...NT-1110 Computer Structure and Logic Unit 4 Research Paper 1 The ENIAC Computer 4/26/13 World War II was knocking on the United States front door when the decision to develop a computer to handle complex mathematical calculations was made. The United States was in a dire need for a machine that could make accurate, precise, and fast calculations. The United States government and military turned to John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert to build the first Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator; or for short the ENIAC. The United States was ill prepared and forced into the war which meant that it had few resources to accomplish the task of defeating the enemy. The ENIAC was purposefully designed to calculate all variables such as wind speed, trajectory, and distance so that each shot fired from the military was done with devastating precision and accuracy. The ENIAC enabled the military to do these calculations in a matter of hours and minutes versus days. John Mauchly and John Eckert designed artillery tables using the ENIAC to make these vital calculations that were much faster than manually calculating. Unfortunately the design of the Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator was not completed until after the war. Although the ENIAC was designed for World War II, it had other uses for that time period. One of the greatest contributions that ENIAC had was with the development of the Hydrogen bomb. The ENIAC was able to calculate the complex mathematical formulas...
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...Econometric Reviews, 27(1–3):10–45, 2008 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0747-4938 print/1532-4168 online DOI: 10.1080/07474930701853509 REALIZED VOLATILITY: A REVIEW Michael McAleer1 and Marcelo C. Medeiros2 2 School of Economics and Commerce, University of Western Australia Department of Economics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 1 Downloaded At: 15:53 5 September 2008 This article reviews the exciting and rapidly expanding literature on realized volatility. After presenting a general univariate framework for estimating realized volatilities, a simple discrete time model is presented in order to motivate the main results. A continuous time specification provides the theoretical foundation for the main results in this literature. Cases with and without microstructure noise are considered, and it is shown how microstructure noise can cause severe problems in terms of consistent estimation of the daily realized volatility. Independent and dependent noise processes are examined. The most important methods for providing consistent estimators are presented, and a critical exposition of different techniques is given. The finite sample properties are discussed in comparison with their asymptotic properties. A multivariate model is presented to discuss estimation of the realized covariances. Various issues relating to modelling and forecasting realized volatilities are considered. The main empirical findings using...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1.1 Introduction Modern civilization has become so complicated and sophisticated that to survive one has to be competitive. This compels people to keep themselves informed of all types of happening in the society. And this in turn entails the need for an infrastructure of information. This is the point where information technology or IT becomes most important, as it is the infrastructure that allows us to get information accurately and in time. Before we define information technology, it is important to understand the notion of Data, Information, Technology, and Knowledge. In everyday conversation, people use the terms data and information interchangeably. However, some computer professional make a distinction between the two terms. Data It is the words, numbers, letters, symbol, sound, video and graphics that describe people, events, things and ideas. It is raw facts about people, objects, and events that have little or no meaning. It is the raw material used to create useful information. It becomes information when you use it as the basis for initiating some action or for making a decision. Information It is defined as the words, numbers, letters, symbol, sound, video and graphics used as the basis for human action or decisions. It is data that have been processed and presented in a form suitable for human interpretation, often with the purpose of revealing trends or patterns that can be used in decision-making. It is data...
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...Demography of Germany Concepts, Data, and Methods G. Rohwer U. P¨tter o Version 3 October 2003 Fakult¨t f¨r Sozialwissenschaft a u Ruhr-Universit¨t Bochum, GB 1 a 44780 Bochum goetz.rohwer@ruhr-uni-bochum.de ulrich.poetter@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Preface This text is an introduction to concepts and methods of demographic description and analysis. The substantial focus is on the demographic development of Germany, all data refer to this country. The main reason for this focus on a single country is that we want to show how the tools of demography can actually be used for the analysis of demographic problems. The text consists of two parts. Part I introduces the conceptual framework and explains basic statistical notions. This part also includes a short chapter that explains how we speak of “models” and why we do not make a sharp distinction between “describing” and “modeling” demographic processes. Then follows Part II that deals with data and methods. In the present version of the text, we almost exclusively discuss mortality and fertility data; migration is only mentioned in Chapter 6 and briefly considered in the context of a Leslie model at the end of the text. In addition to providing a general introduction to concepts of demography, the text also intends to show how to practically work with demographic data. We therefore extensively document all the data used and explain the statistical calculations in detail. In fact, most of these calculations are quite simple;...
