...Having lived in the state of Utah for my entire life and growing up playing many sports, especially football. I have been exposed to the Pacific Islander people. Whether I was socializing with them throughout my childhood schooling or playing with and/or against Pacific Islanders throughout my athletic career, the exposure that occurred between myself and Pacific Islander’s shaped my personal perspective on who Pacific Islanders are. In my perspective Pacific Islanders are: physically large, extremely family oriented, and very protective of their cultural ideals. Naturally I always saw Pacific Islanders as very intimidating because of their massive physical stature. This more than likely because the majority of my engagements with Pacific Island people was on a football field. The majority of Pacific Islanders that played football with or against me were very big and dominated the players that were more near the size of average high school kids. The Pacific Islander players were in most cases always the biggest players on the field. Pacific Islanders were taller, heavier, and stronger than the majority of the players they played with or against. It also seemed as if the best teams in the state always had the most Pacific Islander players, looking back on this claim it’s hard to believe that there was an authentic correlation between the amount of Pacific Islander players and the success of a team. I believe that my experiences with being extremely involved in sports and the...
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...岛屿太平洋①环境史研究概述 [内容提要]岛屿太平洋环境史尚处初创阶段。相关研究主要从西方“他者”研究、殖民扩张需求，及二战后本土学者对西方“发展战略”反思的知识与现实基础中产生而来。20世纪90年代后，西方学者逐渐摆脱“他者研究”倾向。随着二战后，太平洋研究机构的建立，本土学者异军突起，在发觉自身历史独特性的同时，深刻反思西方“进步观念”、“发展战略”为岛屿未来的可持续发展提供借鉴。然而，初创中的研究仍存在“零散混乱”、欠缺对现实社会环境不公正的关注等问题。综上，未来的岛屿太平洋环境史有必要向中观综合区域性研究发展。 [关键词]岛屿太平洋 波利尼西亚 环境史学史 区域研究 本土研究 一、岛屿环境史研究的兴起 著名环境史学家约翰·麦克尼尔，在2001年出版的《太平洋世界环境史》论文集中曾用“正在形成中的领域”来形容当前的太平洋环境史研究。他亦坦诚指出：“当前，太平洋区域环境史其实并没有真正形成。”[1]( pxiii)尽管，其所谓“太平洋区域”是指包含东亚、澳洲、北美等更为广阔的区域，但仅就小范围的岛屿太平洋区域来说，能将环境史研究与日益博兴的太平洋区域研究相结合的岛屿太平洋环境史尚在草创之中。 尽管，相关研究尚未完全形成，但近现代相关考古学、博物学、历史学、人类学、自然科学等领域却成就辉煌；这为岛屿太平洋环境史研究提供了重要的知识基础。早在16世纪中期，伴随着太平洋航海探险的进行，欧洲人急需了解神秘瑰丽的太平洋岛屿区域。于是，早期的船长日记、探险家游记便成了西方人有关岛屿太平洋历史的最早记载。18世纪，卢梭的浪漫主义所谓的“高尚的野蛮”（noble savage）[2](p5)，直接影响了西方人对热带岛屿的认识，并逐渐演化为《东方学》中揭示的：18世纪末19世纪初，欧洲对太平洋岛屿进行统治和改造的“殖民话语”。19世纪末20世纪初随着全球资本主义体系的形成，欧洲在太平洋地区为帝国主义霸权与商品市场展开激烈争夺，殖民帝国纷纷在太平洋岛屿上建立自己的海外殖民地并推广单一种植园等生产方式。同时，西方学者则大多从“他者”角度认识和编撰岛屿太平洋的历史。二战后，相关研究有了新进展。特别是20世纪90年代末，帮随着环境史研究的兴起岛屿太平洋历史研究出现了反话语霸权、反权力的后殖民、后现代倾向。一方面，西方著名环境史学家们，通过环境史研究视角考察当地人与自然互动的历史关系；更加尊重岛屿环境因素影响下文化和历史发展的特性；尽可能还原当地历史演变过程的连续性，并将“岛屿区域”放在全球范围内考察其间的复杂联系。另一方面，本土研究如雨后春笋般大量涌现。夏威夷、斐济等地纷纷建立起“波利尼西亚文化研究中心”以及“太平洋学术研究中心”等学术机构。本土学者纷纷成长起来，对欧洲殖民统治之下的历史认识、“进步观念”和“发展战略”进行深刻反思；并以著民视角重新审视历史上岛民与岛屿自然环境之间的互动关系，逐渐认识到岛屿特殊的地理、气候条件，在塑造岛国历史中所扮演的至关重要的角色。通过艰辛努力本土学者们的研究既发出了岛国历史“自己的声音”；又从更加整体、有机的角度，将西方传统上的“他者”研究，扩展为复杂联系的岛屿太平洋环境史。 值得注意的是：20世纪70-80年代，仍被西方人看作“人间天堂”、“世外桃园”的岛屿区域，并没有出现与西方相似的大规模环保运动。这也在一定程度上导致岛屿环境史研究对发展战略反思有待深入；相关研究对社会“环境不公正”等现象关注不够充分等问题。 二、岛屿环境史研究的相关成果 ...
