disorder. The two different disorders that will be talked about in this paper will be autism and eating disorders. Autism What is autism? Autism is not considered by many a “serious” disorder; this disorder starts in infancy, and may be characterized by different factors: impaired language and communication, repetitive disorder and abnormal social development. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior” and educational and psychological testing. When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years...
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...Due to the fact that the student is having trouble paying attention, and concentrating one would think this is due an attention disorder. This could be the cause of her academics failing tremendously. More research needs to be done to conclude if this is a possibility of why she is experiencing changes in her social behavior. Diagnosis Research states that “Major NCD due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an impact to the head, or other mechanisms of rapid movement or displacement of the brain within the skull, as can happen with blast injuries” (APA, 2013, p. 625). Due to the fact that this injury caused trauma to the patients head, it has caused a behavior disturbance with her previous normal behavior. The patient is suffering from 294.11 Major Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury with a Behavioral Disturbance (APA, 2013): Criteria A 1. The patient met the criteria for a major neurocognitive disorder Criteria B 1. There is evidence that the patient suffered from a traumatic brain injury that impacted the head. (Patient was hit in the head with a rake) 2. Posttraumatic Amnesia 3. Disorientation and confusion 4. Neurological signs (e.g., neuroimaging demonstrating her...
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...Bipolar Disorder Pamela Anderson Rasmussen College Author’s Note This assignment is being submitted on 02-16-14 for Jennifer Carlstrom HS 280 Abnormal Psychology course. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder resembles a person taking a ride on a roller coaster with many ups and downs in their moods. A person with Bipolar disorder is characterized with having a tendency to fluctuate between manic and depressive episodes. This paper will define each type of bipolar disorder, will show the main difference between each type and will explain how the fluctuation between manic and depressive episodes play a part in distinguishing between both types of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is classified into two types, bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Bipolar I disorder has the following diagnostic criteria: “A presence or history of one or more major depressive episodes, a presence or history of at least one hypomanic episode, there has never been a manic episode or mixed episode, the mood symptoms from A and B are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder and are not superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, the symptoms causing clinically significant distress or impairment in; social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning” (Barlow & Durand, 2012, p.221). “Bipolar II has these same criteria except the individual experiences a full manic episode” (Barlow &...
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...Sleep wake disorders include; circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, hypersomnolence, insomnia disorder, nightmare disorder, narcolepsy, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, restless leg syndrome, and non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorder. Childhood disorders include; autism spectrum disorders, attachment disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, conduct disorder, disorder of written expression, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, encopresis, enuresis, expressive language disorder, mathematics disorder, mental retardation, oppositional defiant disorder, reading disorder, rumination disorder, selective mutism, separation anxiety disorder, social communication disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, stuttering, touretts disorder, transient tic...
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...out about the brain and its functions. The brain has over time been regarded as one of the most important organs in the body, and that can be tied to the fact that most bodily functions can be controlled by the single organ. The destruction or the dysfunction of the brain could mean death or even other problems such as mental disorders. The field of memory, cognition and thought are unique areas when it comes to understanding the functioning of the brain. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with being able to study how the brain works as well as why people act as they do. Some areas are involved in the field of neuropsychology with each of them being a crucial pillar. Cognitive neurology deals with studying the mental process such as memory, creativity, thinking and perception (Mohn & Rund, 2016). That means being able to understand the inner workings of the brain and its relation to the mind. Clinical psychology deals with the management as well as the rehabilitation of individuals who have suffered from illnesses as well as injuries that cause neurocognitive problems. That may include post-traumatic stress disorder patients or bipolar disorder patients. The field also covers behavioral neurology which deals with memory, behavior and cognition as well as how that impacts the functions of the brain. Cognition can be said to the manner in which people can understand issues as well as how the brain interprets the signals that it receives from the surrounding. The memory...