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...5. Standards 1.6. Further Reading 1.7. Summary 1.8. Exercises 2. The Physical Layer 2.1. Equipment 2.1.1. Equipment Types 2.1.2. Connection Types 2.2. Transmission 2.2.1. Signal Types 2.2.2. Modulation 2.2.3. Digitization 2.2.4. Synchronization 2.2.5. Transmission Media 2.3. Multiplexing 2.3.1. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) vi Communication Networks 6 10 1 2 2 4 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 Copyright © 2005 PragSoft 2.3.2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 2.3.3. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 2.3.4. Concentration 2.4. Physical Layer Standards 2.4.1. RS-232 2.4.2. CCITT X.21 2.5. Further Reading 2.6. Summary 2.7. Exercises 3. The Data Link Layer 3.1 Link Protocol Types 3.1.1. Synchronous Protocols 3.1.2. Asynchronous Protocols 3.1.3. Master-Slave Protocols 3.1.4. Peer-to-Peer Protocols 3.2. Link Protocol Functions 3.2.1. Acknowledgments 3.2.2. Timers 3.2.3. Error Checking 3.2.4. Retransmission 3.2.5. Flow Control 3.3. Sliding Window Protocol 3.4. Data Link Layer Standards 3.4.1. BSC 3.4.2. HDLC 3.5. Further Reading 3.6. Summary 3.7. Exercises 4. The Network Layer 4.1. Network Services 4.2. Switching Methods 4.2.1. Circuit Switching 4.2.2. Packet Switching 4.3. Packet Handling 4.3.1. Packet Structure 4.3.2. Routing 4.3.3. Congestion Control 4.3.4. Error Handling 4.4. Internetworking 4.4.1. Network Sublayers...
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...INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATION 1 Compiled By: RONKY F. DOH (aka: ronky biggy diggy daddy igp) FU DAME TALS OF COMPUTERS We are living in an information age dependent upon digital information. Digital information is electronic information, the result of computer processing. Every type of job relies upon getting information, using it, managing it, and relaying information to others. Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. Do not think of a computer merely as the machine with the keyboard and the mouse, although that might be true for some types of computers. Embedded computers may be inside your household appliances, the video cassette recorder, the automobile, planes, trains, power plants, water purification plants, calculators, and even inside a few toys. These embedded computers are very small. They affect our lives each day. Why, even modern traffic lights operate with computers. They are all around us. Think of additional ways in which computers affect our lives each day. Every organization somehow use(s) a computer to run the organization. Some of the places are hospitals, schools, fire department, banks, stores or supermarkets, stock exchange, police department, insurance companies, transport companies, and government agencies etc. What is a computer? A computer is many things to many people, depending on what it is being used for. At one time the computer can be a machine which processes the payroll, then it can be a machine which tabulates...
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...Shikha Mehta Sugata Mitra Centre for Research in Cognitive Systems (CRCS) NIITUd. New Delhi, India ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Cover art: © 2001 John Foxx Images This book is printed on acid-free paper, w Copyright © 2002 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. Academic Press A division of Harcourt, Inc. 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, Cahfomia 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NWl 7BY, UK http ://www. academicpress .com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001092781 hitemational Standard Book Number: 0-12-500452-4 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-500453-2...
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...HOW TO Prepare Your Curriculum Vitae Revised Edition Acy L. Jackson and C. Kathleen Geckeis Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-142626-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-139044-8 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve...
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...course of Information Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. This book provides in depth knowledge on telecommunication switching and good background for advanced studies in communication networks. The entire subject is dealt with conceptual treatment and the analytical or mathematical approach is made only to some extent. For best understanding, more diagrams (202) and tables (35) are introduced wherever necessary in each chapter. The telecommunication switching is the fast growing field and enormous research and development are undertaken by various organizations and firms. The communication networks have unlimited research potentials. Both telecommunication switching and communication networks develop new techniques and technologies everyday. This book provides complete fundamentals of all the topics it has focused. However, a candidate pursuing postgraduate course, doing research in these areas and the employees of telecom...
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...co-entreprises avec des acteurs plus expérimentés, tels Honda et PSA. En 2007, Dongfeng lancera sept nouveaux modèles sous sa propre marque. Il est entré en bourse fin 2005. - Chiffre d'affaires semestriel 2010: 2,3 milliards d'euros - Résultat net semestriel 2010: 107,7 millions d'euros 3. Haier, la PME d'Etat devenue empire mondial Haier est tout simplement le symbole du capitalisme chinois. L'ex-PME d'Etat sans le sous est devenue en vingt ans un géant de l'électroménager, pesant 10,3 milliards d'euros de chiffre d'affaires en 2008 contre 2,5 milliards pour le leader français Seb. En revanche, son résultat net a baissé de 35,2% en 2009. - Chiffre d'affaires 2010: 10,3 milliards d'euros - Résultat net 2010: 23 millions d'euros 4. Sinochem, dans le classement Fortune depuis seize ans Sinochem, entreprise de chimie fondée en 1950, est contrôlée directement par l'appareil d'Etat chinois. Elle peut se vanter d'être l'une des plus anciennes entreprises figurant au palmarès des 500 plus grandes entreprises du magazine Fortune. En 2009, elle y figure pour la seizième année consécutive, au...
