..._____________________________________________________________________ CREDIT Research Paper No. 01/05 _____________________________________________________________________ Reducing Child Malnutrition: How Far Does Income Growth Take Us? by Harold Alderman, Simon Appleton, Lawrence Haddad, Lina Song and Yisehac Yohannes _____________________________________________________________________ Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nottingham 2 The Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade is based in the School of Economics at the University of Nottingham. It aims to promote research in all aspects of economic development and international trade on both a long term and a short term basis. To this end, CREDIT organises seminar series on Development Economics, acts as a point for collaborative research with other UK and overseas institutions and publishes research papers on topics central to its interests. A list of CREDIT Research Papers is given on the final page of this publication. Authors who wish to submit a paper for publication should send their manuscript to the Editor of the CREDIT Research Papers, Professor M F Bleaney, at: Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, School of Economics, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UNITED KINGDOM Telephone (0115) 951 5620 Fax: (0115) 951 4159 CREDIT Research Papers are distributed free of charge to members of the Centre...
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...Impact of Poor Nutrition on the Academic Performance of Grade Seven learners: A Case of Zimbabwe Kudzai Chinyoka Great Zimbabwe University Department of Educational Foundations Email: chinyokak@gmail.com Doi:10.5296/ijld.v4i3.6169 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v4i3.6169 Abstract This paper examined the impact of poor nutrition on the academic performance of grade seven learners at two primary schools in Chivi, Zimbabwe. Its main objective is to identify mitigation policies and measures designed to reduce negative effects of poor nutrition on children’s academic performance. Malnutrition remains one of the major obstacles to human well-being affecting all areas of a child's growth and development, including performance in the classroom. The study is grounded in Maslow’s motivational and needs theory. In this study, a qualitative phenomenological case study design was used with focus group discussions, interviews and observations as data collection instruments to twelve (12) grade seven learners, three (3) headmasters and four (4) teachers, purposively sampled in Masvingo province. Findings revealed that malnutrition affected physical growth, cognitive development and it consequently impacts on academic performance, health and survival of learners. Malnutrition also deepens poverty due to increased health care costs. The study also established that hungry and undernourished grade seven learners were not able to take on physical work and sporting activities...
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...protein folding. The structure is held together by hydrogen bonds. The secondary structure is divided into alpha (α) and beta (β) protein. The tertiary structure of proteins is a three-dimensional structure formed by the folding up of a whole polypeptide chain. Every protein has unique tertiary structure, which is responsible for its properties and function. For example, the shape of the active site in an enzyme is due to its treaty structure. Quaternary structure of proteins found only in proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain. The amino acids in human bodies are made it two different ways: either from scratch or by modifying others. A few amino acids also known as the essential amino acids must come from food [Proteins the nutrition source]. There are two main types of fats, saturated and unsaturated. Unsaturated fat are liquids at room temperature and are considered beneficial for improving blood cholesterol levels, ease...
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...Curriculum Planning This paper will explore the effects on a child’s growth and development. What factors, such as, poverty and abuse can have on the development of a child. What educators can do to help identify delays and develop appropriate behavior in children. Also, this paper will explore what children are learning in preschool and programs that can be useful in the growth and development of children. There are differences in the growth and development of every child. Growth refers to specific changes and increases in the child’s actual size (Allen, K. & Marotz, L. 2010, p 24). Development refers to any increase in complexity, from simple to more complicated, and detailed (Allen, K. & Marotz, L. 2010, p 25). Teachers and caregivers often get these confused. Growth defined as an increase in size, whereas development defined by the improvement and acquisition of skills. Growth often limited by the lack of resources and development, will still take place by using the resources a child possesses. Our textbook, states “growth and development are influenced by a child’s unique genetic makeup and the quality of the everyday environment, which includes nurturing, health care, and opportunities to learn the full range of skills that are evidence of developmental progress” (Allen, K. & Marotz, L. 2010, p 25). Every child grows and develops differently according to how the child acquires the necessary skills in six key developmental areas (Allen, K. & Marotz...
