...Activity #5 – Mass per Nucleon __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 1: Review this video: https://wgu.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=7889fdcd-231a-45c9-b0ce-fe839aa5ec8b and read the excerpt from chapter 10 below (you don’t need to read all of chapter 10. The excerpt below is all that is needed). Step 2: Answer the following questions, in writing, in your words. 1. What is a nucleon? Protons and neutrons 2. What is fusion? Is two smaller atoms come together 3. How does mass per nucleon in a hydrogen atom compare to the mass per nucleon in a helium atom? 4. What happened to cause the mass per nucleon to change? When to two atoms comes together a pieces of mass is lost and converted into energy. 5. What is fission? Fission is when the nuclease of an atom splits into smaller pieces. 6. How does mass per nucleon change in a fission reaction? 7. How does the equation E=mc2 relate to mass per nucleon? It can find how much energy different amounts of mass can create. 8. Where does the energy released in a fusion or fission reaction come from? Is comes from the missing mass that was lost. Step 3: Submit your answers to a course mentor (naturalscience@wgu.edu) or come to a homework help session for feedback. Reading excerpt: 10.8 The Mass–Energy Relationship— Clearly, a lot of energy comes from every gram of nuclear fuel that is fissioned. What is the source of...
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...Nucleon Case Study The date is December 1990 and Nucleon, a biotech startup specializing in R&D, is having a difficult time deciding which route to take to get FDA approval for their product (CRP-1), while still creating the most value for their company and obtaining funding for future innovations. Nucleon is one of 200+ biotech companies in a relatively new field, racing to gain a proprietary position through R&D efforts, but lack the capital and manufacturing capabilities to bring their product through clinical trials and to the market. Thus several options are available for Phase I & 2 of clinical trials, as well as Phase III and can be seen in Figure 1 below. At first glance of the Nucleon decision tree (Figure 1), it would appear that based on the values under the net present value (NPV) column that option C would result in the most financial gain and future success. Option C would involve Nucleon passing Phase I & II of clinical trials through contract manufacturing methods and then by scaling up in Phase III to produce the amount of product needed to pass FDA requirements and meet market demand. However, choosing innovation strategies is based not only on quantitative results like that of the NPV, but also qualitative results in order to weigh factors that are not so easy to quantify. When quantitative and qualitative factors are then analyzed, one can see that option E is in fact the most beneficial to Nucleon’s success. Option E involves Nucleon licensing...
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...3 Options are available as below: Option A: Building pilot Plant Advantage: 1) Nucleon will be well prepared to do in house projects in future. 2) They would control absolutely everything that is going on with the clinical trial until it reaches phase 3. 3) They would also acquire vital experience when it comes to tech and regulatory issues. 4) First step towards vertical integration Disadvantage: 1) Obsolescence: mammalian cells fermentation as new promising technology 2) Idle plant: uncertainty about clinical trials outcome 3) Loss of focus from core R&D activities 4) Time: necessity of hiring technicians with manufacturing experience 5) Major capital investment Option B: Contract manufacturing Advantage: 1) No major capital investment 2) Retain ownership rights until phase 3 of clinical trials. Disadvantage: 1) Synergies through partnership - Time consuming negotiations (many months) 2) Long technology transfer (9 months) 3) Risky disclosure of confidential information 4) Costly Option C: Licensing Manufacturing and Marketing Rights Advantage: 1) Cash generated immediately. 2) No Capital investments required. 3) Concentrate all resources on R&D Disadvantage: 1) Much lower revenue if CRP1 is successful. One of the big issues with Nucleon is that it is a small firm coming into an industry with several larger, well established firms. In this case, it was highly important for the company to focus on their core competency and quickly gain...
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...Description[edit] The lightest of the chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe[6] in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms).[7][8] Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis.[9] On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spallation. New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay. Of the 98 naturally occurring elements, those with atomic numbers 1 through 40 are all considered stable. At least one isotope of each element with atomic numbers 41 through 82 is apparently stable (except technetium, element 43 and promethium, element 61, which have no stable isotopes) but theoretically unstable (in that their fission would release energy) and thus possibly mildly radioactive.[10][11][not in citation given] The half-lives of elements 41 through 82 are so long, however, that their radioactive decay remains undetected by experiment. These "theoretical radionuclides" have half-lives at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe.[citation needed] Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 98 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay...
