...Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Paper PSY/410 Marice Lynnette Jones 05/09/2016 Karen Wood The brain is a magnificent organ within the human body. The brain controls everything from our movement, involuntary functions, thoughts and emotions. Due to its fragile nature, the brain is protected very well by thick layer of membrane called dura mater and encased by a skull (Butcher, 2014). The main focus for this paper is to describe one neurodevelopmental disorder and one neurocognitive disorder. The behavioral criteria for each disorder will be discussed along with incidence rates and their causes. Options for treatment based on two different theoretical models will as provide a valuable insight for the disorders. Neurodevelopmental disorders refer to a group of conditions that presents itself during the developmental period. These disorders impair development or the central nervous system causing an effect on emotions, learning ability, self-control and memory. The most common neurodevelopmental disorder is ADHD. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder causes children to have trouble paying attention, control impulsive behavior and overly active. There are no known causes or risk factors, however a recent twin research studies have linked ADHD with genes. Along with genes, possible contributors towards ADHD would be injury to the brain, environmental exposures, alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy, premature delivery, and low birth weight (CDC, 2016)....
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...Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Paper Photographic memories stick in people’s minds. Emotions and reactions that cannot be erased and are burned into the memory in one’s mind can have detrimental effects as well as saving someone’s sanity. Neurodevelopmental disorders are biological brain disorders that are responsible for early onset brain dysfunctions. The disorders can be genetic or acquired from trauma, heredity, the environment, or illness. This paper will discuss the behavioral criteria for two different disorders, along with the incidence rates, causes, and two treatment options for each disorder. The two different disorders that will be talked about in this paper will be autism and eating disorders. Autism What is autism? Autism is not considered by many a “serious” disorder; this disorder starts in infancy, and may be characterized by different factors: impaired language and communication, repetitive disorder and abnormal social development. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior” and educational and psychological testing. When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years...
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...Alcohol: A Matter of Balance There is a wide range of physical and mental birth defects that can occur from an exposure to alcohol before birth, therefore women should not drink during pregnancy. Some people may believe that moderate drinking during pregnancy is okay, but there are others who believe that even having one drink can be potentially harmful to an unborn child. About 1 out of every 12 pregnant women drinks alcohol during pregnancy. 1 out of every 30 pregnant women report binge drinking during pregnancy. Prenatal alcohol exposure interferes with embryonic and fetal development. There is a wide range of physical and mental birth defects that can occur from an exposure to alcohol before birth, therefore women should not drink during pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a clinical diagnosis of prenatal alcohol exposure. FAS was “first officially recognized by Jones and Smith (1973)” (Blackburn &Whitehurst 2010). It's estimated that each year in the United States, 1 in every 750 infants is born with a pattern of physical, developmental, and functional problems referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome. This syndrome has received considerable attention in recent years. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome consists of evidence of prenatal alcohol exposure including central nervous system abnormalities (structural, neurological, and behavioral), growth retardation, and dysmorphic facial features. “Although intellectual disability is not a feature of the diagnostic...
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...Lifespan Development Name Institution Course Date Lifespan Development Lifespan development is a wide field in the field of psychology. It all began with Darwin, who, in his quest to understand evolution, began to study the topic. In simple terms, lifespan development refers to a process, usually beginning from conception and ending when an organism dies. The process occurs methodologically and is as a result of the change that occurs with increasing age. Although the lifespan development may look simple, it is quite complex and involves different developmental stages. According to Baltes, (1996), the entire life cycle has four eras. These eras, he says, take an approximate time of 20-25 years. Levinson goes further to identify the developmental periods as childhood and adolescence, early childhood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. At this point in time, it is formal to simplify various terminologies that relation to human development. This is because they will feature constantly in the preceding sections. First and foremost is development. This is simply a change characterized by movement from one state to another. Usually, development leads to transitions. Development, as will be used in this paper, will refer to growth, and progression through certain stages, commonly termed as “maturity.” Another term of significance is stage. This refers to sections that differentiate the various phases of growth. The phases involve...
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...EARLY ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA Samuel Wilson III April 19, 2015 Introduction to Early Onset Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that has long been a taboo in American society. Schizophrenics have been perceived as being crazy, insane, and outcasts in society. People suffering from this disorder lose touch with reality and often experience hallucinations. One very unlooked aspect of this disorder is the children who are diagnosed with the illness. Early onset schizophrenia (EOS) describes children and adolescents identified with having some form of schizophrenia before age 18 (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Although early onset schizophrenia is very rare, it is important to acknowledge the aspects of this disorder within children. Discovering patterns in the development of mental illnesses among children can drastically enhance the understanding and treatment of the illness. Until recently very little research was done involving children and adolescents dealing with schizophrenia (Nillinghouse and Trotman, 2009). There has been an increased understanding of the onset appearance of schizophrenia in recent years. Frequently, the age of onset schizophrenia is between 16 and 35 years. EOS is usually identified during school age years and the rate of the disorder usually escalates during adolescence (Li, Pearrow, & Jimerson, 2010). There are two forms of onset schizophrenia: childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a very rare...
