...measure stellar distances. While triangulation and observation of parallax can be used for nearby stars, these methods fail for very distant galaxies and star systems. For these, astronomers use Cepheid variables – stars that change their luminosity in a known manner over precisely calculated intervals. If one Cepheid whose distance is known appears brighter than another whose distance is to be calculates, then the apparent magnitude and period of oscillation of the dimmer object can be used to calculate its distance relative to the brighter Cepheid (Freedman and Kaufmann, 2008, p. 638). In physics, mass of neutrinos is estimated indirectly through the phenomenon of neutrino oscillation. These particles are of three types – electron, muon and tau neutrinos – and they interchange (oscillate) between different types with mathematically defined probabilities. The mixture of neutrino types in a set of observations can be used to estimate upper and lower bounds on their mass values (Escrihulea, Tortola and Valle, 2011, p. 1). In chemistry lattice formation enthalpy is measured indirectly through the Born-Haber cycle. This is a stepwise calculation method in which a series of enthalpy changes is used to derive the final value. The lattice formation energy is deduced from the values of enthalpy of formation of each intermediate step (Kotz, Treichel and Townsend, 2012, p. 600). 2. Historically, one of the most important techniques has been the use of parallax to measure distance. Parallax...
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...Virtualization Success in the business world relies on the ability to overcome the competition on all levels. A highly competitive business will continually seek the best value for dollar weighed option available. Technology drives business entities to become more efficient and to compete on a world market. That’s were virtualization steps in. Virtualization provides a business with more effective solutions saving excessive hardware cost, more efficient time management, and overall improvement of system reliability. The standard model of technology infrastructure follows the rule of one application per server. For example, if an organization requires a database solution, a system administrator would design a solution to meet that requirement. This model has server our technology needs for decades but falls short in meeting the demands of fully utilizing the hardware (server). You are only using a small percentage of the computers capabilities and wasting the rest. As a result, technology has become more integrated into the most mundane of everyday activities, resulting in exponential growth of demand for capacity and processing power. Server virtualization breaks away from the standard model by allowing organizations to consolidate multiple applications and services to a single physical server, increasing capacity while lowering the operational costs. Virtualization allows organizations to enjoy a much greater amount of flexibility to respond to bother internal and...
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...MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (36) 50% of Total Marks Choose the best answer from the responses listed Use the Answer Sheet provided 1. According to the Fundamentals of Strategy textbook, which of the following elements is not found in strategy statements a) Mission b) Experience c) Advantage d) Vision e) Scope 2. A Strategic Business Unit (SBU) is a part of an organisation for which there is a) Senior management with strong links to corporate HQ b) Specific goods/services that are sold to other SBUs in the corporation c) Integrated operations with other SBUs in the corporation d) Close links with other companies in the industry value network e) A distinct external market for goods/services different from other SBUs 3. Which of the following statements in relation to Mintzberg’s 5 P’s for Strategy is not true a) As plan, strategy tries to establish direction for organisations b) As ploy, strategy involves exploiting competences c) As pattern, strategy focuses on consistency in action and behaviour d) As position, strategy matches an organisation to its environment e) As perspective, strategy concerns how intentions become shared 4. According to Gene Browne of the City Bin Company, mediocrity results from a) Not trying hard enough b) Focusing on only one part of the value chain c) Trying to be a jack of all trades d) The type of industry you are in e) Operating in a cyclical business 2 5. Scenarios are plausible alternative views of how the business environment...
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...Running head: NEUTRINO PARTICLES 1 Neutrino Particles Found to Break the Speed of Light Andrew Alexander Cuesta Lynn University NEUTRINO PARTICLES 2 Neutrino Particles Found to Break the Speed of Light Recently, a discovery that may revolutionize modern science was made in Europe. Modern age technologies have allowed for scientists to experiment through trial and error their most desired curiosities. Throughout history man has immensely improved his capability of speed and longed to reach the greatest velocity in the universe, the speed of light! Researchers and Scientist working for OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-Racking Apparatus) recorded particles traveling faster than the speed of light of 299,792,458 meters per second. These ghostly subatomic particles are what scientist call neutrinos and they were evidently recorded traveling at 299,798,454 meters per second, which is faster than the speed of light by 20 parts per million. These experiments and tests were done in the physics laboratory in central Italy, under the mountain of Gran Sasso, and conducted about 15,000 times all with the same results. The results were neutrinos arriving 60 billionths of a second earlier with an error margin of plus or minus 10 billionths of a second. They experimented for three years before making public this amazing discovery on September 22, 2011. To have a better understanding, one must first be familiar with some basics of physics. Neutrinos are electrically neutral...