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...General Mills 2014 ANNUAL REPORT PUTTING THE CONSUMER Our Fiscal 2014 Financial Highlights In millions, except per share and return on capital data 52 weeks ended 52 weeks ended May 25, 2014 May 26, 2013 Change Net Sales Adjusted Segment Operating Profit* Net Earnings Attributable to General Mills Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS) Adjusted Diluted EPS, Excluding Certain Items Affecting Comparability* Return on Average Total Capital* Average Diluted Shares Outstanding Dividends per Share $17,910 $ 3,154 $ 1,824 $ 2.83 $ 2.82 11.6% 646 $ 1.55 $17,774 $ 3,223 $ 1,855 $ 2.79 $ 2.72 12.0% 666 $ 1.32 + 1% − 2% − 2% + 1% + 4% −40 basis pts. − 3% +17% N ET SA LE S Dollars in millions 2010 201 1 2012 2013 2014 14,636 14,880 16,658 17,774 17,910 A DJ USTE D S E G M E NT O PE R ATI N G PRO F IT * Dollars in millions 2010 201 1 2012 2013 2014 2,854 2,946 3,012 3,223 3,154 A DJ USTE D D I LUTE D E A R N I N G S PE R S H A R E * Dollars 2010 201 1 2012 2013 2014 2.31 2.48 2.56 2.72 2.82 D I V I D E N DS PE R S H A R E Dollars 2010 201 1 2012 2013 2014 0.96 1.12 1.22 1.32 1.55 *See page 87 for discussion of non-GAAP measures. Putting the Consumer First At General Mills, our key strategy for growing our worldwide food businesses is to Put the Consumer First. We work to connect with consumers and develop deep insight into what they like to eat, where they shop for food, and how they approach cooking today. From product development to manufacturing...
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...LINUX: Rute User’s Tutorial and Exposition Paul Sheer August 14, 2001 Pages up to and including this page are not included by Prentice Hall. 2 “The reason we don’t sell billions and billions of Guides,” continued Harl, after wiping his mouth, “is the expense. What we do is we sell one Guide billions and billions of times. We exploit the multidimensional nature of the Universe to cut down on manufacturing costs. And we don’t sell to penniless hitchhikers. What a stupid notion that was! Find the one section of the market that, more or less by definition, doesn’t have any money, and try to sell to it. No. We sell to the affluent business traveler and his vacationing wife in a billion, billion different futures. This is the most radical, dynamic and thrusting business venture in the entire multidimensional infinity of space-time-probability ever.” ... Ford was completely at a loss for what to do next. “Look,” he said in a stern voice. But he wasn’t certain how far saying things like “Look” in a stern voice was necessarily going to get him, and time was not on his side. What the hell, he thought, you’re only young once, and threw himself out of the window. That would at least keep the element of surprise on his side. ... In a spirit of scientific inquiry he hurled himself out of the window again. Douglas Adams Mostly Harmless Strangely, the thing that least intrigued me was how they’d managed to get it all done. I suppose I sort of knew. If I’d learned...
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...Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States SEVENTH EDITION Data Communications and Computer Networks A Business User’s Approach Curt M. White DePaul University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User’s Approach, Seventh Edition Curt M. White Editor-In-Chief: Joe Sabatino Senior Acquisitions Editor: Charles McCormick, Jr. Senior Product Manager: Kate Mason Editorial Assistant: Courtney Bavaro Marketing Director: Keri Witman Marketing Manager: Adam Marsh Senior Marketing Communications Manager: Libby Shipp Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay Media Editor: Chris Valentine Art and Cover Direction, Production Management, and Composition: PreMediaGlobal Cover Credit: © Masterfile Royalty Free Manufacturing Coordinator: Julio Esperas © 2013 Course Technology, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act—without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance...
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...COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE EIGHTH EDITION William Stallings Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On File Vice President and Editorial Director: Marcia J. Horton Editor-in-Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Associate Editor: Melinda Haggerty Marketing Manager: Erin Davis Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Editor: Rose Kernan Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Art Director: Kenny Beck Cover Design: Kristine Carney Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Patelli Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Manager, Visual Research: Beth Brenzel Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Composition: Rakesh Poddar, Aptara®, Inc. Cover Image: Picturegarden /Image Bank /Getty Images, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of...
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...Fundamentals of Database Systems Preface....................................................................................................................................................12 Contents of This Edition.....................................................................................................................13 Guidelines for Using This Book.........................................................................................................14 Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................15 Contents of This Edition.........................................................................................................................17 Guidelines for Using This Book.............................................................................................................19 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................21 About the Authors ..................................................................................................................................22 Part 1: Basic Concepts............................................................................................................................23 Chapter 1: Databases and Database Users..........................................................................................23 ...
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