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...Concussions in Athletes Patrick Austin DeVry University Concussions in Athletes Junior Seau, a favorite player of many professional football fans, committed suicide in 2012. Although Seau seemed to have everything going his way, he quietly suffered from depression, one of the many symptoms of repeated concussions Those close to Seau knew something was not right the man they all knew and loved. Some of them just chalked it up to him adjusting to life after football. Many players go through an adjustment period after stepping down from a glorious career in the limelight. However, this was not the case with Seau. He was suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy, CTE. What is unique about Seau’s suicide is he shot himself in the chest. The common belief is he did this to preserve his brain for scientist to study how it was affected by suffering many concussions during his 20 year football career. And, eight months after his death, the scientists who examined his brain announced they had found evidence of CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy), a dire neurological disease linked to concussions, which has been a factor in the deaths of many other NFL players (Penn, 2013). The fact that a player would kill himself because he was suffering from symptoms of repeated concussions speaks to the importance of properly diagnosing and treating head injuries. Other players have suffered from the symptoms of brain trauma. Some, like Dave Dureson, have even taken their own lives. These...
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...Olanzapine is an efficacious and well-tolerated atypical antipsychotic indicated for the symptomatic treatment and management of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a chronic, often debilitating and relapsing mental illness that impairs the functioning of a person’s mental and social ability (Gupta & Kulhara, 2010, p. 21). Schizophrenia remains one of the most abtruse and costliest mental disorders, affecting around 1% of the general population and is equally common in men and women (Van Os & Kapur, 2009, p. 635). This chronic psychosis disrupts the person’s life as well as the lives of their family and friends often making it difficult to cope (Van Os & Kapur, 2009, p. 635). Currently, there is no cure for schizophrenia, but the illness can be successfully treated and managed. Antipsychotic drugs remain the pharmacological choice in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine (Neal, 2009, p. 141). Reports suggest that a chemical transmitter imbalance could explain the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This imbalance involves anomalies within the synaptic dopamine neurotransmission (Neal, 2009, p. 142). The mesocorticolimbic pathway which has an association with the control of behaviour and emotions reveals elevated dopaminergic activity (Bullock & Hales, 2013, p. 321). This particular pathway starts in the midbrain and connects to different areas of the limbic system and cerebral cortex. It also involves the parahippocampal...
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...PN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING EDITION . CO NT ASTERY SERI ES TM N E R EV MOD IE W LE U PN Mental Health Nursing Review Module Edition 9.0 CONtriButOrs Sheryl Sommer, PhD, RN, CNE VP Nursing Education & Strategy Janean Johnson, MSN, RN Nursing Education Strategist Sherry L. Roper, PhD, RN Nursing Education Strategist Karin Roberts, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE Nursing Education Coordinator Mendy G. McMichael, DNP, RN Nursing Education Specialist and Content Project Coordinator Marsha S. Barlow, MSN, RN Nursing Education Specialist Norma Jean Henry, MSN/Ed, RN Nursing Education Specialist eDitOrial aND PuBlisHiNg Derek Prater Spring Lenox Michelle Renner Mandy Tallmadge Kelly Von Lunen CONsultaNts Deb Johnson-Schuh, RN, MSN, CNE Loraine White, RN, BSN, MA PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg i PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg review Module editioN 9.0 intellectual Property Notice ATI Nursing is a division of Assessment Technologies Institute®, LLC Copyright © 2014 Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All rights reserved. The reproduction of this work in any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, is forbidden without the written permission of Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All of the content in this publication, including, for example, the cover, all of the page headers, images, illustrations, graphics, and text, are subject to trademark, service mark, trade dress, copyright, and/or other intellectual property rights or licenses...
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...Instituto Nacional de la Salud Mental Esquizofrenia Departamento De SaluD y ServicioS HumanoS De loS eStaDoS uniDoS institutos nacionales de la Salud Contenido ¿Qué es la esquizofrenia? ....................................................................... 1 ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la esquizofrenia? .................................... 2 Síntomas positivos.............................................................................. 2 Síntomas negativos............................................................................. 3 Síntomas cognitivos............................................................................ 4 ¿Cuándo comienza la esquizofrenia y quién la padece?...................... 4 ¿Las personas con esquizofrenia son violentas? ................................. 5 ¿Qué relación tiene la esquizofrenia con el abuso de sustancias?............................................................................................... 5 ¿Qué causa la esquizofrenia? ................................................................. 6 ¿Cómo se trata la esquizofrenia?........................................................... 8 Medicamentos antipsicóticos ............................................................ 8 Tratamientos psicosociales ............................................................. 12 ¿Cómo puedo ayudar a una persona con esquizofrenia?................... 14 ¿Cuál es la perspectiva para el futuro? ...........
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