...Management by objectives. MBO strategy has three basic parts: 1. All individuals within an organization are assigned a special set of objectives that they try to reach during a normal operating period. These objectives are mutually set and agreed upon by individuals and their managers. 2. Performance reviews are conducted periodically to determine how close individuals are to attaining their objectives. 3. Rewards are given to individuals on the basis of how close they come to reaching their goals. MBO has six stages: 1. Define corporate objectives at broad level. 2. Analyze management tasks and devise formal job specifications, which allocate responsibilities and decisions to individual managers. 3. Set performance standards. 4. Agree and set specific objectives. 5. Align individual targets with corporate objectives. 6. Establish a management information system to monitor achievements against objectives. The 8 key result areas where managers must pursue clear objectives are: • Marketing. • Innovation. • Human organization. • Financial resources. • Physical resources. • Productivity. • Social responsibility. • Profit requirement. MBO Key Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages - MBO programs continually emphasize what should be done in an organization to achieve organizational goals. - MBO process secures employee commitment to attaining organizational goals. Disadvantages...
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...The Objective-C environment, a growing collection of tools and reusable components (Software-ICs) for large-scale production system-building is discussed. Its goal is to make it possible for its users to build software systems in the way that hardware engineers build theirs, by reusing Software-ICs supplied by a marketplace in generic components rather than by building everything from scratch. The environment is based on conventional technology (C and Unix-style operating systems), which it includes and extends. The extensions presently include a complied and an interpreted implementation of Objective-C (an object-oriented programming language based on C) and several libraries of reusable components (ICpaks). Smartphones provide applications that are increasingly similar to those of interactive desktop programs, providing rich graphics and animations. To simplify the creation of these interactive applications, mobile operating systems employ highlevel object-oriented programming languages and shared libraries to manipulate the device's peripherals and provide common userinterface frameworks. The presence of dynamic dispatch and polymorphism allows for robust and extensible application coding. Unfortunately, the presence of dynamic dispatch also introduces significant overheads during method calls, which directly impact execution time. Furthermore, since these applications rely heavily on shared libraries and helper routines, the quantity of these method calls is higher than...
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...Research of Objective-C October 9, 2012 Introduction There is little doubt in today’s dynamic and fast moving technology market that Objective-C is a powerful, high-level, flexible programming language that has been around since the early 1980s and has the staying power to last a long time. Objective-C is an extension of the programming language C developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love to support the object oriented features of Smalltalk another programming language. Objective-C is the main language from which Apple’s MAC OS X for Desktops and laptops and iOS for iPhones and iPads are derived. There have been variants to this language as well, Objective-C++ and Objective-C 2.0 which proves the sustainability of this language. Due its portability, Objective-C has shown its flexibility and the ability to adapt to the ever changing and fast moving arena of mobile devices especially from Apple. What is Objective-C? Objective-C is a reflective programming language which aims to provide object orientated concepts and Smalltalk messaging to C. GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) provides a compiler for Objective-C, however due to the rich library support on OpenStep based operating systems (Mac OS X, IPhone, GNUstep) it is typically only used on these platforms. Objective-C is implemented as an augmentation to the C language. It is a superset of C which means that any Objective-C compiler can also compile C. To illustrate what Objective-C looks like as a language I will show you...
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...Techniques in Performance Appraisal Encourage Discussion Research studies show that employees are likely to feel more satisfied with their appraisal result if they have the chance to talk freely and discuss their performance. It is also more likely that such employees will be better able to meet future performance goals. Employees are also more likely to feel that the appraisal process is fair if they are given a chance to talk about their performance. This is especially so when they are permitted to challenge and appeal against their evaluation. Constructive Intention It is very important that employees recognize that negative appraisal feedback is provided with a constructive intention, i.e., to help them overcome present difficulties and to improve their future performance. Employees will be less anxious about criticism, and more likely to find it useful, when the belief is that the appraiser's intentions are helpful and constructive. In contrast, other studies have reported that "destructive criticism" - which is vague, ill- informed, unfair or harshly presented - will lead to problems such as anger, resentment, tension and workplace conflict, as well as increased resistance to improvement, denial of problems, and poorer performance. Set Performance Goals It has been shown in numerous studies that goal-setting is an important element in employee motivation. Goals can stimulate employee effort, focus attention, increase persistence, and encourage...