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...Annise Farmer March 7,2016 Chapter 4-6 World Music 100-010 Oceania is Christian influenced, introduced by European and American missionaries during the 19th and 20th centuries. Colonial government changed cultural customs, social systems on many populations throughout Oceania. Oceanian music is mostly vocal with idiophones or membranophone instruments. The Australian didjeridu is similar to a trumpet is found among the Aborigines. The Aborigines of northern Australia have a totemistic belief system which is the relationship of an individual or group with animals or natural objects and elements. They also believe in Animism, the belief that all living things have a spirit. Dreamtime is the cosmology focus of a lot of the artistic activity in the Aboriginal communities. In South Asia, India is separated into north and south regions. The northern culture is called Hindustani. It is influenced by Indo- European invaders. Here are many religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, the Baha'I Faith and Islam. The southern region is mostly Hinduism. The southern culture is called carnatic. Carnatic music and Hinduism go hand in hand. Hinduism is know for instrumental improvisations called Raga. They are normally an hour or more long. In India Bhajans devotional song are similar to Protestant hymns in Christian traditions. They consist of repetitive names of gods. In Southeast Asia, Thailand piphat is the main classical court...
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...Reflection Paper Mr. Anthony Stannard the counselor for the development of the Australian Government held a conference in APIA, Samoa on Feb. 16, 2014 to address some of services and programs that their Australians aid funds and supports. They specifically talked about the Pacific Gender Justice Knowledge Exchange and announced their new website which starts a new Pacific Gender Justice Network for Pacific islanders to cooperate and work together on gender justice. The Australian government has agreed to donate more than $20 million tala (currency of Samoa) over ten years. Over fifty percent of this financial aid goes to programs and policies that focus of empowering women and young girls in the Indo-Pacific region. The reason why the Australian government is providing financial aid to these undeveloped pacific islands is because the Australian government believes that when a there is equal rights and opportunities for both men and women that this enables development to progress. They also believe that because there is equal opportunities and rights for both men and women that economically its an advantage for a country to provide the means for this type of environment to upraise because in the long term the economy would grow at a rapid pace then it would if only men were to have these opportunities. It was also mentioned that there would be less corruption when there is equal rights and opportunities among men and women. I think that this program will contribute...
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...Chorus We can go all around the world We’ll visit every corner of this earth We’ll go all around the world You and I, we’ll visit everywhere Verse 1 I wanna go on a safari in Africa And visit Namibia and Zambia Lions and tigers and bears oh my Um..bears aren’t common in Africa Why? You ever take a stroll in a fur coat in really hot weather? No..well a bear wouldn’t wanna do it either OK..now let’s get back to the song So many places to go and we can start with Niger Benin, Burundi, and Botswana We’ll go there and then visit Ghana I bet you didn’t know English is the Official language of Nigeria Togo sits right below A country called Burkina Faso We should visit Maseru which is the capital of Lesotho Pre-Hook Kenya, Chad, Malawi, Congo, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Gabon, Morocco Mali, Uganda, and Comoros, Rwanda, Ethiopia--let’s go Cote d’ Ivoire, Mozambique, Central African Republic, Cameroon, South Africa, Sierra Leon, and Senegal So many places I wanna go And I hope that you’ll be coming along Chorus We can go all around the world We’ll visit every corner of this earth We’ll go all around the world You and I, we’ll visit everywhere Verse 2 Yep, still in Africa That’s right you guessed it It’s a huge continent Of course we haven’t left yet Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea Can’t wait to pay a visit to all three Cape Verde, Eritrea, and Djibouti, Madagascar I remember that movie Let’s see Tanzania and Swaziland Tunisia, Somalia, and...
