...In this discussion I will give a brief summary on two types of data collection methods and give examples of pros and cons for each method. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Observational study is a method of data collection that involves a process of watching any given type of situation and recording the data that is observed. Depending on how and what data is being observed depends on the type of tool the researcher will want to use in order to collect their information. The researcher conducting this type of study is a passive observer and does not tamper in any way with the variable of interest or any factors that may affect it. When recording observation data, you have to remember that all answers are from your own perception and there is no right or wrong answer. In the observational study that I researched, researchers wanted to know if CCBs associated with LUTS in males. This was conducted on 38 males which ranged from the ages of 46 to 89 years old, with the median age being 67 for about five years. According to the study, calcium channel blockers associated to 100% of the lower urinary tract symptoms within a 38 males. A few disadvantages of the observational data method are that some of the research conducted can be subject to the researcher’s biases. This is mainly due to the perception of the researcher. The researcher may also miss important milestones that may need it to have been observed. Because of the fact there is limited control with this method; people conducting...
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...Week 6 Discussion 3: Discuss different types of observational and intervention studies, compare the common and different characteristics of different intervention studies, and discuss reliability and validity issues related to intervention studies: Observational (non-experimental) studies are where the investigators are monitoring the relationships between influences and outcomes (Thiese, 2014). The most common types of observational studies include: Correlational Correlational studies determines whether there is a relationship or association between two or more variables (Melynk, Morrison-Beedy, & Cole, 2015). There is no manipulation of any of the variables and the participants are not placed in groups( Polit & Beck, 2014). Data is...
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...Literature Review: Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total Laryngectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Name Affiliation Date ABSTRACT Objectives: Enlargement of the tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is a challenging complication after laryngectomy with TEP. We sought to estimate the rate of enlarged puncture, associated pneumonia rates, potential risk factors, and conservative treatments excluding complete surgical TEP closure. Methods: A systematic review was conducted (1978–2008). A summary risk estimate was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: Twenty-seven peer-reviewed manuscripts were included. The rate of enlarged puncture and/or leakage around the prosthesis was reported in 23 articles (range, 1% to 29%; summary risk estimate, 7.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8% to 9.6%). Temporary removal of the prosthesis and TEP- site injections were the most commonly reported conservative treatments. Prosthetic diameter (p =.076) and timing of TEP (p = .297) were analyzed as risk factors; however, radiotherapy variables were inconsistently reported. Conclusions: The overall risk of enlarged puncture seems relatively low, but it remains a rehabilitative challenge. Future research should clearly establish risk factors for enlarged puncture and optimal conservative management. Keywords: tracheoesophageal puncture, total laryngectomy, enlarged tracheoesophageal puncture, complications, leakage Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total...
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...MAIN OBSERVATION: * There were flowers and greeters at the entrance. * At the right side of the entrance, there were shopping carts. * The most expensive versions of items are at eye level while bulk options are at the bottom. * Items that are not on sale are arranged to look like they are on sale which is placed at the end of the isle with the large sign. * There usually isn’t a section where inexpensive items are placed all together. * Restrooms are placed far from the entrance. Store labels are always at the left of the popular brands. * Butchers in the meat area have no blood on them. In the perimeter, there was retail-tainment or free sample stations. * At the center aisle, canned goods or general merchandise were placed. * At the back of the store, dairy products such as eggs, butter etc. were placed. * The walls were painted with dark red (entrance) and light red (inside) and the whole store smells like lavender. * Various background music playing in the area; it can be classic, rock or upbeat. PART I: ANALYZATION * I think that flowers enhance the image of the store, customers walk in to something that is pretty, smells great and builds the notion of fresh just like me. * Greeters employs me to get “in the mood” while purchasing goods. * Shopping carts are put at the right side of the entrance to entice me to use them and they were large; which encourages me to buy more than I wanted to. ...
