...´ Asociacion de Mujeres Contra La Violencia, Oyanka, Jalapa, Nicaragua ÃÃÃÃ Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua, Nicaragua ÃÃÃÃÃ ´ ´ CII-ASDENIC, Edificio Casa Estelı, Estelı, Nicaragua ÃÃ ABSTRACT In December 2001, green coffee commodity prices hit a 30-year low. This deepened the livelihood crisis for millions of coffee farmers and rural communities. The specialty coffee industry responded by scaling up several sustainable coffee certification programs, including Fair Trade. This study uses household- and community-level research conducted in Nicaragua from 2000 to 2006 to assess the response to the post-1999 coffee crisis. A participatory action research team surveyed 177 households selling into conventional and Fair Trade markets in 2006. In an effort to dialogue with specialty coffee industry and mainstream development agencies, results are framed within the context of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Findings suggest that households connected to Fair Trade cooperatives experienced several positive impacts in education, infrastructure investment, and monetary savings. However, several important livelihoods insecurities, including low incomes, high emigration, and food insecurity, persisted among all small-scale producers. ´ ´ En diciembre de 2001, los precios del bien de consumo de cafe verde alcanzaron su nivel mas ´ ˜ bajo en 30 anos. Esto ha aumentado la crisis del sustento a...
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...Government Nicaragua currently has a constitutional democracy. The government has four branches: executive, legislative, judicial, and electoral. The executive branch is in charge of implementing and making sure the laws are carried out. The legislative branch is in charge of writing the laws. The judicial branch decides whether laws are constitutional or not. The electoral branches job is responsible for organizing and conducting just and fair elections. The Nicaraguan government is held together by their constitution. This constitution was promulgated in 1987. The Nicaraguan Constitution provides a very strong executive branch. He is their commander in chief of the military, proposes a national budget, and appoints all ministers of his cabinet. In times of national...
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...for not only America’s support for the Contras in Nicaragua, but also for Afghanistan against the Soviet Union and for the...
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...After the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were the world’s most powerful nations. However, both nations had different views on economics and government, the clash of their ideas was known as the Cold War. United States is a capitalist country, meaning that they allowed people to control their businesses and their production. On the other hand, the Soviet Union is a communist country, meaning that the government controlled the production of good and resources. Both sides struggled for international power and tried to expand. Both nations exploited every opportunity of expansion anywhere in the world, which led to the Cold War. Asia The Cold War had influenced the split of Korea and Vietnam. Korea had split along...
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...What is the current state of Latin American international relations, particularly relations with the United States? What is unique or “new” about the present situation? How much have we seen before? Make sure to discuss both economic and geo-political/security dimensions, and make reference to at least two historical periods, whether identified by particular doctrines, presidencies, or regimes of international relations. Current state of Latin Ameican international relations with the US— * Emerging independence from US—US is no longer the immediate partner of choice. Regional resentment of US perceived self-serving exercises of power * Economics: * Increased intra-regional economic integration—ALBA, UNOSUR * Expanding economic partners outside the hemisphere—China * Security: * States worry about subordination to the “gringos.” Address problems themselves or with immediate neighbors, rely less on US— * LatinAmerican presidents joined together to defuse tension between Colombia and Ecuador/Venezuela after Colombia’s March 2008 raid inside Ecuador * South American Defense Council (2008)—aimed at institutionalizing and coordinating “defense and security policies in the region while preventing and mediating conflicts within South America * United States: * Economic dependence on the region on the rise— * 50% of US energy imports (largest share accounted for by any region) * 32% of all US FDI ...
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...Solutions to the Difficulties………………………………………………. IX. Prognosis…………………………………………………………………………… X. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. XI. References…………………………………………………………………………. I. Introduction The Dominican Republic-Central America free trade agreement between these six countries and the superpower of the United States is the first among these countries. What this free trade agreement does is to create new and strong economic opportunities by opening markets, eliminating tariffs, and reducing barriers to service. The agreement helps to facilitate trade and investment between the participants, as well as promoting and increasing regional integration (Anonymous). DR-CAFTA presents a huge opportunity for Central American countries and the Dominican Republic; as they have the chance to trade with the biggest economy in the world and fortunately boost their economies. II. Description of the Subject DR-CAFTA is a free trade agreement between the United States; five Central American countries, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica; and the Dominican Republic. This free trade agreement opens a new era in trade between the USA and the six countries; and it generates not only...
