...Unit 8 Analysis – System Performance NT. 1110 | System Performance The performance of a computer system is based on numerous factors. The CPU, GPU (video card processor), RAM, VRAM, and hard drives all have some impact on how well a computer system performs. With the continuous use of hard drives, fragmentation occurs. This occurs when files cannot be contiguously stored. Basically, files are broken down and scattered around the hard drive. The computer than has to provide extra work to reassemble the files when needed. This effectively slows computer performance, making applications launch slower, accessing files more time-consuming, video performance drop, and more. Also, the computer booting and shutting down takes more time with disk fragmentation. One of the ways to improve system performance is to upgrade RAM. When a computer does not have enough RAM to use, it has set up a virtual memory file. The virtual memory file is space on the hard drive the computer makes to treat as RAM. Also, with RAM being an electronic system as opposed to the mechanical hard disk, it takes more time for data transfer to happen between the RAM and hard drive, unlike the RAM and CPU. With adding more RAM, “running” out of usable RAM memory has a small chance of occurring. This means that the CPU can continue to interact with the RAM for temporary files, rather than having to interact with the RAM then the hard drive. References Computer Memory Upgrade. (2003). Memory...
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...Domestic Fares & Ticketing Schedules Guide & Tariff Schedules Guide & Tariff Domestic Fares & Ticketing Provided for Australian College QED with permission by Pacific Travel Training. Important Notice: Pacific Travel Training has used it's best endeavours in collecting and collating the material contained in the schedules guide but cannot warrant that the information contained is complete and does not assume and hereby disclaims liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions in this schedules guide whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident or any other cause. Neither the whole nor part of any of this schedules guide shall be copied without the express prior approval in writing of owner, Pacific Travel Training. Specially prepared by Pacific Training Limited, February 2005 (5.1.1) © Pacific Travel Training Page 2 Australian College QED Domestic Fares & Ticketing Schedules Guide & Tariff TABLE OF CONTENTS TERMINOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Airline Designator Codes ...................................................................................................................... 5 Aircraft Codes........................................................................................................................................ 5 City/Airport Code...........................
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...SOLUTIONS MANUAL Communication Systems Engineering Second Edition John G. Proakis Masoud Salehi Prepared by Evangelos Zervas Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Publisher: Tom Robbins Editorial Assistant: Jody McDonnell Executive Managing Editor: Vince O’Brien Managing Editor: David A. George Production Editor: Barbara A. Till Composition: PreTEX, Inc. Supplement Cover Manager: Paul Gourhan Supplement Cover Design: PM Workshop Inc. Manufacturing Buyer: Ilene Kahn c 2002 Prentice Hall by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson 0-13-061974-6 Education Ltd., London Education Australia Pty. Ltd., Sydney Education Singapore...
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...The Transport Layer 1.3.5. The Session Layer 1.3.6. The Presentation Layer 1.3.7. The Application Layer 1.4. Protocol Notations 1.4.1. Service Primitives 1.4.2. Sequence Diagrams 1.4.3. State Transition Diagrams 1.5. Standards 1.6. Further Reading 1.7. Summary 1.8. Exercises 2. The Physical Layer 2.1. Equipment 2.1.1. Equipment Types 2.1.2. Connection Types 2.2. Transmission 2.2.1. Signal Types 2.2.2. Modulation 2.2.3. Digitization 2.2.4. Synchronization 2.2.5. Transmission Media 2.3. Multiplexing 2.3.1. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) vi Communication Networks 6 10 1 2 2 4 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 Copyright © 2005 PragSoft 2.3.2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 2.3.3. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 2.3.4. Concentration 2.4. Physical Layer Standards 2.4.1. RS-232 2.4.2. CCITT X.21 2.5. Further Reading 2.6. Summary 2.7. Exercises 3. The Data Link Layer 3.1 Link Protocol Types 3.1.1. Synchronous Protocols 3.1.2. Asynchronous Protocols 3.1.3. Master-Slave Protocols 3.1.4. Peer-to-Peer Protocols 3.2. Link Protocol Functions 3.2.1. Acknowledgments 3.2.2. Timers 3.2.3. Error Checking 3.2.4. Retransmission 3.2.5. Flow Control 3.3. Sliding Window Protocol 3.4. Data Link Layer Standards 3.4.1. BSC 3.4.2. HDLC 3.5. Further Reading 3.6. Summary 3.7. Exercises 4. The Network Layer 4.1. Network Services 4.2. Switching Methods 4.2.1. Circuit Switching 4.2.2. Packet Switching 4.3. Packet Handling 4.3.1. Packet Structure...