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...Omar Hassan Principles of Management Professor Joe MArkert October 10, 2012 In the article “Objectives of an Organization” one can learn that a business or organization’s vision and mission plays a very important role in maintaining a consistently successful business. Workers of an organization and just people in general tend to lose track towards the path to success without a vision providing strategies for the future of a company. An organization that lacks this ingredient is likely to fail in achieving its goal. Therefore, It is very essential that the leader of an organization sets a well defined and reachable goal for which an organization could work towards achieving. With this being said, I feel that CEO’s/leaders truly have a very vital role in terms of setting the vision and mission for the organization ultimately building it into a stronger one. It doesn't just take any highly ranked manager to convey the vision/mission to the employees, but one that is cautious, aware, and very well understands the job enough to be able to clearly communicate to the employees so that they can appropriately work their part seriously. This technique can also help managers to guide worker’s behaviors. Relatively, I believe that setting such motivational and propelling guidance such as vision and mission to influence employees behaviors is crucial when trying to maintain a positive working atmosphere because it will drive workers into providing outstanding results. Thus, it will...
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...| Peter F. Drucker is the management scholar. He is thought to be the establishing father of current management. Peter Drucker, whose life crossed the previous century (1909 – 2005), was an exceedingly instructed native of the world: an innovative soul who composed thirty-nine books including numerous fantastic chips away at business management. He was a man of numerous parts: a sharp eyewitness, a long lasting understudy, an educator, mentor of eminent corporate pioneers, and the organizer of an official school in Claremont, California, that bears his name. Peter Ferdinand Drucker was an author, management advisor and college teacher. His written work concentrated on management related writing. Peter Drucker made well known the term information specialist and is thought to have unknowingly introduced the learning economy, which viably challenges Karl Marx's reality perspective of the political economy. George Orwell credits Peter Drucker as one of the main journalists to foresee the German-Soviet Pact of 1939. Much has been said and composed of his accomplishments, but then there is a lesser-known side to Peter Drucker; that other side is the subject of this paper. He was hesitant about his own reasoning of life. He additionally emphatically protested being known as a ‘management master’ – a sobriquet frequently attached to him. As opposed to being a supplier of answers, Drucker constantly remained an examiner: his showing strategy was Socratic. What mattered most was the...
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...Long Term Objectives Dr Pepper Snapple Group has a five-year goal of its corporate social responsibilities. In 2010, Dr. Pepper Snapple Group introduces a five-year goal which called ‘Sustainability ACTION’ to improved environmental and social performance across the company’s operation. Dr. Pepper Snapple Group establishes their long term objectives in the area of public responsibility. They focus on the environmental sustainability, health and well-being, philanthropy, workplace environment and ethical sourcing. The long term objectives of DPS are measurable, understandable and motivating. The long term objective of DPS is to improve the environmental and social performance in 5 year time and its clearly state what will achieved and when it will be achieved. This objective also motivates their employee due to the safety working environment and they will work hard to help the company to achieve the long term objective. In environmental sustainability, Dr. Pepper Snapple Group aim to improve the energy efficiency by 10%, reduce water usage by 10% and recycle 80% of solid waste by 2015. In order to improve the health and well-bring of the society, DPS aim to produce more product that reduce the calories and able to improve the nutrition of the consumer in year 2015. In the area of corporate philanthropy, DPS aim to contribute a total of 100,000 volunteer hours and attain an annual giving level of $10 million in charitable cash donations, with the majority of support focused on...
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...Project title: Project Nature: Environment Objective: The purpose of this project is based from what one of the barangays that we had talked to needed and that is cleaning materials like for example, trash bins. We chose Barangay Teresa as a community to help since we also noticed that there are only few trash bins around the area (especially along the street way to the main entrance gate of our campus) which is one source why the surroundings are so messy. We also would like to include having a seminar about what we had learned on our topic last CWTS 1 which is proper waste disposal. Target/Beneficiaries: Residents of Barangay Teresa ages 9 to 40 years old Project Location: Barangay Teresa, Sta. Mesa, Manila Initiating section: BSCoE 1-4 Over-all in charge: CERBITO, JOLESSA 0. Head Committee: SAN JOSE, ATHENA MARIE ANGELA G. MONTEROZO, AYRA D. MENDOZA, ELMERIELI BEVERLY CAISSA SAYNO, JOSEPH ADRIAN R. AGNO, RANIEL CHRISTIAN M. ALBEZA, NOEL ANGELO S. ALIMA, JOMARI LOUIS R. ARINGO, NOMER R. BALAURO, KEVIN EDEL JOSHUA C. BISQUERA, SAMUEL G. BONDAD, HARLENE MAE D. BUYOC, CHRISTINE ANN O. CAYONA, CHRISTINE JOY C. CHING, MARC RENDELL M. CRISOSTOMO, JUSTINE S. DE TORRES, MARMELAINE U. DE VILLA, RACHELLE ANNE G. DIEL, ZYRELLE MARIE B. DIOCERA, REGINALD M. ESTREMERA, JOHN VICTOR F. EUSTAQUIO, ROGER LOUISSE L. FADRRIGA, RAYMOND L. GALON, RONEL Z. GATCHECO III, ROMEO G. GOMEZ, PATRICK L. HORIGOME, JOJIE R. JACOB, EJAY L. JAMILI, IRISH...