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...Eksistensi neutrino dihipotesakan pertama kali oleh Wolfgang Pauli pada tahun 1930. Hingga saat ini, neutrino merupakan salah satu partikel dasar di alam semesta yang paling banyak menimbulkan perdebatan di kalangan fisikawan. Neutrino bersama elektron (e), muon (µ), dan tau (τ ) disebut lepton. Lepton bersama enam jenis partikel quark adalah pembentuk dasar semua benda di alam semesta. Neutrino pertama kali dideteksi secara eksperimental pada tahun 1956 dalam bentuk anti-partikel dan kemudian diketahui ada tiga rasa (flavor) neutrino, yakni neutrino elektron (νe ), neutrino muon (νµ ), neutrino tau (ντ )[1]. Saat ini diketahui bahwa neutrino muncul pertama kali sekitar 15 milyar tahun yang lalu, segera setelah kelahiran alam semesta. Sejak saat itu, alam semesta terus mengembang, mendingin dan neutrino telah mengembara ke mana-mana. Secara teoritis, neutrino sekarang banyak terdapat pada radiasi latar belakang kosmis[1]. Jadi usaha untuk menyingkap misteri tentang sifat-sifat neutrino penting untuk lebih mengenal perilaku alam semesta. Dalam bidang astrofisika, interaksi neutrino dengan materi termampatkan (dense matter) berperan cukup penting misalnya pada teori pembentukan supernova dan bintang neutron muda yang mendingin[2, 3, 4]. Karena penampang lintang hamburan neutrino-elektron sangat kecil, maka di medium neutrino-neutrino tersebut dapat lewat dengan mudah. Ini menyebabkan tetap terjadinya kejutankejutan dalam pembentukan supernova[2, 5, 6]. Hamburan neutrino dengan nukleon...
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...the electromagnetic radiation. Its components are mostly stable particles like protons, atomic nuclear or electrons. A fairly small proportion is stable antimatter. The diversity of the cosmic ray means the wide source of the cosmic ray. The source mat be the Sun or the distant universe through certain unknown mechanics. The cosmic ray can be divided into two types, the primary cosmic ray and the secondary ray. The primary cosmic ray is referred to as the cosmic ray generated from out of the solar system. These ray interact with the inter-planet matter and generate the secondary cosmic ray. Usually, among the cosmic rays that come into the atmosphere, about 90% is protons, 9% is the alpha particle while 1% is electrons. Gamma ray and the neutrino only takes a small occupation. 2.2 Aurora Aurora is the luminescence phenomenon that happens in the high latitude region when the charged high-energy particles in the cosmic ray collide with the air atoms and molecules in the upper...
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...Dark Matter Matt Cannon (928) Physics 222 2/15/02 Final Draft Dark Matter The ultimate destiny of our expanding universe depends on how much matter it contains and whether or not the amount of matter will be enough to one day stop the expansion. When astronomers add up all the visible matter (matter that emits or reflects light) in the universe, the result is that there is clearly not enough to stop the expansion of the universe. However, they have discovered over the past several decades that there may be additional matter hidden from view.1 This raises some important questions. What is this dark matter made of? How can it be detected? Astronomers first found substantial observational evidence of unseen matter in the early twentieth century when studying the galaxy M31.2 They discovered that the velocity curve for the outer limbs of the galaxy, which should drop off with increasing radius as mandated by Kepler's Laws and the Virial Theorem, leveled off at approximately 200 km/s. This observation was confirmed in the early 1970’s when radio astronomers found that hydrogen gas at the edge of galaxies moved with roughly the same velocity as hydrogen gas at the center of galaxies. If the visible matter seen in galaxies is the only source of mass then the observed uniform velocity of hydrogen gas is a direct violation of Kepler’s Laws and the conservation of angular momentum. Thus, the simplest explanation (which is usually the correct one) is that the visible matter in...