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...In Latin America it is becoming a problematic issue of the fading popularity and influence of the Catholic church in civilization. Latin America is inhabited by more than 450 million Catholics. (Religion in Latin America, 2014). Today many are leaving the catholic church and converting into protestants. According to the Global Catholic Population that is nearly 40% of the world’s catholic population. Jorge Mario Bergoglio, an Argentinian citizen now distinguished as Pope Francis of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the first ever Latin American pope to hold this significant title, however the catholic religion is persistently diminishing at a rapid rate in all Latin countries. Catholicism is practiced in eighteen Latin American countries including...
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...office; Reagan’s foreign policy was to achieve “peace through strength”. This policy was put to the test when U.S. government officials became threatened of national security relations with two seemingly unrelated counties Iran and Nicaragua. Tension rose when radical Islamic movement overthrew U.S. backed Iran government in 1979. The U.S. tried bolstering relation with Iran by selling weapons to them, in turn the administration felt with the backing of Iran they could negotiate the release of seven American hostages being held by Iranian terrorists in Lebanon. On the other side of the world was Nicaragua which the U.S. has shown interest since the 20th century, due to the region’s close proximity to America. Relations with Nicaragua, falter after the Nicaragua government was toppled by a revolutionary government, the Sandinista Liberation Front. Tensions worsen, when Sandinistas sought relationship ties with Cuba and the Soviet Union. Reagan and his administration pushed political power to the brink by using profits from weapons sold to Iran to fund Contra militants to topple the Sandinista government. The action conducted by the Reagan administration was in direct violation of prohibited foreign policy that Congress enacted against these two countries. The Iran-Contra Affair was a scandal that...
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...and military actions. The first step in growing their empire was to limit the actions of European countries. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 asserted the United State’s position by warning European powers against any further attempts to colonize lands in the Western Hemisphere. The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power. With the economic growth of Latin America and the Pacific the United States began to see the need for a more efficient and secure route to the east coast. The Isthmus of Panama was identified as that route and...
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...CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS A World Bank Policy Research Report CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS REDUCING PRESENT AND FUTURE POVERTY Ariel Fiszbein and Norbert Schady with Francisco H.G. Ferreira, Margaret Grosh, Nial Kelleher, Pedro Olinto, and Emmanuel Skoufias ©2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 12 11 10 09 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions...
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...Explain International Court Of Justice Ans: The International Court of Justice (French: Cour internationale de justice; commonly referred to as the World Court or ICJ) is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) was established under Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter. It replaced the Permanent Court of Justice, which existed under the UN’s predecessor, the League of Nations. The ICJ is the only major UN body whose headquarters is not in New York City; the Court sits in The Hague, Netherlands. The Court is the principal judicial organ of the UN, and all members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the Statute of the ICJ. Fifteen independent justices, elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, each serve on the Court for nine-year terms. The primary purpose of the ICJ is to render opinions on international legal disputes between States. These cases may only be submitted by States that have accepted the jurisdiction of the ICJ. Another purpose of the ICJ is to clarify significant international legal questions brought to it by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council. When a UN body brings an issue before the Court,...
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...“The Slave Power Conspiracy and Latin America” Throughout the course of America’s history there have been events that are so unbelievable and lack sufficient evidence to back them up, thus they become known as conspiracies. One of these conspiracies is the idea of Slave Power. The Slave Power Conspiracy, to most American’s this conspiracy is probably unknown, but it relates to an idea which is a topic of debate among scholars and historians. The Slave Power Conspiracy is an idea that came to be in the 1840’s and lasted till the end of the Civil War. As was stated this idea is a conspiracy as there is no direct evidence to give it a strong foundation or validity in our time. The term “Slave Power” coined in 1864 in a book written by John Smith Dye entitled “History Of The Plots And Crimes Of The Great Conspiracy To Overthrow Liberty In America.” The term started off simply as the Slave Power (conspiracy was added in the modern era). In the book Dye alleges that since the time of Independence, the aristocrats of the South and politicians from the South have had an agenda to extend slavery to the Western United States and Latin America and thus increase their power, wealth, and influence in the United States.[1] There are certain events that happened in Dye’s time that can show this idea was real. They can also prove the legitimate and real threat Slave Power posed, to Latin America. By examining all angles...