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...www.thetimes100.co.uk Social responsibility - using resources more efficiently Curriculum Topics • Aims and objectives • SMART objectives • Strategy • Tactics Images supplied by Vismedia Introduction The challenge facing business and society in the 21st century is how to use resources more efficiently. Every business large or small needs to consider carefully: 1. how to reduce its use of energy 2. how to minimise waste. The central economic problem is how to match finite resources with unlimited wants. With the demand for resources rising as the world economy grows this is becoming more of a challenge. Leading global companies like Anglo American strive to find new solutions to this problem every day. Anglo American is one of the world’s largest mining companies. Its portfolio of mining businesses spans precious metals and minerals – in which it is a global leader in platinum and diamonds, base metals (copper and nickel) and bulk commodities (iron ore, metallurgical coal and thermal coal). The company’s mining operations and extensive pipeline of growth projects are located in southern Africa, South America, Australia, North America and Asia. The purpose of the organisation is set out in a mission statement. In 2008 there was a downturn in world economic activity. This resulted from a loss of confidence in the world financial system. The downturn led to a steep fall in commodity prices such as coal, copper and platinum. By late 2009 these prices started to rise...
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...Statement of Objectives My reason for choosing to do graduate work in the field of Water and Environment Energy is based on many reasons which I would mention below. • Studies related to Water and Environment energy would help me acquire better future and personal growth as this is the requirement of our tomorrow, with energy production through fossil fuels is going to end as the resource of this energy production which is fuel is to eng and we need alternative solutions to produce energy and producing energy by Water is a clean energy which is environmental friendly. • My own interest lies in finding out new ways of producing cheap and clean energy, I have always been interested in solar power and hydrothermal power plants as they inspire me that there are many other ways to produce energy. I would like to see a carbon free world where breathing air is clean and pure. • Me as alone can do nothing to change this world as we all are dependant of each other. I may have ideas to produce clean energy but I also need resources to produce it. Masdar can help me pursue my dreams, Masdar and I can make efforts to bring up new innovations and technology. Reduction of carbon emission is my first priority and would like to work and gain knowledge from the faculty of Masdar about it. Admission into Masdar on scholarship would be an honour for me, I am fully aware that my past academic result is below your requirement but I definitely have the interest and passion to...
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...time, or place (Sickels,1868). This allows for people to describe in detail what they see, whether it is a person, place, or thing. Second, is the sense of hearing. Hearing is the sense by which we distinguish sounds to allow us to hear conversations between individuals, music that is playing, and the sounds of everyday life (Sickels,1868). Both of which play a role when defining the main characteristics of objectivity, which goes unnoticed in everyday life. Objectivity is an important concept and practice that is used throughout most professions around the country. However it is most often used in the criminal justice profession. “More often than not, criminal justice professionals are writing reports and findings based on facts. Objective writing means that you are writing only what you observed as factual. When writing reports based on facts, it's important to exclude personal feelings or opinions on the issue. For example, if a police officer or probation officer is writing an incident report, they would not include their personal opinion on the subject's behavior” (Rasmussen,2014). It is not professional or ethical to include personal judgments or biases within an official report. In some cases, there may be a need to include a recommendation based on facts. When this is necessary, a professional opinion can be drawn, but only based on facts” (Rasmussen,2014). It is important in the criminal justice profession to use objectivity reporting because they want real factual...
