...With the introduction of currency, cultures began to implement negative-reciprocity into their economic systems and social organizations. Instead of bartering and creating social bonds, people try to get the most out of a trade/social interaction, while giving up the least of their possessions/money. Different cultures have developed means of using negative reciprocity to their benefit. Many societies have used negative reciprocity in their trade and sharing systems to both strengthen and fight existing relationships as well as ward off foreigners. Negative reciprocity is apparent in the fraternal polyandry that is practiced in Tibetan societies of North Nepal. Lee Cronk’s Reciprocity and the Power of Giving and Melvyn C. Goldstein’s Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife support the argument that the different tribes’ methods of integrating negative reciprocity into their everyday lives is both practical and beneficial to the preservation of their cultures. Negative reciprocity is evident in Cronk’s passage when he initially describes that there are “strings attached” (this specific example is about the !Kung people, but is applicable to the other tribes) to exchanges when they take place (140). The ‘strings’ are the very essence of the trade between Indians and Indians as well as Indians and colonists, and upon learning this, the colonists understood the deeper meaning of trade amongst other cultures. The ‘strings’ in other cultures go further than those of our own. One may use...
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...1. ORIGIN OF THE REPORT This assignment is originated as the course requirement of FIN 335, which is termed to be a major course for the B.B.A program. As this assignment is based on Security Exchange Commission of Bangladesh, so we have to work with limited time. We were assigned the assignment on “Security Exchange Commission” around 30 days ago, and we went around looking for its source of existence and also searched the internet to get enough updated knowledge. 1. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ➢ To present an overview of Security Exchange Commission. ➢ The Function of Security Exchange Commission. ➢ The objective of this report is to make readers know about Security Exchange Commission of Bangladesh. 1.2SCOPES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE REPORT SCOPE: After being assigned the assignment, we found that the scope of the report was confined to various related websites. The report is solely based on terms and concepts related to Security Exchange Commission. METHODS: This assignment has been prepared on the basis of experience gathered during the period of FIN 335 course. For preparing this assignment, we have also got information from various websites and Security Exchange office at Motijheel ‘ Jibon Bima Bhaban ‘which may provide successful results considering this report. 1.3 LIMITATIONS ✓ Some websites had no direct reference. ✓ Unable to collect enough information from due to their official restrictions. ...
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...Case Memorandum #1- Personal Watercraft, aka Jet Skis What non-market strategy should a company such as Bombardier adopt? How should it be integrated with its market strategy? The non-market environment of jet ski manufacturers is shaped by the safety concerns that result from difficulties controlling these fast marine vehicles under exceptional circumstances, as well the environmental concerns resulting from high potential water pollution and air emissions from its engines. Since the non-market issues listed above are fairly young and have yet to reach the legislative stage, the non-market strategy of a company such as Bombardier should be focused around establishing conditions that affect further development of the issue. By allowing the company to shape the evolution of the issue, rather than react to it, it would be possible to minimize any further potential impact. Such non-market strategy should include a multipronged approach aimed at leveling the industry playing field by establishing clear rules and legislation, as well as efforts to position the company as a leader on technologies that neutralize, or at least minimize, the concerns listed above. The latter component could be used to integrate the non-market and market strategies, opening opportunities for the company to benefit commercially from its non-market positioning. The specific components of such strategy are identified below: 1. Propose industry wide push for legislation outlawing two-stroke engines...
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...Scribd Upload a Document Search Documents collections icon publishers icon documents icon pages icon people icon Explore Tri_11x6 Documents * Books - Fiction * Books - Non-fiction * Health & Medicine * Brochures/Catalogs * Government Docs * How-To Guides/Manuals * Magazines/Newspapers * Recipes/Menus * School Work * + all categories * * Featured * Recent People * Authors * Students * Researchers * Publishers * Government & Nonprofits * Businesses * Musicians * Artists & Designers * Teachers * + all categories * * Most Followed * Popular * Sign Up * | * Log In 1 First Page Previous Page Next Page / 37 Sections not available Zoom Out Zoom In Fullscreen Exit Fullscreen Select View Mode View Mode BookSlideshowScroll Readcast Add a Comment Embed & Share Reading should be social! Post a message on your social networks to let others know what you're reading. Select the sites below and start sharing. Readcast this DocumentTransparent Login to Add a Comment Share & Embed Add to Collections Download this Document for Free Auto-hide: on Quantcast 1. ORIGIN OF THE REPORT This assignment is originated as the course requirement of FIN 335, which is termed to be a major course for the B.B.A program. As this assignment is based...
