...in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk January 2012 Publications Code US030541 All the material in this publication is copyright © Pearson Education Ltd 2012 No.1a How does a referendum differ from an election? Indicative content (The following does not exhaust relevant points or appropriate knowledge) Referendums and elections can be seen as different political mechanisms, below are some of these differences: • • • • • A referendums does not secure representation of officials whereas elections provide a mechanism to place...
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...A political institution is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the law system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems. It is different from them, and can be generally defined on a spectrum from left, i.e. communism and socialism to the right, i.e. fascism. Linz’s argument is on the description of Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes, which brings the main and important argument of explaining both Presidential and Parliamentary systems. Another important author whose thoughts were referred to political institutions is Seymour Martin Lipset. His argument emphasizes on political cultural-cultural factors rather than political systems. The last individual whose main arguments refer to politics and political institutions is Donald Horowitz. He describes that Linz claims are not sustainable because it is regionally skewed and highly selective sample. According to all three professors Seymour Martin Lipset, Juan Linz, Donald Horowitz, they are strongly suggesting their main politically argument based on the concept of presidential and parliamentary system. The stability of presidential system is that two-candidate races in multiparty systems produce coalitions including extremist parties. The balance between branches varies and with fixed term in office comes the risk of ‘vouloir conclure’. The parliamentary system’s stability describes that it has superior historical performance to presidential system. This is especially in societies...
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...works, and why it was created in the first place. Despite the shortcomings and limitations of the Electoral College I believe that it should not be abolished because it contributes to the cohesiveness of the country, it maintains a federal system of government, and it maintains the interests of minority groups. To begin with, I will discuss how the Electoral College works. The Electoral College operates by having each state allocate a number of electors equal to the number of its U.S. Senators (always 2) along with the number of its U.S. Representatives (varies from state to state depending on its population). Next, after all their caucuses and primaries, each party nominates their candidates for president and vice president. After that, the people from each state vote for a party’s slate of electors. Whichever party slate gains the most popular votes becomes the slate of electors for that state. Then, the electors meet in their respective state’s capitol and cast their votes for president and vice president. Finally, the candidate for president with the most electoral votes is declared president and the same rule applies for the position of vice president. If a situation arises in which none of the candidates for president receive a majority of the electoral votes, then the U.S. House of Representatives selects the president from the top three contenders with each state only getting one...
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...Pushes Back "It is an equilibrium in which democratic and authoritarian forces pushing against each other lead to a kind of balance reflected in the relatively static"(Paul R.Pillar). In Authoritarianism pushes back, Paul compares some mutual opposite arguments from different authors who were influenced by some significant events in the particular time such as disintegration of Soviet, Arab Spring and so on. Then he proposes his own opinion. However, according to this article, it is not persuadable that the contemporary world is being a relatively balanced status of democracy and authoritarian to coexist. First of all, the author merely testify one aspect of the argument by 2 reasons, but there are no causes or evidences to support the other side of the opinion so that this idea does hardly stand to scrutinize. This is primarily because the main point of the argument in this paper is the equilibrium. The author provide the motivation and the means as 2 interpretations to support his thought in the article, but these reasons can only prove the authoritarian force pushing against to the democracy. Whether the democracy could pushing back to the authoritarian and if so what the reasons of this power will be. And if not, the argument about the equilibrium is not acceptable. Therefore, it could not simply judge the tendency as a result of two kinds of power against each other to be equilibrium. Apart from that, because of the partial using limits of the motivation by author, the...
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...----------------- 3 Chapter I General information ---------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Chapter II Arguments for and against the Scottish independence Arguments for the independence ----------------------------------------------- 6 Arguments against the independence ----------------------------------------- 7 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Bibliography ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Introduction The subject I have analyzed in this research paper is the possible independence of Scotland. I chose this topic because the Scottish independence is a problem of great importance not only for the UK and Scotland, but also for the whole Europe. While doing my research I found very strong and opposing opinions about this recent topic. Scottish independence is a relevant and important matter that has been debated for many years but is now at the pinnacle of debate. Both public and politicians and opposing opinions about independence and throughout this work I will evaluate the most current and most emotive arguments for and against independence. First, I will speak about the historical background of this issue and about the parties “fighting” for independence. Next, I will represent for and against arguments, which will help to understand this complicated issue. Chapter I General information Scotland was an independent country from...