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...nucleus and are collectively called nucleons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in a similar way to that in which planets orbit a sun. In between the electrons and nucleus there is nothing (empty space). The nucleus is very small; if an atom were the size of a football pitch, the nucleus would be the size of a drawing pin. The basic properties of these three particles can be summarized in the following table: |Particle |Charge |Mass | |Proton |+1 unit |Approx 1 unit | |Neutron |No charge |Approx 1 unit | |Electron |-1 unit |Approx 1/1840 units (very small) | 1 unit of charge is 1.602 x 10-19 coulombs. A proton is given a charge of +1 and an electron a charge of -1. All charges are measured in these units. 1 unit of mass is 1.661 x 10-27 kg. This is also not a convenient number, so we use “atomic mass units”. Since the mass of protons and neutrons varies slightly depending on the nucleus, then in order to define an “atomic mass unit” we need to choose one nucleus as a standard. For this purpose 126C , or “carbon-12”, was chosen because its mass per nucleon (1.661 x 10 –27 kg) is around average...
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...any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on the examination. OCR will not enter into any discussion or correspondence in connection with this mark scheme. © OCR 2014 F331 1. Mark Scheme These are the annotations, (including abbreviations), including those used in scoris, which are used when marking Annotation Meaning Blank Page – this annotation must be used...
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...astro-ph/0301505 UMN–TH–2127/03 TPI–MINN–03/02 January 2003 arXiv:astro-ph/0301505v2 25 Jan 2003 TASI LECTURES ON DARK MATTER∗ KEITH A. OLIVE† William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA E-mail: olive@umn.edu Observational evidence and theoretical motivation for dark matter are presented and connections to the CMB and BBN are made. Problems for baryonic and neutrino dark matter are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the prospects for supersymmetric dark matter. 1. Lecture 1 The nature and identity of the dark matter of the Universe is one of the most challenging problems facing modern cosmology. The problem is a long-standing one, going back to early observations of mass-to-light ratios by Zwicky1 . Given the distribution (by number) of galaxies with total luminosity L, φ(L), one can compute the mean luminosity density of galaxies L= which is determined to be2 L ≃ 2 ± 0.2 × 108 ho L⊙ M pc−3 (2) Lφ(L)dL (1) where L⊙ = 3.8 × 1033 erg s−1 is the solar luminosity. In the absence of a cosmological constant, one can define a critical energy density, ρc = 3H 2 /8πGN = 1.88 × 10−29 ho 2 g cm−3 , such that ρ = ρc for three-space curvature k = 0, where the present value of the Hubble parameter has been defined by Ho = 100ho km Mpc−1 s−1 . We can now define a critical mass-to-light ratio is given by (M/L)c = ρc /L ≃ 1390ho(M⊙ /L⊙ ) (3) ∗ Summary of lectures given at the Theoretical Advanced...
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...How is the scientific method used to solve problems? Scientific method used to solve problems by keen observations, rational analysis, and experimentation. Observation: Closely observe the physical world around you. How is the scientific method used to solve problems? Scientific method used to solve problems by keen observations, rational analysis, and experimentation. Observation: Closely observe the physical world around you. Question: Recognize a question or a problem. Hypothesis: An educated guess or a reasonable explanation. When the hypothesis can be tested by experiment, it qualifies as a scientific hypothesis Prediction: Consequences that can be observed if the hypothesis is correct. The consequences should be absent if the hypothesis is not correct. Conclusion: Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings. What is the principle of falsifiability? For a hypothesis to be considered scientific it must be testable?it must, in principle, be capable of being proven wrong. Fact: A phenomenon about which competent observers can agree. Theory: A synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world. Law: A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. Also known as a principle. Evidence: which...
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...Bixa Orellana Linn. Seeds (Achuete) as a Source of Pigment in Making a Milk Base Paint A Research Proposal Submitted to: Mrs. Irene F. Delios Submitted by: Axel Xamniel Llorente VI - Pearl ABSTRACT Paints make houses and buildings beautiful and colorful which makes them attractive. This study was to determine the effectiveness of Bixa Orellana Linn seeds (Achuete) as a source of pigment in making a milk based paint. The achuete was chosen for the study because it is rich in tannin and can easily be found or bought in the market and found in high land areas. It contains tannin that composes in a pigment that is used in making paint. Achuete seeds contain 70-80% of tannin. Some of the sub-problems were to judge the color of the finish product made out of pigment from achuete seeds so 30 female respondents will be asked to observe the finish product and judege and qualify its color. The researchers gathered all the materials and assured all were cleaned. Achuete seeds were pounded and the powdered form is now the pigment. For the binder, the researchers used skim milk to produce casein which acts as the binder. The pigment were soaked and the skimmed milk was boiled to form a precipitate. Results show that Bixa Orellana...