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...manufacturing in 1937. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bottled Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | b. What industry, product segments/markets does ABL operate in? | | | | | | | The food and beverage industry in Australia | | | | | | | | | Industry | | | | | | | | | | | ABL current operates in the food and beverage supply industry in Australia, and hopes to enter into and operate in the Australian bottled water manufacturing industry. | | Markets | | | | | | | | | | | ABL is currently the second largest competitor in the non-alcoholic beverage market in Australia, and has about 40% of the Packaged soft drink market in Australia. | | ABL also recently entered the Snack food market | | | | | | | | Core activities include manufacture and distribution | | | | | | | | Product Segments | | | | | | | | | | | ABL operates in product segments including CSD beverages, non-csd beverages including fruit drinks and milk drinks...
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...Summary: Together, Pepsi and Coke have historically dominated the carbonated soft drink (CSD) market while competing fiercely with each other for market share in the U.S. Until the late 1990s, CSD consumption in the U.S. grew at a healthy annual rate of 3% - 7%, and both Coke and Pepsi were able to prosper. However, largely due to health issues related to the consumption of soft drinks, consumption of CSDs in the U.S. has been declining since the late 1990s. A five forces analysis of the soft drink industry (Exhibit 1) shows that focusing on the CSD market is not likely to be a highly profitable strategy going forward. I recommend that Pepsi focus on continued innovation and expansion into “non carbs” in both the U.S. and in emerging markets where Coke does not already have a dominant presence. Key Questions/Issues: Pepsi and Coke focused on producing concentrate, or flavor base, for the beverages while leaving the bottling function to nationwide networks of franchisees. The concentrate business was much more profitable than bottling due to lower fixed costs, lower operating costs, and the well-known brands of the concentrate producers. The concentrate industry had a low threat of entry, low bargaining power for suppliers and low to moderate bargaining power for buyers (whereas bottlers faced very high bargaining power from their suppliers—Coke and Pepsi), and a market with healthy levels of growth. In the 1980s, began buying up and consolidating their bottling...
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...Factors Influencing Non – Muslims to Purchase Halal Food in Malaysia Chapter 1: Introduction The word Halal refers to the term permissible or allowed to eat in Arabic (ehow.com). It is an important way of life lived by the Muslims and it isn’t only consisted on food but other products too. It doesn’t only matter what kind of food it is, but the preparation method of the food is considered very important as well. The Halal food guarantees safety, hygiene, healthy eating lifestyle and wholesomeness. Halal is all about the place and the process used for slaughtering the animals and the condition those animals are kept in. Halal is now being recognized all over the world not only by the Muslims but also the Non-Muslims community. An example of how other countries around the world are adapting to Halal food is shown in Moscow, Russia. In Moscow the sales were $45 in 2004 and then increased to $70 million in 2006 and then to $100 million in 2008 (Muhammad, 2007). The growth is due to consumer’s perception of human animal treatment concerns. Russians purchased Halal food because they thought the products were fresh, safe and infection free and also believed that the Muslims won’t cheat them. In the Philippines the population looks for the Halal logo on the products so that they can purchase them easily. Malaysia consists of 3 different races which are the Malaya, Chinese, and Indians. 62% of the Malays are Muslim, 24% Chinese are either Buddhist or Traditional Chinese religions...
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...commenced operation in 1937 with its first manufacturing plant opened in Sydney in 1938. After a series of market expansions, ABL is currently the second largest company in Australia non-alcoholic beverage industry. The company is run by Tom Dwyer, the current managing director, who has been appointed since 2005. b. What industry, product segments/markets does ABL operate in? ABL is currently the second largest company in Australian non-alcoholic beverage industry. With the exception of bottled water, ABL operates in almost all product segments of non-alcoholic beverage market, that is, carbonated soft drinks (CSD), fruit and milk-based drinks, etc. It has also moved into snack food market through acquisition of several small businesses. Its core activities include manufacturing, distribution and marketing. c. What is the current life-cycle position of the industry? Non-alcoholic industry ➢ The non-alcoholic beverage industry is at the growth stage of its life cycle. This is evidenced by: (1) Consumption of non-alcoholic beverage in Australia increased form 179.7 liters per capita in 2005 to 228.5 liters per capita in 2009, representing a 27% increase. (2) As Australian per capita consumption follows US pattern, Australian’s current level of 63% of US per capita consumption indicates significant opportunities for growth. (3) According to Table 4: revenue for non-alcoholic beverage has increased from $7199m to $10449m between 2003 and 2009, and is projected to grow another...