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...------------------------------------------------- Elective Study 3: Introduction to Politics and Law Major Assignment Essay: Worth 25% Due: Thursday November 3 at 5pm Choose ONE question 1. Compare and contrast the ideology of the Australian Labor Party with the ideology of the Australian Liberal Party. OR 2. “The Liberal Party is a conservative party and the Labor Party is a progressive Party.” Discuss critically OR 3. “The philosophies and policies of the Liberal and Labor parties have had to change for them to survive.” Discuss critically Length 500-700 words The objective of this assessment This assessment requires you to write an essay on Australian political parties based primarily on Willmot and Dowse’s chapter on pages 181 to 206 of the Course Reader. You can also read Dean Jaensch’s chapter (attached) and other sources, such as those referred to in lectures. You may wish to find books in the Reid Library (3rd floor) on your question. See me by October 24 to discuss how your research and writing is progressing. With this essay you should write critically and analytically, rather than descriptively. If you are claiming, for example, that the Liberal party is a conservative party, you will need to support your argument with evidence and your points must be properly referenced. Your essay will need to have an introduction, a body and a conclusion. The grade you receive will depend on how much effort you have put into researching and writing your essay...
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...financial accounting Why examine theories of regulation? Better placed to understand why some accounting prescriptions become part of legislation while others do not. Accounting standard – setting is a very political process While some proposed requirements may be technically sound and logical, they may not be mandated due to political ‘power’ or influence of some affected parties What is regulation? The Oxford Dictionary defines regulation in terms of a “prescribed rule” Macquarie Dictionary defined regulation as “a rule of order, as for conduct, prescribed by authority; a governing direction or law”. On the basis of these definitions can say that regulation is designed to control or govern conduct Hence, when we are discussing regulations relating to financial accounting, we are discussing rules that have been developed by an independent authoritative body that has been given the power to govern how we are to prepare financial statements, and the actions of the authoritative body will have the effect of restricting the accounting options that would otherwise be to an organisation. ‘Free Market’ perspective Accounting information should be treated like other goods, with demand and supply forces allowed to operate to generate an optimal supply. Arguments supporting ‘free – market’ perspective Private economic – based incentives ‘Market for managers’ ‘Market for corporate takeovers’ ‘Market for lemons’ Private economic – based incentives Assumed that managers...
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...congress does successfully fulfil its role depending on which party is in control of the House and which is in control of the senate, therefore it can be argued that the powers congress has and how well they fulfil their roles are dependent on which party controls congress and which controls the white house. Congress has the power of oversight of the executive; one very important power relating to this is the power to override the presidential veto, this power of congress supports the argument that congress does remain a powerful body as they have the power to go against the presidents wishes. The separation of powers in the United States causes this power to be extremely effective, because they work independently, they can oversee the executive work and therefore hold them accountable. In addition, members of congress are experienced and therefore are very skilled at overseeing the work of the executive, an example of this is Senator Leahy, who has seen the confirmation of hundreds of federal judges who are appointed by the executive. However this power of oversight is limited mainly towards divided government, during a united government congress acts as a lapdog, and do not wish to embarrass the president from their own party, this is evident in the first two years of G.W.B’s first presidency, before the mid-term the republican party was in control of both the house and the senate were controlled by the republican party, also during Clintons first two years as president there was...
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...The existence of defined and disparate political parties and the Electoral College creates the environment for subversion within the political arena undermining national security. The current American political system is no longer working! Corporations and millionaires now own the political parties resulting in political candidates representing the needs and desires of those entities instead of their constituents - the American people. “Six major corporations donated anywhere from five to seven figures to political organizations during the 2010 election cycle” (Wilson 2010). These companies include News Corp., General Electric, National Amusements, Comcast Corp., Time Warner, and Walt Disney Co. An election is impossible to win without the...
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...An outline is a “blueprint” or “plan” for your paper. It helps you to organize your thoughts and arguments. A good outline can make conducting research and then writing the paper very efficient. Your outline page must include your: * Paper Title * Thesis statement * Major points/arguments indicated by Roman numerals (i.e., I, II, III, IV, V, etc.) * Support for your major points, indicated by capital Arabic numerals (i.e., A, B, C, D, E, etc.) Roman numeral I should be your “Introduction”. In the introduction portion of your paper, you’ll want to tell your reader what your paper is about and then tell what your paper hopes to prove (your thesis). So an Introduction gives an overview of the topic and your thesis statement. The final Roman numeral should be your “Conclusion”. In the conclusion, you summarize what you have told your reader. Following are 3 sample outlines, from actual student papers. YOUR outline can be MORE detailed, or might be LESS detailed. Remember that a good outline makes writing easier and more efficient. Sample Outline #1 Title: Frederick Douglass Thesis: Frederick Douglass played a crucial role in securing the abolition of slavery and equality of African-American rights through his actions, ideas, and efforts as a lecturer, author/publisher, and politician. I. Introduction A. Thesis B. Roles/Arguments II. Douglass as Lecturer A. History as slave and acquisition of education 1) ...