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...CODE : 8 IIT - JEE 2015 (Advanced) (2) Vidyalankar : IIT JEE 2015 Advanced : Question Paper & Solution PART I : PHYSICS Section 1 (Maximum Marks : 32) This section contains EIGHT questions. The answer to each question is a SINGLE DIGIT INTEGER ranging from 0 to 9, both inclusive. For each question, darken the bubble corresponding to the correct integer in the ORS. Marking scheme : +4 If the bubble corresponding to the answer is darkened 0 In all other cases 1. The energy of a system as a function of time t is given as E(t) = A 2 exp(t), where = 0.2 s1. The measurement of A has an error of 1.25%. If the error in the measurement of time is 1.50%, the percentage error in the value of E(t) at t = 5 s is 1. [4] E(t) = A2 exp (t) (E) = 2A (A) exp (t) + A2 exp ( t) (E) = 2A exp ( t) A + A2 exp (t) (t) (E) = 2A exp (t) A + A2 exp (t) tt (E) A 2 (t)20.01250.20.0155 E A (E) = 0.0250 + 0.015 = 0.040 % error = 4% (E) 2. The densities of two solid spheres A and B of the same radii R vary with radial distance r 5 r r as A(r) = k and B(r) = k , respectively, where k is a constant. The moments R R of inertia of the individual spheres about axes passing through their centres are IA and IB, I n respectively. If B = , the value of n is IA 10 2. [6] x x R V = 4 x2 x (m) = 4(x) x2 . x I = 2 2 (m)x 2 4(x) x 4 x 3 3 R I x (x)dx 4 0...
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...Chapter 1 The Evolution of the Modern Firm Chapter Contents 1) Introduction 2) The World in 1840 • Doing Business in 1840 • Conditions of Business in 1840: Life Without a Modern Infrastructure Example 1.1: The Emergence of Chicago 3) The World in 1910 • Doing Business in 1910 Example 1.2: Responding to the Business Environment: The Case of American Whaling • Business Conditions in 1910: A "Modern" Infrastructure Example 1.3: Evolution of the Steel Industry 4) The World Today • Doing Business Today • The Infrastructure Today Example 1.4: Economic Gyrations and Traffic Gridlock in Thailand 5) Three Different Worlds: Consistent Principles, Changing Conditions, and Adaptive Strategies Example 1.5: Infrastructure and Emerging Markets: The Russian Privatization Program Example 1.6: Building National Infrastructure: The Transcontinental Railroad 6) Chapter Summary 7) Questions Chapter Summary This chapter analyses the business environment in three different time periods: 1840, 1910 and the present. It looks at the business infrastructure, market conditions, the size and scope of a firm’s activities and a firm’s response to changes. This historical perspective shows that all successful businesses have used similar principles to adapt to widely varying business conditions in order to succeed. Businesses in the period before 1840 were small and operated in localized markets...
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...Answers to Conceptual Integrated Science End-of-Chapter Questions Chapter 1: About Science Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 1 The era of modern science in the 16th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature’s behavior. 2 In Conceptual Integrated Science, we believe that focusing on math too early is a poor substitute forconcepts. 3 We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside...
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...GCSE Physics Revision notes 2014 Contents Static and Current Electricity .............................................................................................................. 2 Properties of Waves ........................................................................................................................... 12 Uses of Waves..................................................................................................................................... 13 Forces, Moments and Pressure......................................................................................................... 14 Energy Transfers................................................................................................................................. 17 Energy Calculations ............................................................................................................................ 20 Radioactivity ........................................................................................................................................ 22 Magnetism and Electromagnetism ................................................................................................... 24 Space .................................................................................................................................................... 27 These notes cover the main areas of this subject. Please check the specific areas you need with your exam board. They are...
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...Date of Sale Seal of Bank / Institution with Address Initial of authorized sale clerk CONTENTS Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Appendix I. II. III. IV . V . VI. VII. VIII. IX. List of Institutions participated in CCB(AIEEE) -2010-Counseling .......................................................... 007 Nomenclature of Disciplines in Degree Engineering & Technology/ Architecture/Town Planning (Approved by AICTE) ............................................................................... 009 Syllabus .................................................................................................................................................... 010 Addresses of selling centers from where Application Forms can be procured against Cash Payment only ....................................................................................................... 019 Instructions for completing and sending the Application Form By Post ................................................. 024 List of Cities where All India Engineering/Architecture Entrance Examination will be conducted ................................................................................................................. 027 List of cities where on line examination will be conducted ...................................................................... 029 A. Procedure to be followed in conduct of AIEEE ...............................................................................
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