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...Sleep Disorder Among Undergraduate Students 1. INTRODUCTION University life has presents many new and stressful challenges, such as reduced parental supervision which may increases freedom, self-responsibility, disorganized lifestyle, variable schedules, repeated deadlines, dormitory living, new social opportunity and academic obligations (Anbar and Slothower , 2006) . All of these caused students voluntary to alter their sleeping habits in which they tends to reduce their sleeping time from as recommended sleeping time 8 hours to in between 3 hours to 6 hours of sleeping time per day. This can lead to sleep disorder in which nowadays, insomnia and sleepiness are the most common complaints in general population (Watson, Goldberg, Arguelles, and Buchwald, 2006). Notably that, sleep quality refers to a composite of sleep quantity, length of time to fall asleep, number of awakenings at night, length of time to fall back asleep after awakening, feeling of fatigue or restfulness upon awakening in the morning and general satisfaction with sleep. According to Doghramji (2006), insomnia can be defined as complaint of disturbed sleep, manifested as difficulties in sleep initiation or sleep maintenance, and also refers as early awakenings. According to Kamel and Gammack (2006), there are several causes of insomnia which are including primary specific sleep disorders, physical illness, behavioral, environmental and medication. The examples for sleep disorder are Circadian Rhythm Disorders...
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...manic-depressive illness, Bipolar Disorder is a brain disorder which causes a person to have unusual shifts in mood, energy, thought, and behavior, and can seriously affect one’s ability to function. More than 2 million American adults are diagnosed with BPD and the disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood, but many people are first diagnosed with it in childhood and may exhibit symptoms as early as infancy (Spearing, 2001; Bardick and Bernes, 2005). It is estimated that approximately 90% of individuals with Bipolar Disorder experience its onset before age 20 (Hoofnagle, 2002). Pediatric-onset Bipolar Disorder (PBPD) is one of the most severe psychiatric illnesses that can affect children’s ability to succeed in all aspects of their lives, including in school. This paper aims at examining PBPD, its symptoms and causes, the neuropsychological deficits it presents in relation to comorbid conditions, how it affects student learning, educational impairments it causes, its educational implications for teachers and counselors, and its treatment and outcomes. The primary purpose of this paper is to educate educational service providers about PBPD so they can be more aware of how to recognize it in order to provide referral for intervention when needed, help in the process of providing early intervention, and accommodate for the disorder in the classroom. Most people go through normal ups and downs in life. Bipolar Disorder symptoms are much more powerful than...
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...This case study is based on Theodore (Ted) Bundy, who suffered from antisocial personality disorder. Every aspect of Ted Bundy’s life will be on display, from his background to his emotional, biological, cognitive and behavioral factors, to understanding the criteria of antisocial personality disorder and how it played the role in Theodore’s life. Background Theodore (Ted) Bundy was born in Burlington, Vermont on November 11, 1946. Ted was labeled as a bastard child due to never knowing whom his biological father was. His grandparent’s raised him, for the longest time he thought they were his biological parents. Ted’s biological mother was believed to be his sister until she took him away from his grandparent’s house and remarried and then the story came to light of who she actually was to him. Bundy resented his mother due to her taking him away from his grandfather whom he adored above all. Ted’s mother married Johnnie Bundy and had three other children by him. Theodore Bundy did not like his new arrangements and resented his mother for having more children and marrying Johnnie. Ted would lash out and react with anger and hatred and jealousy toward the other children, all he knew was that when his mother had a new baby it was because of Johnnie. Ted found solitude in school work and did very well at it, he felt like school was were he could actually go and get away from home life. Bundy’s has a crush on his first grade teacher; he was upset when she went on maternity...
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...the most effective method to help people who needed assistance. If some criteria and symptoms listed in the DSM-5 could be disentangled without medicine, they were not diseases. As a psychiatrist who employed CBT as her primary method, Beck defined CBT as a psychotherapy that helped people “to change their unhelpful thinking and behaviour” (2011 p.19-20). If someone washed hands frequently, this behaviour could be diagnosed as obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCRD) according to the criteria of DSM-5. However, Beck argued that washing hands was just behaviour, not an illness. As a result, medical treatment was unnecessary even harmful. CBT employed a different approach because it highly relied on the communication and teaching coping skills (Beck 2011). CBT therapists attempted to help people rather than treat them. To psychiatrist who advocated CBT, unhelpful thinking and behaviour was not equal to illness. In single use term, CBT was even more effective to cope with depression, OCRD, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than medical treatment in many cases (Beck 2011). Frances (2014) argued that the core...