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...Oceania! Role of Seller, General Sales Manager, POP Productions By Leigh Thompson & Jennifer Bloniarz You are the general sales manager for POP Productions of New York. POP is one of the largest producers of live entertainment, including Broadway musicals, off-Broadway musicals, concerts, and classic and contemporary plays. As the POP Production sales manager, your key responsibilities are to book POP’s productions with the most prestigious theaters across the United States. Your goal is to structure contracts that are profitable for POP. After sell-out shows in New York, POP Productions is planning a national tour of the ever-popular musical, Oceania! Based on a literary classic, Oceania! is a well-known, family-oriented musical featuring a full orchestra, a large cast, elaborate sets and lavish costumes. A Polynesian romantic comedy, Oceania! is appropriate for audiences of all ages. It is now September. As your national tour dates for Oceania! are quickly filling up, you have limited availability for a week run in Chicago in your busy tour schedule. You have an open spot in the week of April 14th on your calendar. You have received inquiries from a number of theater houses in Chicago, and this area is a profitable market for your shows. You would prefer to have a show in Chicago rather than not scheduling anything. However, in order to justify the expenses of the show, you need to structure a deal that is profitable for POP. You have talked with the three...
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...INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATION Oceania_POP Tuesday, May 29, 2012 3:28 AM Homework for INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATION Group Member: Hong Nhung BUI Dian Amanda Pereira Kimberly Hiew Yi Mei 1. Negotiating Variables & Elements impact negotiation Negotiation items Opening Ticket revenues Targeting Walk away/ Limit $1,100,000 $550,000 Strategy & Explanation Attention Elements impact negotiations $275,000 Split of ticket revenues 60% 50% 25% Performance Schedule 9 performances 5 evenings 2 weekend matinees 2 weekday matinees 9 performances 6 evenings 3 weekend matinees 0 weekday matinees 13 performance s 6 evenings 3 weekend matinees 4 weekday matinees Matinees all week except Monday Calculation of Cost= explanation of the concession. The cost deduces the revenues. Exchange Limits set by the reduction of the profit Matinees - withhold info? $40,000 =3.6 % ticket revenues Deep ticket discounts for patrons & group don't make considerably profit Weekday matinee profits is excluded in the financial projections Cast & crew salaries are based upon a week run regardless of the number of performances Cast & crew salaries don't include additional performances Cost for additional performance =$10,000. Revenue for additional performances & its profitability Weekly Salaries for $300,000 $200,000 Paid by the host theater INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATION ...
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...A society in which every aspect of its residents is monitored is one which can be seen in the country of Oceania in George Orwell’s 1984 and North Korea in James Church’s A Corpse in the Koryo. In both these totalitarian societies, the ability to have freedom and form an individual’s personality is impossible due to the governments control through the altering and falsification of historic documents, as well as the use of propaganda and fear tactics to stifle the citizen’s sense of freedom and individuality. The altercation and falsification of historical documents as a tactic to cage the range of freedom of citizens is evident in both novels. In 1984, the Party – the ruling government of Oceanian, any source of information available...
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...George Orwell, people are losing the fight. Oceania will forever be enslaved by Big Brother, due to the dependence Oceania citizens have for their government, physical and intellectual control the Party has over the people, and the inability to think against Big Brother. Government dependence will forever enslave the people of Oceania. People simply cannot live without Big Brother. Orwell writes, “a member of the Outer Party received only three thousand clothing coupons annually” (Orwell 31). The Party provides clothing for the people, thus ensuring government dependence. In the book, people work at different ministries such as the Ministry of Peace, the Ministry of Love, and the Ministry of Plenty. Big Brother is the sole employer, and, as a result, the government is the only means of support. Recreational rewards such as smut movies, cigarettes, and gin are all part of the Party’s incentives as well. They capitalize on society’s weakness to addiction. Thus, if the people wish to feed their addictions, they must obey Party rules. If people were to revolt against the Party, they lose these benefits. The Party creates these addictions to ensure the citizens compliance. Above all, the Party provides food. This guarantees dependence on the Party. Without food, there is simply no way to live; in this way, the Party ensures loyalty to Big Brother. Government dependence plays a singular role in the enslavement of Oceania. The Party’s physical control will...
