...Josslynn Brown Linux NT1430 Chapter 1 1) Free software is software that gives you the user the freedom to share, study and modify it. We call this free software because the user is free. To use free software is to make a political and ethical choice asserting the right to learn, and share what we learn with others. The three main characteristics of free software are: The source code has to be distributed with the program, you cannot restrict people from redistributing/modifying/using the software, and users must be allowed to redistribute modified versions under the same terms/licensing. 2) Question # 4: The Free Software Foundation) is the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Project. GNU developed many of the tools, including the C compiler that are part of the Linux operating system. Linux is the name of the operating system kernel developed by Linus Torvalds, which has since been expanded and improved by thousands of people on the Internet. Torvalds’s kernel and GNU’s tools work together as the Linux operating system. Chapter 2 1) Installing Fedora/RHEL is the process of copying operating system files from a CD, DVD, or USB flash drive to hard disk(s) on a system and setting up configuration files so Linux runs properly on the hardware. Several types of installations are possible, including fresh installations, upgrades from older releases of Fedora/RHEL, and dual-boot installations. Chapter 3 1) A live system gives you a chance to preview Fedora...
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...NT1430: Linux Networking Unit 4 Homework Assignment Chapter 14: 1. Which commands can you use from the command line to send a file to the default printer? a. lpoptions –d printer 2. Which command would you give to cancel all print jobs on the system? a. cancel job-id 3. Which commands list your outstanding print jobs? a. lpc status 4. What is the purpose of sharing a Linux printer using Samba? a. Sharing a Linux printer using Samba allows Windows and OS/2 clients to send print jobs to the printer. 5. Name three printing protocols that CUPS supports. Which is the CUPS native protocol? a. 1.) System-config-printer 2.) lpinfo Displays available drivers 3.) lpadmin configures printers b. IPP is the native protocol Chapter 10: 1. Describe the similarities and differences between these utilities: a. Scp and ftp i. SCP stands for Secure Copy Protocol, and FTP is an acronym for the File Transfer Protocol, which was the original file transfer protocol. SCP and FTP are two applications for copying files from one computer to another. Both were based on their own protocols, but both now use different prtocols. b. Ssh and telnet i. Both are text-based protocols: mouse movements cannot be transferred only keystrokes. Both are connection-oriented and are client-server protocols. The main difference is in security. SSH offers security mechanisms that protect the user against anyone with malicious intent while Telnet has no security measures whatsoever. c. Rsh and...
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...time or at different time. It allows many users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. Some permit 100's to 1000 users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. They are successful because of the powerful, efficient, stable and secure operating systems like LINUX. It has a capability of providing each user the same data ensuring total privacy from each user even while accessed by 100's of users simultaneously. 2. What is the Free Software Foundation/GNU? Linux? Which parts of the GNU/Linux operating system did each provide? Who else has helped build and refine this operating system? The Free Software Foundation (www.fsf.org) is the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Project. GNU developed many of the tools, including the C compilers that are part of the GNU/Linux Operating Systems. Linux is the name of an operating system kernel developed by Linus Torvalds and expanded and improved What are multiuser by thousands of people on the Internet. Torvalds’s kernel and GNU’s tools work together as the GNU/Linux Operating System. 3. In what language is Linux written? What does the language have to do with the success of Linux? Linux is written in the C programming language and because it is written in the C language the language can be imbedded in all type of devices from TV’s, to PDA’s, cell phones, cable boxes for the reason of this language being so portable. 4. What is a shell? How does it work with the kernel? With the...
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...Francisco Ramirez Unit 5 assignment 1 Ch. 18 1. Sftp-secure file transfer protocol is a network protocol that provides file access, transfer, and management over a trusted data stream. Scp-secure transfer protocol is a network protocol that transfers data that can withstand or is immune to interception and tampering. 2. Use the “ssh host who” command in the terminal to show who is logged in 3. Scp user@bravo:-r your@home:blank 4. “$ ssh plum xterm” or use this command with “-y” if x11 forwarding is not trusted 5. The problem that enabling compression prevent when using a ssh to run remote x11 applications on a local display would be that this creates a backup feature. Should the computer crash, all of your work will be saved on the hard drive. 6. Check with the remote administrator to see if something has changed. Ch. 20 1. Edit “etc/aliases file to include the entry: root, var/logs/systemmail 2. “Cat~/. Forward”, then max@bravo.com then “/max” 3. Edit “/etc/mail/access” and add the following: “connect 192.168.1.1 relay” 4. “dnl” stand for “delete to new line”, works the same as # in shell script; it instructs the compiler to ignore any line followed by “dnl” 5. Go to content configuration on Spamassassin, then under “required spam assassin score”, change 3 to 5. 6. First, type the mail followed by the e-mail address of the recipient: mail Max@email.com, then type the subject line, then press enter. Type your message, then...