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...combination of these. In infants a common disorder is autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this disorder is characterized by abnormal social and communication development, restricted interests and repetitive behavior. Individuals with autism function poorly throughout adolescents and adults, however a few seem to improve with age. No one environmental cause has been identified for this disorder to develop, researchers believe that there are multiple pathways through which autism can occur. These pathways include a variety of various environmental pollutants, toxins and viruses. Suspected causes of autism is when segments of DNA that affect neural communication have been copied too many times or too few times during cell division. This happens more often than not when the fathers are older due to the fact that in the formation of sperm, mutations and copy number variations become more common. Another theory suggested that exposure to a mercury compound (Thimerosal), this compound has formerly been used in normal childhood vaccines such as Measles, Mumps and German Measles/Rubella (MMR) This is due to the fact that children start to develop symptoms of autism during the period of time they received MMR vaccines. Despite this, Thimerosal does not appear to cause autism all by itself. But, Thimerosal has not been in vaccines since the year 2000. Many children suffer from a disorder called attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD). This disorder is when inattention and/or hyperactivity and...
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...Case Study of John Hinckley Janeen Tipton PSY/410 July 22, 2012 Dr. Johnson Case Study of John Hinckley In the field of psychology, a science evolved nearly 100 years ago, named Abnormal Psychology. This field addresses those with mental illnesses/disorders with diagnosing, treatment, and other forms of therapies such as behavioral and cognitive therapies. In order to properly diagnose an individual with any form of disorder, if one exists, it is imperative that the client divulge all feelings, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions for a proper diagnosis. There are individuals who are predisposed for certain disorders which are found at an early age, and then there are others that symptoms seem to arise later in life such as in the case of John Hinckley, who also failed at being honest about symptoms, behaviors, thoughts which due to this, proper psychiatric care could not be implemented leading to the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, a former U.S. President. John Hinckley’s Childhood John Hinckley had what is to be considered a normal childhood as that of his peers. By the age of nine years Hinckley and his family had moved twice within the same State; however the second move at nine years of age seemed hard for Hinckley as he lost some of his friends and social status (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009, p. 325). After graduating high school in 1973, he moved again to Colorado only to return in 1974 to attend college. Hinckley only...
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...Unit 4222-619 Understand mental health problems (CMH 302) Outcome 1. Know the main forms of mental ill health 1 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is a classification of mental disorders which offers a common language and classification of mental disorders. It is used by the medical profession, researchers, pharmaceutical companies and health insurers. The fifth edition was published in 2013. DSM 4 divided each psychiatric diagnosis into five dimensions or axes, each one relating to different aspects of disorder or disability. AXIS I: Clinical Disorders (all mental disorders except Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation) Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation Axis III: General Medical Conditions (must be connected to a Mental Disorder) Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (for example limited social support network) Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (Psychological, social and job-related functions are evaluated on a continuum between mental health and extreme mental disorder) The fifth edition has simplified this classification into three sections rather than the multiaxial system, but there has been much criticism of the new edition with doubts been thrown as to its impartiality, resulting in a petition calling for an outside review of DSM 5. In Europe there is a tendency to favour the I.C.D. as a means of classifying mental illnesses. The...
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...Defiant Disorder and criminal behavior Name: Course: Instructor’s Name: Date: According to the DSM-5, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) refers to a pattern of irritable/angry behavior, or malevolence that lasts for not less than six months. Often, these traits are exhibited during the course of interaction with more than one person who is not a sibling. To be diagnosed with ODD, a person must portray at least four symptoms from either of the following classifications: defiant/argumentative behavior, irritable/angry mood, or vindictiveness (Matthys et al., 2012). The symptoms listed in DSM-5 for a child to satisfy the diagnostic threshold for ODD include frequent arguing, loss of temper, anger or resentfulness, deliberate attempts to infuriate others, defiance from consensus-supported rules or the majority’s request, vengeance, the tendency to pass blame to others and touchy feelings. The precise causes of ODD remain unknown, but a blend of biological, genetic and environmental factors is believed to contribute significantly to the issue. Biological factors that can cause the disorder include injury to certain areas of the brain. Moreover, ODD has been associated with the atypical functioning of neurotransmitters, thus, messages are wrongly passed through the brain. It has also been perceived that majority of children with ODD tend to have immediate family members with various mental disorders such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders and/or personality disorders. Therefore...
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