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Nigeria

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Nigeria
Geographical, Political, and Economic Overview
Lyla Snider
HUMN 305 - U4WW (WI12)
Professor Brian Kasvosve
March 11, 2012

Geography and Background
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to in short as “Nigeria” is located in Western Africa. It is bordered by Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Benin. It is also a coast line to the Gulf of Guinea located in the Atlantic Ocean. Nigeria gets its name from the Niger River which flows through the western side of the country and proves as a valuable resource. Nigeria is considered to be Africa’s most populous countries and also one of the most diverse, consisting of approximately 250 ethnic groups. The countries religious views are shared mainly between Muslim and Christian beliefs. The official language of Nigeria is English, however, many different dialects spoken including Hausa, Yoruba, and Fulani (Rosenburg, 2005). Now that you have an understanding some of the demographics of Nigeria, let’s explore a little history.
In the late 1800’s Nigeria and British were heavily involved with trade. By 1914, Nigeria was officially united. The growth of education and economic development grew vastly. The drive towards “nationalism” and demands for independence moved Nigeria toward self-government and by 1922 the British introduced direct election into the legislative council By1959, the North had gained self-governing status. These political restructuring, ultimately led to Nigeria gaining full independence on October 1, 1960. (“Pre 20th Century History of Nigeria”, 2008).
Regional unrest is at an all-time high as hostility develops between the four regions of Nigeria, mainly due to an uneven distribution of population and ultimately power. There are political disagreements in regards to how to rearrange this imbalance. In 1966, Yakubu Gowon, the countries leader decides to split the regions into twelve states. This infuriates the Eastern region and one of their leaders, Odumegwu Ojukwu, announces the Eastern region an independent nation, calling it the republic of Biafra (Gascoigne, n.d.) These actions trigger a civil war to last for three years. In the end Biafra surrenders and Gowon reclaims his twelve states. Over the next decade, Nigeria becomes of the wealthiest countries in Africa, taking advantage of the petroleum resources. However, this claim to wealth quickly deteriorates as corruption within the government takes over and Nigeria’s the economy plummets, regions continue to divide and become independent states, and the countries national debt reaches a devastating high. The cry for democracy is great and finally in the early 90’s presidential elections become a reality for the people of Nigeria. In 1999 the presidential elections is won by Olusegun Obasanjo (Gascoigne, n.d.). Although, many thought this election to lead to a promising future, much turmoil was a result of this military leader as his Christian view created tension among many Muslims. Street riots and violence set the tone for the new century.
Political Situation Nigeria’s political history has been one that is divided by ethnic and geographic differences. . Even after Nigeria gained its independence in 1960 and adopted a constitution it was still controlled by military authority. Its distribution of power was uneven and eventually led into a civil war outbreak in 1967. It wasn’t until 1999 that democracy was implemented by the first ever public held elections. However, even after a democratic government was in place the country was so torn apart at this point. The election did not put to rest all of the turmoil and tension between “regions”. For the first time in its turbulent political history, power was successfully transferred from one civilian leader to another. Umaru Yar’Adua was subsequently sworn in for a four-year term as president of Africa’s most populous nation. Faced with political discontent following the widely disputed elections, the new ruler formed a Government of National Unity (GNU), which is dominated by the ruling People’s Democratic Party (PDP) and includes some other smaller parties. Currently Nigeria is a federal republic composed of 36 states; its political structure is similar to that of the United States. Its presidents, legislators, and governors are elected on four year terms (Ploch, n.d.).
Economic Situation
Nigeria is known as the largest oil producer in Africa, but ironically enough it is also one of the poorest countries in the world. Nigeria was once a big player in the agricultural scene. However it imports more now than it exports. You might ask yourself, what went so wrong? Perhaps years of corruption, greed, and poorly managed resources? These have all contributed to the countries current economic situation. Over the past decade, Nigeria’s democracy has allowed the economic condition to improve as many safeguard have been put into place to improve the economic situation. Reforms to improve foreign investment have improved trade opportunities and boosted have boosted the economy. According to Wikipedia, Nigeria is back on track towards achieving its full economic potential. Nigerian GDP at purchasing power parity more than doubled from $170.7 billion in 2005 to $374.3 billion in 2010, although estimates of the size of the (which is not included in official figures) put the actual numbers closer to $520 billion. Correspondingly, the GDP per capita doubled from $1200 per person in 2005 to an estimated $2,500 per person in 2009 (again, with the inclusion of the informal sector, it is estimated that GDP per capita hovers around $3,500 per person). It is the largest economy in the West Africa Region, 3rd largest economy in Africa (behind South Africa and Egypt), and on track to becoming one of the top 30 economies in the world in the early part of 2011 (2012).
Conclusion
Nigeria is capable of being a wealthy country. However it’s turbulent history is hard to get past. Corruption and a mismanaged government have affected both the current political and economic situations. Currently Nigeria deals with many global issues such as human rights. International intervention and investment has provided a means to step in and provide valuable resources to the country. Although, Nigeria’s road to recovery is a long one, it is not merely a dream but a matter of time before they take full advantage of their resources and they step up to the plate.

Works Cited
"Economy of Nigeria." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Feb. 2012. Web. 08 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_nigeria>.
Gascoigne, Bamber. "HISTORY OF NIGERIA." History of Nigeria. HistoryWorld. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad41>.
Ploch, Lauren. CRS Report for Congress, Nigeria Current Issues. Publication. Print.
"Pre 20th Century History of Nigeria." SomaliPress, 03 Aug. 2008. Web. 05 Mar. 2012.
Rosenburg, Matt. "Geography and Map of Nigeria." Geography Home Page. About.com Geography, 01 Nov. 2005. Web. 09 Mar. 2012. <http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcnigeria.htm>.

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