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...CHAPTER 1 1.1 to 1.41 - part of text 1.42 (a) Periodic: Fundamental period = 0.5s (b) Nonperiodic (c) Periodic Fundamental period = 3s (d) Periodic Fundamental period = 2 samples (e) Nonperiodic (f) Periodic: Fundamental period = 10 samples (g) Nonperiodic (h) Nonperiodic (i) Periodic: Fundamental period = 1 sample l.43 π 2 y ( t ) = 3 cos 200t + -- 6 2 π = 9 cos 200t + -- 6 9 π = -- cos 400t + -- 1 2 3 9 (a) DC component = -2 9 π (b) Sinusoidal component = -- cos 400t + -- 2 3 9 Amplitude = -2 1 200 Fundamental frequency = -------- Hz π 1.44 The RMS value of sinusoidal x(t) is A ⁄ 2 . Hence, the average power of x(t) in a 1-ohm 2 resistor is ( A ⁄ 2 ) = A2/2. 1.45 Let N denote the fundamental period of x[N]. which is defined by 2π N = ----Ω The average power of x[n] is therefore N -1 1 2 P = --- ∑ x [ n ] N 1 = --N n=0 N -1 ∑A n=0 2 N -1 A = ----N 1.46 2 2 2πn cos --------- + φ N ∑ cos n=0 2 2πn + φ -------- N The energy of the raised cosine pulse is E = π⁄ω 1 ∫–π ⁄ ω -- ( cos ( ωt ) + 1 ) 4 2 dt 1 π⁄ω 2 = -- ∫ ( cos ( ωt ) + 2 cos ( ωt ) + 1 ) dt 2 0 1 π ⁄ ω 1 1 -- cos ( 2ωt ) + -- + 2 cos ( ωt ) + 1 dt = -- ∫ 2 0 2 2 1 3 π - - = -- -- --- = 3π ⁄ 4ω 2 2 ω 1.47 The signal x(t) is even; its total energy is therefore 5 2 E = 2 ∫ x ( t ) dt 0 2 4 5 = 2 ∫ ( 1 ) dt + 2 ∫ ( 5 – t ) dt 2 0 2 4 5 1 4 3 = 2 [ t ] t=0 + 2 – -- ( 5 – t ) 3 t=4 2 26 = 8 + -- = ----3 3 1.48 (a)...
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...Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States SEVENTH EDITION Data Communications and Computer Networks A Business User’s Approach Curt M. White DePaul University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User’s Approach, Seventh Edition Curt M. White Editor-In-Chief: Joe Sabatino Senior Acquisitions Editor: Charles McCormick, Jr. Senior Product Manager: Kate Mason Editorial Assistant: Courtney Bavaro Marketing Director: Keri Witman Marketing Manager: Adam Marsh Senior Marketing Communications Manager: Libby Shipp Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay Media Editor: Chris Valentine Art and Cover Direction, Production Management, and Composition: PreMediaGlobal Cover Credit: © Masterfile Royalty Free Manufacturing Coordinator: Julio Esperas © 2013 Course Technology, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act—without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1.1 Introduction Modern civilization has become so complicated and sophisticated that to survive one has to be competitive. This compels people to keep themselves informed of all types of happening in the society. And this in turn entails the need for an infrastructure of information. This is the point where information technology or IT becomes most important, as it is the infrastructure that allows us to get information accurately and in time. Before we define information technology, it is important to understand the notion of Data, Information, Technology, and Knowledge. In everyday conversation, people use the terms data and information interchangeably. However, some computer professional make a distinction between the two terms. Data It is the words, numbers, letters, symbol, sound, video and graphics that describe people, events, things and ideas. It is raw facts about people, objects, and events that have little or no meaning. It is the raw material used to create useful information. It becomes information when you use it as the basis for initiating some action or for making a decision. Information It is defined as the words, numbers, letters, symbol, sound, video and graphics used as the basis for human action or decisions. It is data that have been processed and presented in a form suitable for human interpretation, often with the purpose of revealing trends or patterns that can be used in decision-making. It is data...
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...TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NETWORKS TElECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING NffiWRKS AND THIS PAGE IS BLANK Copyright © 2006, 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com ISBN (10) : 81-224-2349-3 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2349-5 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com PREFACE This text, ‘Telecommunication Switching and Networks’ is intended to serve as a onesemester text for undergraduate course of Information Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. This book provides in depth knowledge on telecommunication switching and good background for advanced studies in communication networks. The entire subject is dealt with conceptual treatment and the analytical or mathematical approach is made only to some extent. For best understanding, more diagrams (202) and tables (35) are introduced wherever necessary in each chapter. The telecommunication switching is the fast growing field and enormous research and development are undertaken by...