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...SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI) * INTRODUCTION : * Stock market regulation was a pre-independence phenomenon in India. * During the II World War period provisions were made to check the flow of capital into production of essential commodities. * These rules continued after the war and culminated into the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947. For the purpose of this act an office of the Controller of Capital Issues was set up which was vested with the powers to approve the kind of instruments, size, timing and premium of issue. * It was proved over time that the provisions in the CIC Act were totally inadequate to regulate the growing dimensions of capital market activity. * This led to the enactment of Companies Act and Securities Contracts(Regulation) Act in 1956.For the first time during the 6th five year plan period. * The securities market showed a potential not only to mobilize savings of the household sector but also to allocate it with some degree of efficiency for industrial development. * This gave birth to new intermediaries and institutions in the security market and thereby created new investment opportunities and awareness among the investors. * Under these circumstances, the govt felt the need for setting up of an apex body to develop and regulate the stock market in India. * Eventually, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was set up on April 12, 1988. it took four years for the govt...
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...a cutting edge non-disposable razor that was touted to provide the “closest, cleanest, and smoothest shave people had encountered.” Their dilemma was into which part of the non-disposable market they should introduce their “superior” razor into. As we evaluate the environment in which Clean Edge will compete, we identified five key issues to analyze. The issues include new entrants into the market, Radiance’s new razor, the economy, distribution channels, and increased marketing costs. After analyzing these issues, the introduction of the new razor and the increased marketing costs would pose the greatest risk to Clean Edge. Both of the issues have a high impact and high immediacy for Paramount. The new razor that is entering the market has similar technologies that will cause a higher impact for Paramount than any of the other issues. The emerging new entrants into the market, the economy, and the changing distribution channels all have a low impact but high immediacy for Paramount. The changing distribution channels are occurring because of changes in the industry and the increased availability of all the products in this submarket. The products are now being offered at more retail outlets and are occupying more space on retailer’s shelves. After conducting an industry analysis, we have concluded that Paramount’s non-disposable products are involved in a steadily growing market. The U.S. razor market is divided into several smaller submarkets including non-disposable razors...
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...2012-2013 INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM TOPIC- FINANCIAL MARKET SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Miss Ankita Rajdev Nisha Kumari Garima Jain Kohila Chouhan Laxmi Nandwani Sanchita Vishwakarma Neha Satwani ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Guidance, help and encouragement are the essential requirement for successful completion of assignment. We own our gratitude to all those who have helped us in the preparation of this assignment. We express our deepest gratitude to our assignment guide Ms. ANKITA RAJDEV, Asst. professor for her valuable guidance and help in completion of this assignment. We feel obliged to all the respondents, friend and other who have shared their valuable time and opinion, for making significant contribution directly or indirectly in the assignment. INDEX S.no. | Topic | Page no. | 1 | INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MARKET | 4-5 | 2 | MONEY MARKET | 5-6 | 3 | CAPITAL MARKET | 6-8 | 4 | PRIMARY CAPITAL MARKET | 8 | 5 | SECONDARY CAPITAL MARKET | 8-9 | Financial Markets Introduction Financial markets are a mechanism enabling participants to deal in financial claims. The markets also provide a facility in which their demands and requirements interact to set a price for such claims. The participants in the financial markets are the borrowers (issuers of securities), lenders...
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...Capital Market Development in Capital Cambodia Hanoi, 1st March 2007 Dr. Hang Chuon Naron Secretary General Ministry of Economy and Finance Contents Contents Overview of Financial Market – – – – Present financial system in Cambodia Banking Sector Insurance Sector Fixed Income Securities and equity Capital Market Development in Cambodia guided by: - Financial Sector Blueprint 2001-2010 (FSB2001-2010) approved on August 24th, 2001 - Financial Sector Development Strategy 2006-2015 (Approved by the Royal Government of Cambodia on February 9th , 2007) Develop 4 I’s for Capital Market – – – – Infrastructure investor Issuers Intermediaries Way forward Overview of Financial Market Overview Present financial system in Cambodia Present Players in Financial Sector: ● Dominance of banking system: The central bank, that is the National Bank of Cambodia with its The 18 provincial branches, 15 commercial banks, 4 specialized bank, 15 A decentralized banking system, consisting of MFIs and a number decentralized of NGOs operating in the rural finance. ● 4 Insurance Co., ● No inter-bank/money market ● No equity & securities market, no securities company ● Active foreign exchange markets due to high degree of dollarisation (90% of banks transactions in US$, large volume of USD cash in circulation). Banking Sector Banking ≈ – Banks are very liquid (loans to deposits ratio 65%), but despite large resources they...