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...Disk Quotas using : Ubuntu The first step would be to open the Terminal application. To install the quota tools, you need to use the apt-get install commands. [sudo apt-get install quota quotatool] Next you need to edit and add the usrqouta and/or grpquota options to the mount point which has the home directories. To do this, we need to add them via Gedit, or Nano text editors. Ion my example, I am using gedit. [sudogedit /etc/fstab] Once Gedit is open, you must add the usrquota and grpquota privileges to the drive. You locate the drive in gedit and after –ro, you would add [,usrquota,grpquota] and then save the file in Gedit. I want to now go back to the root folder. [cd /] I now need to make a couple empty files to house the quota information. [sudo touch .quota.user /quota.group] Next I would change the permission to allow the root have read and write capabilities, and limited permissions to the users and the group. [sudochmod 600 /quota*] I will now dismount and remount the file system so the new settings could take effect. [sudo mount –o remount /] Note that it is now mounted with usrquota and grpquota. To prepare the filesystem to implement user specific quotas, I need to run the quota check command. [sudoquotacheck–avugm] [a= all files systems in /etc/mtab |v= verbose, display extra information |u= only user quotas listed in /etc/mtab | g= only group quotas listed in /etc/mtab |m=don’t try to remount the file system] Finally...
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...NT1430 Linux Networking: Study Guide Wed 21-November-2012 Linux Commands: Know these commands and what they do: • Directory and list commands o ls, ls –l o pwd o cd / o cd and cd~ (hint: both take you to your home directory) o cd .. (takes you up one directory • Know what cp and mv do and how to use them • File viewing commands: o cat o less and more (one page at atime) o vi and view o tail (shows the last 10 lines of a file) o head (shows the top 10 lines) • chmod for changing permissions on files and directories • know the differences in read write and execute for owner group and all • > to redirect output to a file (overwrites if file exists) • >> appends to a file • & puts a process in the background while fg brings it to the foreground. • ps –ef | grep programname locates a running process for you • grep is a program that searches for a string within a directory or command output • The pipe symbol ( | ) sends output from one command to the input of another. • Know what a Linux shell script is. Direcories and file systems • / is the root of the entire file system • /usr stores program files • /home stores user home directories • /etc stores Linux configuration files • /var stores various miscellaneous files • /proc is a virtual directory that stores system performance metrics...
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...Nt1430 Unit 4 Chptr 14 1. Which commands can you use from the command line to send a file to the default printer? lp or lpr 2. Which command would you give to cancel all print jobs on the system? Either sudo lprm – or sudo cancel –a will remove all jobs from the print queues 3. Which commands list your outstanding print jobs? lpq or lpstat 4. What is the purpose of sharing a Linux printer using Samba? Sharing a Linux printer using Samba allows Windows and OS/2 clients to send print jobs to the printer. 5. Name three printing protocols that CUPS supports. Which is the CUPS native protocol? System-config-printer lpinfo Displays available drivers lpadmin configures printers The cups native protocol is IPP Chptr 10 1. Describe the similarities and differences between these utilities: a. scp and ftp SCP stands for Secure Copy Protocol, and FTP is an acronym for the File Transfer Protocol, which was the original file transfer protocol. SCP and FTP are two applications for copying files from one computer to another. Both were originally based on their own protocols, but both now use different protocols b. ssh and telnet Both are text-based protocols: mouse movements cannot be transferred only keystrokes. Both are connection-oriented and are client-server protocols. The main difference is in security. SSH offers security mechanisms that protect the users against anyone with malicious intent while Telnet has no security measures whatsoever c. rsh and ssh They...