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...The Venezuelan Crisis The Venezuelan Crisis of 1895 happened over a longstanding territory dispute with Great Britain. The territory that was being fought over was Guayana Esequiba, Britain claimed that the territory belonged to them and was part of British Guiana and Venezuela considered it to be property of Venezuela. The dispute would become a crisis in 1895 when William L. Scruggs who was Venezuela’s lobbyist argued that Britain’s behavior over the issue was a violation of the Monroe Doctrine and was able to get Washington D.C. to pursue the matter. This issue over the territory of Guayana Esequiba had been brewing for a long time between Great Britain and Venezuela. The territory in dispute was once property of the Spanish Empire which was inherited by Venezuela after it gained independence in 1830 and the Dutch Empire which was inherited by Great Britain in 1814 along with the Dutch territories of Essequibo, Demerara and Berbice. Britain wanted to use the Schomburgk Line to divide the territory and was drawn up by Robert Schomburgk during his four-year expedition for the Royal Geographical Society from 1835-1839. Venezuela did not agree with the Schomburgk Line and in 1844 declared the Essequibo River the dividing line. The British did offer to make changes to the line but Venezuela never responded. They finally decided in 1850 that both countries would not enter into the disputed territory, and everything was good until around 1876 when diplomatic exchanges started...
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...Country of Honduras – Comparative Economic Analysis The country of Honduras is located in Central America with neighboring countries of Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. This country is located along the Caribbean Sea although does have western port access to the Pacific Ocean through the Gulf of Fonseca, with territorial waters of the gulf divided between Honduras, neighboring El Salvador, and Nicaragua. The country is mostly mountainous which has hindered communication and a sense of nationhood among its people. Development in this country has been extremely slow (National Geographic). The purpose of this analysis is to determine specific areas in need of economic improvement, and to make recommendations towards that overall economic condition of the Honduran economy. Historical Legacy and Context: Economically, Honduras ranks as the second poorest nation in the western hemisphere, second only to the country of Haiti. Other statistics report Honduras is the third poorest nation in all of Latin America, ahead of only Nicaragua and Guyana (Cordero). In analyzing a nation’s economy, it is important to look at history, how the country came into existence. Any country’s philosophy towards its economic development will have been influenced by the basic beliefs that have survived since the nation’s inception, so a general background is a logical starting point (Angresano, J.). The original inhabitants of this nation were the indigenous tribes of Central America, most...
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...The Global Financial Crisis: Assessing Vulnerability for Women and Children, Identifying Policy Responses Mayra Buvinic World Bank February 2009 The current global financial crisis, on top of recent food price increases (which, while down from their peak last year continue to affect the poor in developing countries), will have serious gender specific consequences for women in poor countries and their children. While women (and men) in most developing countries are vulnerable to increased risk of poverty and hardship, exposure to gender-specific negative impacts are particularly high in a subset of countries. These are countries where pre-existing high infant mortality rates and/or low rates of female schooling, combined with decelerating growth rates, substantially raise the vulnerability of women and girls to the deleterious effects of the crisis. Their situation is even more precarious in the sub-set of countries where limited fiscal resources constrain governments’ ability to cushion human impacts. If left unchecked, these crisis consequences on women will reverse progress in gender equality and women’s empowerment (and in meeting the MDGs), increase current poverty and imperil future development. Fortunately, policy responses which build on women’s roles as economic agents and their preference for investing resources in child well-being can go a long way towards mitigating these negative effects. These responses are good for women and for development–...
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