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...actions of government.” (Heywood 2008). In a democracy a diverse range of views and attitudes are evident. This is known as pluralism. It can be said that the presence of pressure groups reflects the diversity of opinion within society. It could be argued that pressure groups add to the fabric of a democracy because they enable a further form of participation, they give strength to the voice or opinions of their members. This is particularly true in the period between elections when the electorate in general often sense they have minimal influence over the government of the day as they still have years in power before they can be held to account by the electorate. Pressure groups can and do both reflect and drive public opinion and political parties, government and opposition, may wish to take note and interpret these possible influences on and from the electorate. For example, when the parents of Sarah Payne, who was abducted and murdered in 2000, gained extensive public support for their campaign for increased disclosure of the whereabouts of child abusers the government of the day responded recognising the strength of feeling and support for their view in the press and wider electorate The government made a number of responses to the pressures, including improving the tracking and surveillance of known sex offenders, and most notably introducing ‘Sarah’s law’ (NSPCC 2013). It is worth noting that some pressure groups are so well respected and placed that when they publish...
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...with ten criteria to assess the best system and suggested a change to the MMP system. The few most important criteria are the fairness between political parties, effectiveness of parties and Parliament and even the political integration (Elections New Zealand, 2012). These criteria are not met in a FPP system as it tends to create a single-majority party in the parliament. The fairness between parties is defined as the proportionality between the total party votes and number of seats, gained by any parties (Elections New Zealand, 2012). The effectiveness of parties has the definition that the parties should always play their roles to create a more efficient and democratic country and to provide a more effective representation for the society of New Zealand (Elections New Zealand, 2012). In addition, the best voting system always provides an improved parliamentary role such as passing policies, enacting legislation and provide better services which is defining the effectiveness of Parliament. The political integration, then, outlined the opinions and points of view of all groups and parties should all be respected and adopted (Elections New Zealand, 2012). By assessing all the criteria above, the best voting system must be the one system that best meets them. Although it is obvious that the MMP system is the best possible system as New Zealand had decided to adopt it, MMP could still be improved to be a better system. After many analyse and assessment, the Royal Commission...
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...* Controversy- etymology (word origin) From Latin: “against” (contra) and “versus” (verse) Contra = against or in comparison with Implies difference of opinion or contrast Verse = line of writing Implies opinions expressed in some type of public arena Controversy- definition A prolonged public dispute or debate. Disputation concerning a matter of opinion. “Prolonged” - matters are unsettled over time, lasting “Public” – not private, concerning people as a whole “Dispute / debate” – challenge, taking exception to “Opinion” – personal belief or judgment Synonyms of controversy- disagreement, difference ALSO- contention, strife, argument, dissonance, lack of harmony, heated conflict Controversy- Denotation v. connotation Denotation = meaning The most direct, exact, specific meaning of a work or expression Literal meaning- meaning without interpretation, embellishment, or exaggeration A dictionary definition. Subjective and “cold” Connotation = suggestion Emotional coloration Suggested or implied meaning in addition to what is explicit, objected, denoted Impression that goes beyond a defined meaning Emotional association with a word, phrase, idea Subjective and emotively “loaded” September 17 Democracy- people, common people. People’s rule. Types of democracy Direct- when all members of a community (polity, group) gather together and individuals cast a vote or make decisions=each person is given a chance to influence the policymaking process Representative-...
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...The author recognizes that Planned Parenthood defunding reduces "access to services within months for more than a million women”, and in addition, states “of those patients, about 10 percent are men, and 75 percent meet the federal definition of low or moderate income news article fails to discuss the socioeconomic disadvantaged lower class populations face and focus on the politics” (Snell). The quote quantifies the people affected by Planned Parenthood cuts and acknowledges its significance in women’s lives. By incorporating the population affected, the article begins discussing the deeper problems beyond Planned Parenthood, such as the disadvantages faced by the lower socioeconomic status, which the politically-based articles never recognize....
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...The republican leftist government was established in 1931. It inherited the poor economy courtesy of the Great Depression, so naturally unemployment rates were high and wages were low. Ideological differences between various political groups were in existence due to the radicalized time, however not to the extent as in most other European nations at the time as Spain was not as heavily involved in or impacted by WWI. On top of this, Spain had been rife with regional, economic, and social conflict for decades. These factors, although minor in the context of the causes of the Spanish civil war, were important secondary factors that worked in tandem to exacerbate the internal political conflict that preceded civil war. The primary cause for the weakness of the Second Republic was its divisive constitution (Decemeber 1931). The constitution played a large role in weakening the government because it exacerbated the existing divisions within the nation and appealed only to a minority. It was perceived as elitist and angered multiple political and social factions, polarizing Spanish politics. This polarization of factions brought on the collapse of the Republic. Argument #1: The leftist government failed to mature due to the lack of popular and political support for the constitution of 1931 and its constituencies, thus weakening it by dividing society. • The Leftist government was weakened upon its implementation of the constitution of 1931 because it stifled its potential for...
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