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...section 51 | [West Jet: An analysis of Non-Market Strategies] | | Contents History 3 Nonmarket Environment 3 Public perception 4 Private politics 5 Public politics 6 Court or regulatory scrutiny 7 Integrated Strategy 8 Leaders’ Responsibility 9 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 12 History West Jet was founded in 1996 by 5 entrepreneurs who believed they could succeed as a low-cost carrier in the western Canadian market. With a fleet of only three Boeing 737 aircraft and just over two-hundred employees, West Jet served Calgary, Edmonton, Kelowna, Vancouver and Winnipeg. West Jet went public in 1999, allowing for greater access to capital and potential for growth. In 2000 market share was expanded to eastern Canada. By 2004 West Jet began to access the U.S. and in 2006 started international flights. West Jet continues to grow into new markets and is now in position to become a major competitor among international carriers. The low cost “no-frills” service and corporate culture have been the praise of West Jet success. To use market share as a measure, West Jet began with none and now has approximately 33% Canadian market share with plans for this to increase. Nonmarket Environment West Jet has developed a very strong market position in a short period of time. They certainly have a strong marketing strategy and low-cost structure that promotes strong margins. The non-market environment can nullify any market advantages such as price and product attributes...
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...J B GUPTA CLASSES 98184931932, drjaibhagwan@gmail.com, www.jbguptaclasses.com Copyright: Dr JB Gupta 16 International Capital Market Chapter Index Global Depository Receipts American Depository Receipts External Commercial Borrowings Debt Indian Depository Receipts EURO ISSUES The international capital market is a huge source of capital. At a time when the Indian economy is gearing up to meet the challenges of being an open economy, it assumes of greater significance. Up to 1991, Indian companies were not allowed to raise capital from overseas capital market. For their foreign exchange requirements, they had to depend on government financial institutions, foreign banks, international development agencies etc. By the middle of 1991, the process of liberalization of Indian economy was set in motion by the government and now the Indian Corporate is allowed to issue equity or bonds in overseas capital market. The term ‘Euro Issue’ denotes that the issue is made abroad through foreign currency denominated securities and the securities are listed on any overseas stock exchange. The Indian companies get their issues listed on LUXEMBOURG stock exchange. Subscription for such securities can come from any part of world, except India. Companies making Euro Issue can issue depositary receipts, foreign currency convertible bonds or pure debt bonds. Pure debt is not preferred by the investors for two reasons: (i) No Capital appreciation, and (ii) low credit rating of India by various...
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...G.SAI KIRAN 1226113115 NON ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE INDUSTIRY: SOFT DRINKS SUMMERY: Non-alcoholic beverages sector, which is currently being looked at as a non-corporate small- and medium-scale dominated segment, needs extensive reforms in order to develop as a complete corporate sector. In 1993, the consumption of aerated beverages in India was a meager three servings, per person, per annum. Cut to 2013, industry estimates cite that Indians have a per capita consumption of 14 servings. While that’s small when you compare the global average of 94 servings, India, because of the sheer weight of its population, is a huge force to reckon with for the world’s leading food and beverage corporations. Currently the influx of FDI in overall food processing sector is 1.8% of the total FDI ($147.08 billion) India got between 2001 and 2011. Out of this, the non- alcoholic beverage sector got approximately $19.44 million under automatic route while its contribution to India’s GDP was around $1.6 billion. Companies under the Indian beverages sector have operations in more than one state and the difference in taxation and other factors create barrier for the sector. Issues like implementation of GST (Goods and Services Tax) would certainly help the entire F&B industry. Inflation has got entrenched and monetary policy does not have any or has very little impact on food prices and fuel prices, food grain prices were moving upwards faster than other food items. The increase in the general...
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