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...LINUX: Rute User’s Tutorial and Exposition Paul Sheer August 14, 2001 Pages up to and including this page are not included by Prentice Hall. 2 “The reason we don’t sell billions and billions of Guides,” continued Harl, after wiping his mouth, “is the expense. What we do is we sell one Guide billions and billions of times. We exploit the multidimensional nature of the Universe to cut down on manufacturing costs. And we don’t sell to penniless hitchhikers. What a stupid notion that was! Find the one section of the market that, more or less by definition, doesn’t have any money, and try to sell to it. No. We sell to the affluent business traveler and his vacationing wife in a billion, billion different futures. This is the most radical, dynamic and thrusting business venture in the entire multidimensional infinity of space-time-probability ever.” ... Ford was completely at a loss for what to do next. “Look,” he said in a stern voice. But he wasn’t certain how far saying things like “Look” in a stern voice was necessarily going to get him, and time was not on his side. What the hell, he thought, you’re only young once, and threw himself out of the window. That would at least keep the element of surprise on his side. ... In a spirit of scientific inquiry he hurled himself out of the window again. Douglas Adams Mostly Harmless Strangely, the thing that least intrigued me was how they’d managed to get it all done. I suppose I sort of knew. If I’d learned...
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...appliances, the video cassette recorder, the automobile, planes, trains, power plants, water purification plants, calculators, and even inside a few toys. These embedded computers are very small. They affect our lives each day. Why, even modern traffic lights operate with computers. They are all around us. Think of additional ways in which computers affect our lives each day. Every organization somehow use(s) a computer to run the organization. Some of the places are hospitals, schools, fire department, banks, stores or supermarkets, stock exchange, police department, insurance companies, transport companies, and government agencies etc. What is a computer? A computer is many things to many people, depending on what it is being used for. At one time the computer can be a machine which processes the payroll, then it can be a machine which tabulates students’ grades, then a machine which stimulates the loading on a bridge, then it processes insurance policies, then it plays chess, and so on. It is important to note that all the above tasks, and many more, can be performed by the same computer. Definition: A computer is an electronic device that performs four functions: it inputs data (getting information into the machine); it...
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...Tax Planning for salaried employees DON'T PAY MORE IN ORDER TO SAVE YOUR TAXES. Expert view for tax saving ........................................................................................................................................................ book I About this n India, most salaried people want to increase their personal savings and yearn to achieve financial freedom. But do they REALLY want to save money or are they too busy? Most people are not motivated enough to learn how they can maximize their savings by efficient budgeting of their personal finances. They are unaware of ways to save tax through tax-efficient investment options available in the market. Often, people do not make timely investments and end up paying huge amount of taxes at the end of the year. To make matters worse, lack of updated and timely information makes tax filing a dreaded chore. Salaried people often falsely believe that they do not need any financial planning as their income and expenses are regular. They presume that their savings automatically accumulate in the bank and do not require any intervention to maximize financial gains. But we believe that with some serious effort and knowledge, salaried people can save huge amounts of money and increase their annual income by investing their hard-earned money in tax-efficient schemes. Does tax planning make you nervous? Tax planning is an integral part of personal financial planning. The amount of scattered and incomprehensible...
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...Introduction to Multimedia Systems This Page Intentionally Left Blank Introduction to Multimedia Systems Editors Gaurav Bhatnagar Shikha Mehta Sugata Mitra Centre for Research in Cognitive Systems (CRCS) NIITUd. New Delhi, India ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Cover art: © 2001 John Foxx Images This book is printed on acid-free paper, w Copyright © 2002 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. Academic Press A division of Harcourt, Inc. 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, Cahfomia 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NWl 7BY, UK http ://www. academicpress...
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...eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Hands-On Ethical Hacking...
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...HOW TO Prepare Your Curriculum Vitae Revised Edition Acy L. Jackson and C. Kathleen Geckeis Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-142626-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-139044-8 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve...
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...COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE EIGHTH EDITION William Stallings Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On File Vice President and Editorial Director: Marcia J. Horton Editor-in-Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Associate Editor: Melinda Haggerty Marketing Manager: Erin Davis Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Editor: Rose Kernan Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Art Director: Kenny Beck Cover Design: Kristine Carney Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Patelli Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Manager, Visual Research: Beth Brenzel Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Composition: Rakesh Poddar, Aptara®, Inc. Cover Image: Picturegarden /Image Bank /Getty Images, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of...
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