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...1)The teacher's personal opinion cannot be accepted as scientific evidence because she is making a generalisation from just her own class. She has not used the scientific method to come to her conclusions about breakfast and reading abilities and she should have operationalised her criteria when working out if her pupils had proper nutrition in the morning rather than using loose vocabulary such as 'decent breakfast'. 2) The researcher could of put all names of the 400 students on pieces of paper into one container. He could of then selected 100 names from the container collecting his random sample of his access group. To reduce the risk of bias the researcher should use the same size paper for each name and have the paper folded in a way so he cannot possibly know which names he is picking. 3) Limitations of using random sampling in this study could come from the fact that the sample may not be truly representative. All names selected could come from only a few of the schools or he may not get an equal representation from each gender. The sample he does get at the end may be bias as not all parents will agree to their child being used in a study so a limitation would be that there are difficulties in getting a sample through this method. 4) It is important to operationalise the independent and the dependent variables in this study because the psychologist needs to have clear criteria for what exactly a 'decent breakfast'...
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...Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore a number of marketing issues, such as consumer buyer behaviour and distribution channels, in relation to buying halal meat (HM) from local shops versus supermarkets in the UK. Design/methodology/approach – A consumer survey (300 participants) and observation of three local halal shops and a Morrisons supermarket were successfully undertaken in London, Brighton and Edinburgh. Findings – The majority of UK Muslims do not trust big supermarkets when buying HM. They will only trust a Muslim selling halal products in their local shops. Most respondents did not know that supermarkets in their local area sold HM. Research limitations/implications – In order to increase the sales of HM ranges, supermarkets need to improve their marketing efforts, for example by advertising in Islamic newspapers, mosques and other relevant sources. Supermarkets need to stock other complementary halal products to get a mass response from this market segment, as well as enhancing/improving their services, for example, there should be sales people who are able to advise customers on particular halal products. Originality/value – The study reveals that the majority of UK Muslims are at odds with most UK shoppers and increasingly prefer to shop at small shops, rather than big supermarkets. The paper helps to emphasise the major issues that frame the current state of marketing HM in the UK; contributes...
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...tasks of the preschool child include preparation to enter school, the development of a cooperative-type play, control of body functions, acceptance of separation, and increase in communication skills, memory, and attention span (Leifer, 2003, p. 422). Erikson’s preschool stage involves the development of initiative (Leifer, 2003, p. 436). He believed that a preschool child learns assertiveness and can manipulate the environment. Kohlberg’s theory concerning preschoolers refers to the moral development and the beginning awareness of needs of others (Leifer, 2003, p. 436). He stated that a preschool child believes that rules are absolute, and breaking rules result in punishment. The Five-Year-Old: Nutrition and Piaget’s theory in relation to nutrition • Picky eater; likes finger foods • Food is described by color, shape, and quantity. • Foods tend to be classed as “like” and “don’t like.” • Eating becomes less the center of attention. Physical Development • Height may increase by 2 to 3 inches; slender appearance • They may gain 3 to 6 pounds • Deciduous teeth erupt, and baby teeth start to fall out Language and Thinking...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of the current paper is to critically review the contributions that two of these studies have made to our understanding of societal perceptions, social support and how it affects breastfeeding attitudes and outcomes. (Kronborg and Vaeth 2004) Defined Social support as the mother's perceptions in relation to the support she receives from peers, family and the society at large. The first paper to be reviewed is written by (Leeming et al. 2013) and entitled 'Socially sensitive lactation: Exploring the social context of breastfeeding'. The second paper is written by (Scott et al. 2015) and entitled 'A comparison of maternal attitudes to breast feeding in public and the association with breastfeeding duration in four European countries: Results of a cohort study. The current paper will summarise the arguments, review the subject matter in both papers and compare and contrast the different methodological approaches taken by the authors with comments on the appropriateness of each method chosen. It concludes by a justified opinion of the subject. (Li et al. 2008), stated that discomfort with the idea of breastfeeding is one of the concerns for some women choosing not to breastfeed or incorporating shorter duration of breastfeeding (Stuebe and Bonuck 2011). Decades of research confirm the benefits of breastfeeding for infants and for maternal health (Cricco 2007) (Tarrant, Dodgson and Wu 2014) (Ingram et al. 2008). 1.1 ARGUMENTS (Leeming et al. 2013)...