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...NT1430 NFS NFS is an open standard, cross-platform file system utility with implementations available for a wide range of operating systems, architectures, platforms, and appliances, from embedded systems to mainframes and high-performance clusters. NFS provides file sharing for Unix, Linux, mainframes, and other file systems, including Mac OS X. A Network File System (NFS) allows remote hosts to mount file systems over a network and interact with those file systems as though they are mounted locally. This enables system administrators to consolidate resources onto centralized servers on the network. Currently, there are three versions of NFS. NFS version 2 (NFSv2) is older and is widely supported. NFS version 3 (NFSv3) has more features, including 64bit file handles, Safe Async writes and more robust error handling. NFS version 4 (NFSv4) works through firewalls and on the Internet, no longer requires portmapper, supports ACLs, and utilizes stateful operations. Red Hat Enterprise Linux supports NFSv2, NFSv3, and NFSv4 clients, and when mounting a file system via NFS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux uses NFSv3 by default, if the server supports it. All versions of NFS can use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) running over an IP network, with NFSv4 requiring it. NFSv2 and NFSv3 can use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) running over an IP network to provide a stateless network connection between the client and server. When using NFSv2 or NFSv3 with UDP, the stateless UDP connection...
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...Unit 4 Explore and Discuss (NT1430.U4.GA2) Gudger-Garland S • CUPS server- After the CUPS system has been installed and configured, the administrator can begin configuring the local printers attached to the CUPS print server. This part of the process is very similar, if not identical, to configuring CUPS printers on other UNIX®-based operating systems, such as a Linux® distribution. The primary means for managing and administering the CUPS server is through the web-based interface, which can be found by launching a web browser and entering http://localhost:631 in the browser's URL bar. If the CUPS server is on another machine on the network, substitute the server's local IP address for localhost. The CUPS web interface is fairly self-explanatory,...
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...NT1430 Linux Networking: Study Guide Wed 21-November-2012 Linux Commands: Know these commands and what they do: • Directory and list commands o ls, ls –l o pwd o cd / o cd and cd~ (hint: both take you to your home directory) o cd .. (takes you up one directory • Know what cp and mv do and how to use them • File viewing commands: o cat o less and more (one page at atime) o vi and view o tail (shows the last 10 lines of a file) o head (shows the top 10 lines) • chmod for changing permissions on files and directories • know the differences in read write and execute for owner group and all • > to redirect output to a file (overwrites if file exists) • >> appends to a file • & puts a process in the background while fg brings it to the foreground. • ps –ef | grep programname locates a running process for you • grep is a program that searches for a string within a directory or command output • The pipe symbol ( | ) sends output from one command to the input of another. • Know what a Linux shell script is. Direcories and file systems • / is the root of the entire file system • /usr stores program files • /home stores user home directories • /etc stores Linux configuration files • /var stores various miscellaneous files • /proc is a virtual directory that stores system performance metrics...
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...NT1430 Final Review 1. Know what a swap partition is used for. a. The swap partition is an independent section of the hard disk used solely for swapping; no other files can reside there. Swap partition is used to turn the hard drive into extra RAM. 2. Know what an architecture is, and which are supported by Fedora. a. 32 and 64 bit b. Fedora CDs and DVDs hold programs compiled to run on a specific processor architecture (class of processors, or CPUs) c. There are several that Fedora supports: i. EM64T/AMD64 ii. A 64 bit distribution allows each process to address more than 4 gigabytes of RAM. iii. I383/i686 (Intel x86) iv. X86_64 (AMD64 and Intel EM64T) v. Mac PowerPC (PPC) 3. Know how the root of the file system is represented. a. The root is represented by a / b. Fedora uses the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) file system structure, which defines the names, locations, and permissions for many file types and directories. c. The two most important elements of FHS compliance are: i. Compatibility with other FHS-compliant systems ii. The ability to mount a /usr/ partition as read-only. This is especially crucial, since /usr/ contains common executables and should not be changed by users. In addition, since /usr/ is mounted as read-only, it should be mountable from the CD-ROM drive or from another machine via a read-only NFS mount. 4. Know what the cp command is used for. a. The Linux cp command is usually used to copy files and copy directory in Linux...