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...find examples of studies that used two different methods of data collection. Paragraph 1: Describe the data collection method used in one study. (Be sure to cite the article which must be from one of AIU’s full-text databases) Paragraph 2: Using the knowledge you gained from the textbook, discuss the pros and cons of the data collection method. (Cite the textbook) Paragraph 3: Describe a different data collection method used in another study. (Be sure to cite the article which must be from one of AIU’s full-text databases) Paragraph 4: Again, using the knowledge you learned from the textbook, discuss the pros and cons of the data collection method. (Cite the textbook) In this discussion I will give a brief summary on two types of data collection methods and give examples of pros and cons for each method. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Observational study is a method of data collection that involves a process of watching any given type of situation and recording the data that is observed. Depending on how and what data is being observed depends on the type of tool the researcher will want to use in order to collect their information. The researcher conducting this type of study is a passive observer and does not tamper in any way with the variable of interest or any factors that may affect it. When recording observation data, you have to remember that all answers are from your own perception and there is no right or wrong answer. In the observational study that I researched...
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...costs are substantial. 2. Comparison One – Brotzeit VS Malones Irish Restaurant & Bar 2.1 Sales/Revenue Monetary gains are a good measure of success and a highly tangible KPI. Due to high start-up and recurring costs of the chosen outlets, increased revenue and hence profit would increase success and sustainability. Brotzeit takes the forefront for this aspect based not simply on their price points but also the consumption and revenue . Based on our observational research, Malones offers a set lunch at approximately $7 (includes main course, soup of the day and a non-alcoholic beverage) , which is extremely affordable compared to their regular prices where starters are $8 and above. Brotzeit does not run any set promotions. However, Brotzeit had (??%) more customers than Malones during the lunch peak hour from 12-3pm and a (??%) more sales of alcoholic beverages which is a high component of revenue for restaurant bars due to highly taxed alcohol in Singapore. Based on the calculations made from the observational study conducted on a typical day , the revenue of Brotzeit was significantly more than that of Malones. Brotzeit’s success is evident as they had hit their sales target for the lunch period while Malones did not. 2.2 Online Reviews Consumers of society today are highly tech savvy and 90% use the...
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...Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures related to a problem | Answer | Data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures that have already been recorded before the project at hand | Answer | Secondary data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures that are newly collected for the project | Answer | Primary data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures obtained by watching, either mechanically or in person, how people actually behave | Answer | Observational data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures obtained by asking people about their attitudes, awareness, intentions, and behaviors | Answer | Questionnaire data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question The use of computer networks that can store and process data | Answer | Information technology | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question The extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases to find statistical links between consumer purchasing patterns and marketing actions |...
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...Describe the use of observational studies in psychological research discussing the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. To fully be able to do this we must first outline the different types of observational study and their key differences, i.e. the naturalistic, systematic and structured methodologies. For each of these methodologies this essay will not only provide a definition but also present real life studies extracted from peer reviewed sources and for each of these it will outline a brief description of their aims, methods and findings and will be concluded with the relative advantages and disadvantages of each study based on their method. Finally this essay will conclude by expressing the important role each method plays...
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...Psychology is a science since it takes the experimental strategy. The logical status of any undertaking is dictated by its technique for examination, not what it ponders, or when the exploration was done, and unquestionably not by who did the examination. All sciences utilize the observational strategy. Experimentation stresses objective and exact estimation. Psychology and the other behavioral or sociologies (humanism, human sciences, financial aspects, political science) are not as exact in their estimations as are science, science or material science, yet to the degree that analysts utilize observational proof, their discoveries might be alluded to as logical. It is this accentuation on the observationally noticeable that made it important...
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...learning can also occur simply by observing the actions of others. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling) this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. People learn through observing others behavior , attitudes and outcomes of those behaviors. Social Learning Theory explains human beahvior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive , behavioral and environmental influences. Necessary conditions for effective modelling are: ATTENTION: various factors increases or decreases the amount of attention paid. In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning. RETENTION: remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic coding , mental images etc The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning. REPRODUCTION: reproducing the image . Including physical capabilities . Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the...
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...by direct experience through trial and error or by observing and imitating others in their social environment. Bandura (1994) stated that observational learning eventually is more efficient than trying to discover everything on your own. Children can and do learn from other people in their environment, including parents, siblings, peers, and teachers. Children can also learn from characters and people that appeared in the mass media (Sparks, 2002) Bandura’s studies helped researchers to understand a number of things about television violence, animated programs and children. First, viewing television violence and animated programs could cause children to behave more aggressively, particularly if the violent characters were attractive and received rewards for their actions. Second, in many of these studies, the effects emerged most strongly for boys not girls. The researchers thought that perhaps this aggressive tendency resulted in boys being more sensitive to the impact of media violence. In the 1980s, Bandura (1986) reformulated his theory for the reason that it had been criticised as too behaviouristic, which was focusing mostly on the reinforcements and how people act. The newer perspective, which was called Social Cognitive Theory, acknowledges that cognitive processes such as attention and retention are involved in observational learning. Children pay attention to different features of a character’s behaviour in animated programs, in which later they bring forth different...