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...Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper no. 1044-94 Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY Sanders Korenman Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs and Center for Population Analysis and Policy University of Minnesota Jane E. Miller Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research Rutgers University John E. Sjaastad Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota September 1994 This research was funded by a grant from the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin. An earlier version of part of this paper appeared as part of Office of Population Research Working Paper No. 93-5, Princeton University, June 1993, which contains supplemental analyses and is available from the authors. We thank participants in seminars at the University of Maryland, the University of Michigan, Princeton University, the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the 1993 meetings of the Population Association of America for their comments. Abstract The authors describe developmental deficits in early childhood associated with long-term poverty in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). They compare estimates of the effects of long-term poverty (based on a thirteen-year average of income) to estimates of the effects of poverty based on a single year of income (at the time of developmental assessment). They find substantial developmental deficits among...
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...Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper Andrea Muller SCI/241 September 12, 2014 Cindy Davis Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper When a person carries too much or excess body in comparison to the lean muscle mass, it calls for an unhealthy body. As the body fat-to-lean ratio increases, so does your health risks. In fact, more often than not an unhealthy body composition can lead to obesity and lead to more critical health conditions such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and even cancer. What causes these factors of obesity? Consuming a high in fat, high in sugar, lack of exercise, overeating, and excess alcohol intake are all factors of obesity. On the other hand, eating disorders are serious illnesses that affect someone’s everyday diet by either eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. Such eating disorders include: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating. Whether you are a man or woman, these disorders are very real and can be treatable. Usually, these eating disorders are associated with other mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety disorders and substance abuse. Each eating disorder has specific characteristics to them as well as treatments. However, these eating disorders also take a toll of a person’s health therefore many health risks are of a concern. People with anorexia nervosa analyze eating, food and their weight constantly. This obsession makes them believe that they...
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...The detrimental effect of malnutrition on school achievement Evidence from two districts of Madagascar Frédéric Aubery∗ October 2012 Abstract The numerous school feeding programs around the world rest on the assumption that better nutrition leads to better results at school but the relationship between nutrition and school achievement is complex and difficult to estimate. Unobservable school, parents and child’s characteristics could have an impact on both nutrition and educational outcomes, resulting in a severe endogeneity problem. Based on a large data set from Madagascar (with nearly 6000 pupils), this paper tries to estimate the causal relationship between nutrition and school achievement with the help of an instrumental variable method. Variation in the total amount of rainfall from a year to an other during the five first years of a child’s life is used as an exogenous instrument to predict the long term nutritional status. Once instrumented the effect of nutrition over test scores appears to be larger, meaning that OLS estimates of this relationship were underestimated. Keywords : Nutrition, education, school feeding program. JEL codes : I25 , O12. PhD Candidate - Centre d’Etude et de Recherche sur le Développement International (CERDI) fred.aubery@gmail.com ∗ 1 1 Introduction Despite their high intervention costs, school feeding programs are widespread accross the world. According to Galloway et al. [2009], the mean cost of a school feeding program (SFP)...