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...astro-ph/0301505 UMN–TH–2127/03 TPI–MINN–03/02 January 2003 arXiv:astro-ph/0301505v2 25 Jan 2003 TASI LECTURES ON DARK MATTER∗ KEITH A. OLIVE† William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA E-mail: olive@umn.edu Observational evidence and theoretical motivation for dark matter are presented and connections to the CMB and BBN are made. Problems for baryonic and neutrino dark matter are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the prospects for supersymmetric dark matter. 1. Lecture 1 The nature and identity of the dark matter of the Universe is one of the most challenging problems facing modern cosmology. The problem is a long-standing one, going back to early observations of mass-to-light ratios by Zwicky1 . Given the distribution (by number) of galaxies with total luminosity L, φ(L), one can compute the mean luminosity density of galaxies L= which is determined to be2 L ≃ 2 ± 0.2 × 108 ho L⊙ M pc−3 (2) Lφ(L)dL (1) where L⊙ = 3.8 × 1033 erg s−1 is the solar luminosity. In the absence of a cosmological constant, one can define a critical energy density, ρc = 3H 2 /8πGN = 1.88 × 10−29 ho 2 g cm−3 , such that ρ = ρc for three-space curvature k = 0, where the present value of the Hubble parameter has been defined by Ho = 100ho km Mpc−1 s−1 . We can now define a critical mass-to-light ratio is given by (M/L)c = ρc /L ≃ 1390ho(M⊙ /L⊙ ) (3) ∗ Summary of lectures given at the Theoretical Advanced...
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...Naomi Wood Ghosts 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Pia threw her jacket and bag onto the back seat. The car had a mushroomy smell, as if, unattended for the day, something might have started growing in the upholstery seams. It was this heat; so late in September. But Pia kept the windows up; it felt safer like that. As she circled the car park, Pia caught the measured voice of the Radio 4 newsreader. “Today, scientists across the world are facing a revolution in physics. Neutrinos – ghostly subatomic particles, which pass through our bodies all the time – have broken the universe’s fundamental speed limit: the speed of light.” The story continued as she queued for the exit with all the other lecturers in their little cars. The newsreader kept on using the word ghostly, which Pia found odd, since it seemed to suggest a life, a death, and a botched resurrection – a metaphor she didn’t think scientists would like. She wondered how many of these particles had ghosted through her this morning, as she had shovelled the coffee into the cafetière, broken the eggs into the warming pan, pegged the laundry to the clothesline. How quickly, she wondered, did they whizz through hair, scalp, cranial vault, brain tissue? And she wondered, too, if their course might be slowed by the cloudy melancholia that had descended on her today, on the morning of her fortieth birthday. Free of the car-park, Pia executed her Fiat Punto through a cute right turn and headed...
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...Assignment #1 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Case 1 Dialogue 4 Case 2 Dialogue 5 Introduction Assignment #1 plan is to select a company mentioning the following: • Common customer objections •Appropriate methods to handle these objections with script scenarios to the dialogue. Qnet is Neutrino's protocol for distributed networking. Using Qnet, you can build a transparent distributed-processing platform that is fast and scalable. This is accomplished by extending the Neutrino message passing architecture over a network. This creates a group of tightly integrated Neutrino nodes (systems) or CPUs — a Neutrino native network. Qnet is a network that sales several products the internet and growth of tree network from one customer to another. The following assignment reflects sales man (Person X) from Qnet team that sales the idea of joining Qnet team to a customer (Person Y) by selling one of Qnet products. Case 1 Dialogue False objection After the sales man (person X) demonstrate the presentation to the customer (Person Y). Person X asked person y if there is any inquires. Following is the discussion between two parties. Person Y: I have some quires, which I need to discuss before I make my decision Person X: ok, let us discuss it Person Y: Products are very expensive in relative to other market similar products. Person X: let’s have a comparison between Qnet product and other relevant market product. Let’s discuss the vacation packages. Person...
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...composed by what substance. By utilizing the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), scientists discovered that the universe (for the first a few hundred thousand years) was an expanding gas composed primarily of protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and the mysterious dark matter. In the present, scientists are still bombard about dark matter and what it really is. Although, scientists do not know what dark matter is, they are certain of what it is not. Dark matter is not in the form of stars and planets that we see and it is known to make up about 25% of the entire Universe. By using the effect of gravitational lensing, astronomers are able to determine that dark matter is not affected by most of the other baryonic matters. They also found that dark matter is the responsible substance that makes up most of the masses in the universe (found in galaxies, dwarf galaxies, and cluster galaxies). Dark matter is also the primary influence of gravitational pulls. The mysterious and magnificent space that seems almost empty to the naked eye has fascinated mankind for as long as history can remember. The universe seems empty because it is made up of gas which is primarily composed of particles such as protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter. Dark matter is known to make up about 25% of the entire Universe but scientists have yet to understand completely about this mysterious subatomic particle. What is dark matter and where did it come from? What is really the natural...