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...1. Self-Managed/ Directed Team Self-directed work teams, also known as self-managing teams, represent a revolutionary approach to the way work is organized and performed. It is a group of people working together in their own ways toward a common goal which is defined outside the team for example - James River Corporation’s Kendallville Plant ALPHA team. They manufacture cardboard boxes as defined by executive leadership. Team does their own work scheduling, training, rewards and recognition, etc. Minnesota-based 3M is among an increasing number of companies that involve employees in the daily management of their business through work teams. These teams are empowered to take corrective actions to resolve day-to-day problems. They also have direct access to information that allows them to plan, control and improve their operations. In short, employees that comprise work teams manage themselves. At 3M, the movement toward self-managed or directed work teams has been driven more by initiative and need than by corporate directive. Now most of 3M's manufacturing facilities, while at different levels of empowerment and different degrees of involvement, employ a team-based approach. In 1994, 3M's new Brockville, Ontario, facility came on-line as the organization's first "greenfield" site. It was designed and built to operate with self-directed work teams. Many work groups in line divisions and staff groups are moving more and more into self-direction. 3M's commercial office...
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...Job Analysis Deborah Fischer-Hansen PSY/435 April 16, 2013 Deborah Hesselbein Job Analysis Job analysis refers to an approach for explaining a specific job and the tacks necessary to fulfill the requirements of the job. One of the main goals is to define the requirements and characteristics of a particular job. The job analysis needs to consider who, what, where, when, and how the job might relate to an individual. Many methods provide different types of information about the jobs and human attributes needed for jobs (Spector, 2012). There are two different categories of job analysis; they are job oriented and person oriented (Spector, 2012). Job oriented emphasizes the responsibilities needed for a job, whereas, person oriented concentrates on the individual particular characteristics needed for the job. The author will further discuss a job with Trinity Teen Solutions, specifically life coach for struggling teen girls and young women. Life Coach Job Analysis Life Coaching is a profession that compliments consulting, mentoring, therapy, and counseling. According to "What Is Life Coaching?" (2012), the coaching process addresses specific personal projects, business successes, general conditions and transitions in the client's personal life, relationships or profession by examining what is going on right now, discovering what your obstacles or challenges might be, and choosing a course of action to make your life be what you want it to be. The...
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...Chapter 3 Objectives 1. Describe receptors and ligand. Receptors are cell-associated proteins located at the surface that bind to ligand. The binding of a receptor and ligand induce changes in the receptor, which act to transmitted the ligand-binding signal into the interior of the cell and alter cellular functions such as proliferation, cell death, cell reproduction. 2. Explain the signal transduction pathway and their elements. Signal transduction pathway is the route by which ligand-receptor interaction is translated into biochemical change inside the cell. This process is initiated by the binding interaction of complementary ligand and receptor during sufficient time and strength that bring a biochemical change in the receptor. The upstream components consist of elements closest to the receptor. The downstream components are closest to the effector molecule. 3. Describe Immuno-receptor Tyrosine Activation Motif (ITAM) and list some of the molecules associated with B- and T- cell antigen receptors. The ITAM is a pair of long cytoplasmic tail that is found on signaling proteins within the immune system. It contains tyrosine that is phosphorylated after signal transduction of associated receptors. The phosphorylation of ITAM facilitated the initiation of signaling cascade. Other molecules associated with B and T cell antigen receptors are CD19 /CD20 on B cells that bind to complement molecules attached to antigens and CD4 and CD8 on T cells that bind...
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...UNIT 4 Objectives UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Indian Environment: The Changing Scenario After going through this unit you should be able to understand: • importance of understanding human behaviour. Structure 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 Introduction Models to Understand Human Behaviour Implications for the Organisation Personality Determinants of Personality Type and Trait Approaches to Personality Theories of Personality Importance of Personality Attitudes Attitudes and Organisation Values Socialisation's Influence on Personality, Values and Attitudes Schein Socialisation Model Summary Self-Assessment Questions Further Readings 4.1 INTRODUCTION It is very essential to understand human behaviour in today's world as the existence of the organisation depends op the employees/individuals. Without understanding human behaviour it is very difficult to work in an organisation. In order to understand human behaviour let us see how the perception of human being has changed from time to time. All organisations are composed of individuals, with different personality, attitudes, values, perception, motives, aspirations and abilities. The main reason to understand behaviour is that individuals are different. No two individuals are similar. In the early studies, theories of organisation and management treated people as though they were the same; scientific management was based on the similarities among workers, not the differences...
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