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...WGU GLT1 Behavioral Science Survey and Issues in Behavioral Science - Complete Course All 4 Tasks http://www.homeworkminutes.com/answer/view/40114 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At JohnMate1122@gmail.com WGU GLT1 Task 1 Two examples of native non-western cultures that have been impacted by globalization are Japan and China. In 1971 the first McDonalds was introduced to Japanese culture. Japanese culture places a lot of importance on food and traditions. One of those traditions is Obentos. The practice of Obentos includes meals being made by mothers for their children in a precise way. These carefully thought out healthy meals were meant to sustain children throughout the day and give them quality nutrition so that they could focus on their studies. The precise way the meal was made was also meant to mirror the role of a Japanese citizen. The introduction of fast food has not only had an impact on Obentos, it has also impacted obesity in Japan. Obesity rates have risen from 3% prior to the introduction of fast food, to 10% currently. Japan now has the second largest amount of McDonald’s franchises in the world, after the USA. WGU GLT1 Task 2 Drug or substance abuse is a socially significant problem in the United States that affects us all. Drug abuse can significantly impact families and communities. Thirty one percent of America's homeless suffer from drug abuse or alcoholism. As many as sixty percent of adults in Federal prisons are there...
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...issue to address many young adolescents are become victims of school violence which results in lower educational opportunities for some student’s. In this paper I have research statistics amongst school violence and the importance to know the effects it may have own students Are you going to the party on Friday?, I’m sure that was the hot topic in the cafeteria at Marysville-Pilchuck High School on October 24, 2014, that quickly changed when “15 year old freshman student Jaylen Fryberg shot five other students at Marysville Pilchuck High School, fatally wounding four, before fatally shooting himself.” (www.kval.com) The one surviving victim and all of the students who witness this horrible act of school violence can never erase those images in their heads for the rest of their lives. There are many forms of school violence some that are not has fatal has Marysville-Pilchuck High School but one form of school violence that is on the rise is bullying. Bullying can be just has fatal has physical school violence because a lot of young adults have committed suicide because they were victims of bullying. School violence is more likely to happen in low-income socioeconomic class rather than a high socioeconomic class. A lack of a nurturing environment, stimulation, and nutrition can all lead to school violence. Overall this paper will give a detailed explanation...
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...Field Experience Name: Institution: Early childhood programs are among the hotly debated topics but with good reasons. How enough is formal and informal learning to benefit young children? Under which settings are our young ones equipped to behave exemplary, learn better and their minds braced up for the opportunities and challenges education presents? This paper therefore explores the nutrition, safety, health and physical fitness surrounding the programs and its resources to attain maximum benefits obtained by the children. Health and safety Some needs should be atleast our priority if not our second nature. Protecting our young ones from neglect, abuse and health hazards is imperative in operating such a program. To start us off is the indoor environment as this is the place they spend most of their learning time. The programs were reasonably up to the task as the classrooms were sparklingly clean and physically accessible. My practical observation saw me discover that the 2 programs boast approximately 37 square feet per child of the usable classroom space activity excluding the lockers, bathrooms and hallways. The classroom management was top-notch with the spaces nicely divided; from private visible area, pathways, storage areas to spaces meant for playing individually or together in appropriate groups. The rest, sleep and eating areas and periods are strictly observed, ostensibly to create a good time with children. The sleeping area, free form restraints, is well arranged...
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...GUEVARA HIGHSCHOOL IN RELATION TO THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE A Project Paper Presented to PROF. MYREL M. SANTIAGO In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject in Methods of Research Submitted by: Ana S. Transifiguracion Ria Marie M. Reyes Major in Technology and Livelihood Education Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Nutrition is the result of the processes whereby the body takes in and uses food for growth, development and maintenance of health. Nutrition can also affect the body’s ability to resist disease, the length of one’s life and the state of one’s physical and mental well-being. Promoting good nutrition helps children grow, promotes human development and advances economic growth and eradication of poverty. Studies have shown that proper nutrition has a direct effect on student performance and behavior in school In many studies, cases of socioeconomic status seem to be an indicator of food insufficiency, which is simply the lack of available food to a household. Food insufficiency has been shown to directly affect children’s cognitive development. (Nutrition And Its Effects On Academic Performance How Can Our Schools Improve? By Amy Ross ) Poor nutrition on the other hand, is a chronic problem linked to poverty, poor nutrition understanding and practices, and deficient sanitation and food security. Lack of proper nutrition contributes to worse class performance, lower test scores, and eventually less...
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