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...Running Head: EMPATHY AND SOCIAL LEARNING Developing Empathy: Nurturing Through Social Learning Abstract This paper explores the Social Learning Theory and how prosocial behavior, specifically empathy, is cultured through observation, modeling and imitation. Empathy is defined through a review of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, Jeremy Sloan’s article on developing empathy and the impact it has on animals in our world, and an assessment of empathy in future criminal justice professionals. All provide evidence and data to support the finding that adults have lasting influence on children and how ones behavior is formed. Empathy is a vital trait and it’s a primary requisite for successfully managing daily experiences. Key words: Empathy, Modeling, Social Learning, and Development Introduction The development of empathy allows us the innate ability to relate to another’s experiences, motives and feelings. It is the foundation of compassion and caring, and is monumental in many of life’s challenges and successes. It is what allows us to learn from others and become responsible, caring adults. Many significant professions require empathy: medical care, fire rescue, education, criminal justice, and most importantly parenting. Tragic events such as slavery and the Holocaust illuminate the significance of empathy, it’s part in humankind’s wellbeing, and how requisite it is to encourage healthy development of the trait (Sajo, 2011). It is therefore of utmost...
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...Should professional sports people (such as AFL footballers, national cricketers) be role models? In this context, consider the role of observational and social learning, and what role they are modeling. Make sure that you primarily address psychological rather than sociological aspects of being a role model. Sport has always been a fundamental principle of Australian Society. The social and cultural roles of sport have provided Australians with unity as well as a sense of patriotism. Our interest in sport has not only contributed to expanding our “national consciousness” but was also a factor towards federation in 1901 (Cashman, 2003). Currently, almost 70 per cent of Australians engage in some form of sporting activity every week (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2012) and through this our passion towards sport has even extended to an elite level. Within Australia there is a considerably large football culture, where “thousands of Australians descend on football stadiums” to support their respective teams (Australian Government, 2008). Of these codes the most “loyal and dedicated fans” are those devoted to Australian Rules Football (AFL) (Australian Government, 2008) and their devotion also spreads to those who play it. Due to the physical and social benefits that sport has on young Australians, the negative consequences which may arise due to them idolizing sports men and women, are quite often overlooked. In most cases, young boys view sportsmen such as AFL players...
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...Prejudice, one of humanity’s greatest flaws, is defined as “an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group” (McLeod, “Prejudice and Discrimination” 1). As it is so deeply rooted in both culture and history, it can be expected that some people believe that unfair bias is rooted in one’s mind; however, studies have shown that both the formation and strength of prejudice in children relies on their environment’s words, social norms, and the experience which children go through. Therefore, prejudice cannot be prevented so long as those who raise and surround the next generation remain biased. Since children (up to fourteen years of age) are easily influenced...
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...Market Research Businesses can either succeed or fail. Sadly, a lot of really good businesses fail because they failed to take any number of factors into account. What begins as a great idea soon gets lost in the unanticipated second and third orders effects of running a business. Proper market research may not eliminate all the pitfalls, but it can provide a clear and negotiable path for a business to make informed decisions. This paper will discuss one such company who has seen sales dwindle in one of its products and is looking for ways to bolster sales. The Company Frito-Lay North America, Inc. is experiencing a drop in product sales covering the last three quarters on their Tostitos Bite Size Tortilla chips. Tostitos have been on the market since 1990 and initially enjoyed tremendous success. At the present time there are 16 different types/flavors of Tostitos and Frito-Lay has over 30 separate products on the market. The other products range from tortilla chips to Cracker Jacks. “For more than 75 years, we have enjoyed making the best snacks on earth, starting with simple, farm-grown ingredients” The focus of this market research was on the bite size chip due to its dwindling sales. The Objective The overriding objective of market research is to obtain data on customers and potential customers. The collected data will provide valuable information for business decision making. Thereby, reducing the risks involved in making these decisions. There...
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