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...greater the pull it would have on it, causing clusters of galaxies. There are many theories as to what dark matter is; some believe that a black hole is the perfect candidate for it as it draws matter in via its gravitational pull, doesn’t emit any light and can only be detected by gravitational lensing. Another theory is that they are brown dwarfs as they don’t emit much light and are massive enough in mass to make up dark matters presence. However, dark matter accounts for more than 10 times the mass of ordinary planets and stars therefore, it is just physically not enough. As a result scientists began to think that dark matter may consist of neutrinos as they are high energy particles and they pass through ordinary particles. Unfortunately, they are extremely low in mass, which unless there were an infinite abundance of neutrinos it would not be possible for them to be dark matter. Axions, another particle considered to be dark matter, created at the moment of the big bang just like dark matter, and they appear in the millions in the universe. However, they are just far too light and they can occasionally decay into protons and dark matter is known to be stable. Therefore, this leads scientists to consider a completely new exotic particle known as WIMP’s (weakly interacting massive particles). (History Channel. May 2007. YouTube.) WIMP’s have no charge and a particularly large mass, this would explain for their lack in interaction with the electromagnetic force and their strong...
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...4/5/2016 Intel® Celeron® Processor 877 (2M Cache, 1.40 GHz) Specifications Intel® Celeron® Processor 877 (2M Cache, 1.40 GHz) Specifications - Essentials Status Launched Launch Date Q2'12 Processor Number 877 L3 Cache 2 MB DMI 5 GT/s Instruction Set 64-bit Instruction Set Extensions SSE4.x Embedded Options Available No Lithography 32 nm Recommended Customer Price N/A Datasheet Link - Performance # of Cores 2 # of Threads 2 Processor Base Frequency 1.4 GHz TDP 17 W - Memory Specifications Max Memory Size (dependent on memory type) 16 GB Memory Types DDR3 1066/1333 Max # of Memory Channels 2 Max Memory Bandwidth 21.3 GB/s ECC Memory Supported ‡ No - Graphics Specifications Processor Graphics ‡ Intel® HD Graphics Graphics Base Frequency 350 MHz Graphics Max Dynamic Frequency 1 GHz Graphics Output eDP/DP/HDMI/SDVO/CRT Intel® Quick Sync Video No Intel® InTru™ 3D Technology No Intel® Insider™ No http://ark.intel.com/products/67192/IntelCeleronProcessor8772MCache1_40GHz 1/5 4/5/2016 Intel® Celeron® Processor 877 (2M Cache, 1.40 GHz) Specifications Intel® Wireless Display No Intel® Flexible Display Interface (Intel® FDI) Yes Intel® Clear Video HD Technology No Intel® Clear Video Technology No # of Displays Supported ‡ 2 - Expansion Options PCI Express Revision ...
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...It is impossible for heat to be moved in any other way as there is no air in space for convection or conduction to occur. Radiation is spread through tiny subatomic particles called neutrinos. These particles can travel through any object unhindered, only rarely interacting with matter making them extremely hard to detect. When a supernova collapses, it brings large amounts of matter towards it, and then sends out a shockwave. This sends all of this matter outwards, but more importantly, it sends the heat generated by the star outwards in every...
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...generated by the fusion of hydrogen can escape from the interior of the Sun immediately?) You won’t be able to see any changes on the surface of the Sun…probably you won’t see anything from helioseismology data either. This is because photons generated in the core of the Sun takes about one million years to get to the surface. This means that the thermal energy generated in the last minute of the fusion will last for about a million years, and the Sun will just very slowly contract. So, we will not see changes on the surface until a million years later. However, we should be able to tell that the hydrogen fusion in the core has stopped by observing the solar neutrinos. The neutrinos do not interact with the solar plasma, and can escape the Sun and reach Earth in about 8 minutes. So, we would find that the neutrino flux is decreased. 2. Chapter 11, Review Question 7. What is the defining characteristic of a main-sequence star? How is surface temperature related to luminosity for main-sequence stars? (20pt) 3. Is this statement sensible? Why, or why not? (20pt) If the Sun had been born as a high-mass star some 4.6 billion years ago, rather than as a low mass star, the planet Jupiter would probably have Earth-like conditions today, while earth would be hot like Venus. If the Sun was formed as a high-mass star 4.6 billion years ago, then the Sun would have exploded as a supernova several billion years ago. Jupiter and Earth probably would not survive the supernova...
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