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...1984, a satirical novel about communism written by George Orwell, takes place in the fictional country of Oceania. The government in this society constantly attempts to dominate the people through many aspects. However, the destruction of the past is the most disturbing feature of society in Oceania. In 1984, the members of the Outer Party have the jobs in the Records Department, Research Department, Fiction Department, and numerous other departments. Winston works in the Records Department where he creates and changes the past. In the Records Department, Winston receives orders to revise newspaper and magazine articles, such as “Big Brother’s Order for the Day in the Times of December 3rd 1983” (Orwell, 44). Big Brother’s order was “extremely...
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...watching you’re every move. These two contradictory ideas make up the image of Big Brother and help instill the idea of doublethink in the city of Oceania. Big Brother is supposed to protect and care for the citizens in his society, yet, people are also afraid of him. On the other hand, these same people...
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...1984 by George Orwell, however, the philosophy of the Oceania government is introduced approximately two-hundred pages in. Its late introduction, while unorthodox, serves a particular purpose in the plotline of the novel. Oceania is a dystopia in which the freedom of thought, and free will on a whole, is squashed by the Party, the governing body within the nation. Upon reading the first half of the novel, one...
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...Written in 1949, Nineteen Eighty-Four is a warning about what the world might become only thirty-five years later. The story is set in London, chief city of Airstrip One, which is part of Oceania. Oceania is in a state of constant war, against either Eurasia or Eastasia, the other two great power blocks. The Head of Oceania is Big Brother. There are three classes in Oceania: the Inner Party, which effectively rules Oceania; the Outer Party, to which Winston Smith belongs; and the proles, who might be seen as the working class. At the start of the novel, Winston is rebelling against Big Brother by buying a book that he uses as a diary and in which he writes “DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER”. He has come to believe that O’Brien, an Inner Party member, is also a secret rebel with whom he has a special sympathy. He suspects a dark-haired fellow-worker, whom he later discovers is called Julia, of being a member of the Thought Police and intending to find evidence for denouncing him. As their paths continue to cross, Winston is stunned to receive a note from Julia saying “I love you”, which changes his vague intention of murdering her into falling in with her plan to meet him and make love to him. Their relationship is at first only physical. Winston rents a room over a shop run by an apparently harmless old man, Mr Charrington. The room becomes their regular meeting-place. O’Brien contacts Winston, inviting him to his apartment and recruits him into the Brotherhood, an organisation headed...
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... Two of the major themes, which are explained in the novel, are the control of information, history, and language as mind control. These are two forms of control, which are practiced by the Party and the citizens of Oceania. The topic of control of information and history in the novel, through many different ideas. One main ways this theme is brought out is through the Party's slogan "Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past", which is repeated in this novel. This theme is also, the fact that the Party controls every source of information and history. This is shown through the "Ministry of Truth", it manages and rewrites the pages of history for its own benefits. The final way in which the Party controls information and history is through not allowing people to keep their own memories of the past, such as their own pictures or documents, which means that the only true knowledge of the past exists in their memory. One of the main ways in which this theme is brought out is through the idea of Newspeak, so that it would be impossible "see" thoughts, because there is no words to even express them with. Another way in which language is used as mind control is the Party's slogans, which are taught into the citizens of Oceania from the moment they are born, until the day they die, through the "telescreens" and banners which are all over the city. All of these ideas are easy to pointout throughout the novel. The Party's slogan "Who controls...
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...George Orwell’s use of language in Nineteen Eighty-Four Eric Arthur Blair, better known as George Orwell, has been called one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. In his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell provides readers with a look into what would happen if the government controlled every aspect of people’s lives, even their own thoughts. Orwell uses language to influence the mindset of the citizens of Oceania. Orwell’s use of language shows how people can be manipulated and deceived and led to obey their government and accepting all of its propaganda to be true. Orwell was a very productive writer. He wrote six novels, and hundreds of essays as well as four documentary studies in less than twenty years. “Orwell’s greatest influence beyond his two classic novels was as a prose stylist...he probably influenced the writing of prose more than anyone else in the first half of the 20th century.” (Rossi 1) Orwell’s use of language has inspired many other writers as well. “Sylvia Ramsey’s novel, An Underground Jewel, is set in the future and centers on a terrorist organization that wants to alter language, it’s based on George Orwell’s 1984.” (Martin)...
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