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Nat Rev Microbiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 January 03.
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Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 April ; 9(4): 244–253. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537.

The skin microbiome

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Elizabeth A. Grice and Julia A. Segre
Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892–4442, USA.

Abstract

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The skin is the human body’s largest organ, colonized by a diverse milieu of microorganisms, most of which are harmless or even beneficial to their host. Colonization is driven by the ecology of the skin surface, which is highly variable depending on topographical location, endogenous host factors and exogenous environmental factors. The cutaneous innate and adaptive immune responses can modulate the skin microbiota, but the microbiota also functions in educating the immune system. The development of molecular methods to identify microorganisms has led to an emerging view of the resident skin bacteria as highly diverse and variable. An enhanced understanding of the skin microbiome is necessary to gain insight into microbial involvement in human skin disorders and to enable novel promicrobial and antimicrobial therapeutic approaches for their treatment.

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The skin is an ecosystem composed of 1.8 m2 of diverse habitats with an abundance of folds, invaginations and specialized niches that support a wide range of microorganisms.
The primary role of the skin is to serve as a physical barrier, protecting our bodies from potential assault by foreign organisms or toxic substances. The skin is also an interface with the outside environment and, as such, is colonized by a diverse collection of microorganisms
— including bacteria, fungi and viruses — as well as

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