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...Research Paper: Free and Open-Source Software NT1430 – Linux Networking Research Paper: Free and Open-Source Software As the name so aptly implies FOSS is software that is both free and open source. It is liberally licensed to grant users the right to use, copy, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code. This practice is becoming increasingly widespread and gaining acceptance because of the potential benefits that could arise from its use. The “free” part of the title refers not to price, but more so to the idea of freedom for the user. The user of this type of software has the ability to copy and to reuse the software which usually is not the case. The open source part of the acronym refers to the use of the peer to peer model of development. In the 1950’s to 1970’s, advanced user privelages in reference to software were the norm. Most software allowed the user to share and copy at this time, since most of the companies who dealt in the field were more focused on marketing the hardware the software was almost always complimentary. This however, began to change when software development costs began to escalate and companies began competing for the software market. Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel began to shift things back in 1991. His software was a freely modifiable source code. Over the years the idea gathered much more momentum. It has burgheoned so that now major IT companies are now developing projects...
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...NT1430 12/15/13 Chapter 1 #1, 4 1. Free software is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change. The three main characteristics of free software are: The source code has to be distributed with the program, users must be allowed to redistribute modified versions under the same terms/licensing, and you can not restrict people from redistributing/modifying/using the software. 4. GNU stands for "GNU'S Not Unix", and it was designed to be a UNIX-like operating system developed by Richard Stallman. Linux is the name of operating system kernel developed by Linus Torvalds. GNU's tools aside the Linux kernel make the operating system known as “Linux” aka “GNU/Linux”. Thousands, possibly hundreds of thousands, of people helped refine the operating system because it was distributed freely online. Chapter 2 # 1 1. Installing Fedora/RHEL uses the process of copying operating system files from a CD, DVD, or USB flash drive to the hard disk on a system and setting up configuration files so Linux runs properly on the hardware. Several types of installations are possible including fresh installations, upgrades from older releases of Fedora, and dual-boot. Chapter 3 #1, 4, 8 1. A live system gives you a chance to preview Fedora without installing it. It does not write/install to hard disks. 4. Put /boot at the beginning of the drive (partition 1) so that there is no issue of Linux having to boot from a partition too far into the drive. 8. When the system...
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...NT1430 6/27/13 Unit 1 Exercises Assignment 1 Unit 1: 1. Free software is something that is free from the hands of the people you get it from and from this you can change it and modify it to what fits your needs. a. One characteristic of a free software is that the code must go along with the program. b. Users are encouraged to modify the code to make it better and share it with others. c. And lastly you can’t stop or restrict people from sharing this free software. 4. The Free Software Foundation/GNU was a project that was started by Richard Stallman who believed that giving the resources for free software was the way of the future. He also wrote the GNU kernel and system. Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds and was first introduced in September of 1991. Thousands of people world wide have helped make Linux/GNU what it is today. Unit 2: 1. Installing Fedora/RHEL is when you copy the operating system from a CD/DVD and you set up the files so that it works properly on Linux. Unit 3: 1. A live system gives the user the chance to view Fedora without actually installing it. 4. You put /boot at the beginning of the first partition so that Linux has no issue from booting on the drive. 8. You have to set the runlevel to 3, which is text based, and then you can log in and change it to startx. Unit 11: 1. If you log into the system in single-mode you can only sign in at a designated console and some filesystems may not be loaded. However...
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...Project Student College Case Project Linux as an operating system is a powerful tool used in businesses for its secure kernel and command line interface. From a small business to a large enterprise, Linux is used to run servers, store vital information and documents. In Outdoor Adventures, this store needs a more efficient computing system. The system will need to keep information available and secure enough to ensure that the information can only be seen by the right people. To help keep things organized, a file structure will also be required to keep all the files with special permissions together for easy access. To better illustrate the security capabilities of Linux Ed Sawicki of Biznix.org said, “The Linux firewall has functionality that rivals expensive commercial firewalls. Its rules allow fine grained control over stateless and stateful packet filtering. The Linux firewall is extensible, allowing new filtering capabilities as the need arises.” This comparison is powerful when considering what would be the most cost effective direction for a business, but also the safest. Another advantage of linux is that it is generally free to try before applying it to a commercial setting. The product can in effect speak for its self by allowing itself to be made publicly available so there is no need to consider it a “business risk” when a technician can experiment with it first before applying it on a much grander scale. “Linux…is a freely available multitasking and multiuser...
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