...OECD INSIGHTS International Trade Free, Fair and Open? Patrick Love and Ralph Lattimore ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed...
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...The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (the Guidelines) are recommendations addressed by governments to multinational enterprises. They provide voluntary principles and standards for responsible business conduct consistent with applicable laws. The Guidelines aim to ensure that the operations of these enterprises are in harmony with government policies, to strengthen the basis of mutual confidence between enterprises and the societies in which they operate, to help improve the foreign investment climate and to enhance the contribution to sustainable development made by multinational enterprises. I. Concepts and Principles 1. The Guidelines are recommendations jointly addressed by governments to multinational enterprises. Observance of the Guidelines by enterprises is voluntary and not legally enforceable. 2. Since the operations of multinational enterprises extend throughout the world, international co-operation in this field should extend to all countries. 3. A precise definition of multinational enterprises is not required for the purposes of the Guidelines. These usually comprise companies or other entities established in more than one country and so linked that they may co-ordinate their operations in various ways. While one or more of these entities may be able to exercise a significant influence over the activities of others, their degree of autonomy within the enterprise may vary widely from one multinational enterprise to another. II. General Policies...
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...How Much Public and Private Investment in Education Is There? Indicator B3 • On average in OECD countries, 83% of all funds for educational institutions come directly from public sources. • An average of 91% of primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in OECD countries – and never less than 80%, except in Chile, Korea and the United Kingdom – is paid for publicly. • Compared to primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, tertiary institutions and, to a lesser extent, pre-primary institutions, obtain the largest proportions of funds from private sources, at 31% and 19%, respectively; but these proportions vary widely between countries. • In all countries for which comparable data are available, public funding on educational institutions, all levels combined, increased between 2000 and 2008. Private spending increased at an even greater rate in more than three-quarters of countries and, on average among OECD countries, the share of private funding for educational institutions increased between 2000 and 2008. Chart B3.1. Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2008) Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Chile Korea Japan1 United Kingdom United States Australia Israel Canada1 Portugal Russian Federation OECD average Poland Mexico New Zealand Italy Netherlands Slovak Republic1 Estonia Spain Czech...
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...DELSA/ELSA/WD/HEA(2004)6 Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries: The Benefits and Costs for Individuals and Health Systems Francesca Colombo and Nicole Tapay 15 OECD HEALTH WORKING PAPERS Unclassified Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development DELSA/ELSA/WD/HEA(2004)6 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English text only DIRECTORATE FOR EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE DELSA/ELSA/WD/HEA(2004)6 Unclassified OECD HEALTH WORKING PAPERS NO. 15 PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE IN OECD COUNTRIES: THE BENEFITS AND COSTS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND HEALTH SYSTEMS Francesca Colombo and Nicole Tapay Francesca Colombo is with the OECD Health Policy Unit. At the time this work was conducted, Nicole Tapay was with the OECD Financial Markets Division. English text only Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d’origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DELSA/ELSA/WD/HEA(2004)6 DIRECTORATE FOR EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS OECD HEALTH WORKING PAPERS This series is designed to make available to a wider readership health studies prepared for use within the OECD. Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language – English or French – with a summary...
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...PENILAIAN PRAKTIK OECD PT. MULTISTRADA ARAH SARANA TBK. Disusun untuk memenuhi Ujian Akhir Semester Sistem Informasi dan Pengendalian Internal [pic] Oleh: DINAR ARY KARTIKASARI NIM : 146020310011024 KEMENTERIAN RISET TEKNOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN PROFESI AKUNTAN AGUSTUS 2015 COMPANY PROFILE PT. MULTISTRADA ARAH SARANA TBK dengan kode saham MASA merupakan perusahan yang bergerak di bidnag usaha industri pembuatanban untuk semua jenis kendaraan bermotor dan pengushaan dan pengelolaan Hutan Tanaman Industri (HTI) yang didirikan pada tahun 1988. MASA beralamat di Jl. Raya Lemahbang Km 58,6 Ds. Karangsari Cikarang Timur, Bekasi Jawa Barat. MASA memproduksi ban lua rkendaraan bermotor baik mobil maupun motor dengan merk Achilles dan Corsa. MASA juga memproduksi ban untuk perusahaan lain dengan merk perusahaan tersebut atau disebut off take. MASA mencatatkan saham pada tahun 2005. Dalam rangka mengembangkan bisnis dan memperbaiki kondisi internal perushaan, MASA terus berusaha menjada kualitas dab keselamtan selam proses roduksi dengan sertifikasi yang telah diikuti antara lain : ISP/TS 16949:2009 dan ISO/IEC 17025: 2008 untuk Quality Management System dan beberapa sertifikat produk antara lain SNI, CCC, Inmetro, BIS, ECE-30, ECE-54, GSO, DOT, FMVSS 139. Pada awal berdirinya, Perseroan mendapatkan bantuan teknis dari produsen ban terkemuka di dunia yaitu...
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...Prinsip II: Hak-hak Pemegang Saham dan Fungsi-fungsi Penting Kepemilikan Saham Prinsip OECD mengenai corporate governance yang ke dua pada dasarnya mengatur mengenai Hak-hak pemegang Saham dan fungsi fungsi kepemilikan saham. Hal ini terutama mengingat investor saham terutama dari suatu perusahaan publik, memiliki hak-hak khusus seperti saham tersebut dapat dibeli, dijual ataupun ditransfer. Pemegang saham tersebut juga berhak atas keuntungan perusahaan sebesar porsi kepemilikannya. Selain itu kepemilikan atas suatu saham mempunyai hak atas semua informasi perusahaan dan mempunyai hak untuk mempengaruhi jalannya perusahaan melalui Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS). Prinsip corporate governance harus melindungi dan menunjang pelaksanaan hak-hak pemegang saham. A. Hak-hak dasar pemegang saham harus mencakup hak untuk: 1. memperoleh cara pendaftaran yang aman atas kepemilikan; 2. menyerahkan atau mengalihkan saham; 3. memperoleh informasi yang relevan atau material tentang perusahaan secara teratur dan tepat waktu; 4. berpartisipasi dan memberikan hak suara dalam rapat umum pemegang saham; 5. memilih dan mengganti anggota pengurus; dan 6. memperoleh hak atas bagian keuntungan perusahaan. B. Pemegang saham harus memiliki hak untuk berpartisipasi dalam, dan diberikan informasi yang cukup atas keputusan-keputusan tentang perubahan-perubahan penting perusahaan seperti : 1. perubahan anggaran dasar, atau akte pendirian atau dokumen dokumen tentang pengelolaan perusahaan...
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...Essay Learn from employment policies during the global financial crisis in OECD countries Writing by Arthur DAGAN a. What has been the main impact of the global financial crisis on OECD countries? Why should governments be concerned about the impact, especially in the context of youth? Let us first understand the cause of global financial crisis, his main impact on OECD and then why governments should be concerned about the especially case of youth. The global financial and economic crisis, which erupted in the financial systems of developed countries in the autumn of 2008 by the wake of the collapse of Lehman Brothers, has affected quickly all economies throughout the world (Torres, 2011). In the OECD countries, which are the first affected by the crisis, the main impact was the high level of unemployment generate by job losses, enterprise bankruptcies and cuts in the incomes of millions of people. Indeed, in April 2013, 8% of the OECD labour force was unemployed representing over 48 million people, almost 16 million more than in 2007 (Scarpetta, 2013). Despite the economic recovery in some of OECD countries mainly the United States, this trend could not improve until mid- 2014 so that we can observe a decrease in unemployment again. The governments should be concerned about the impact the unemployment because in general, this phenomenon affect not just the person himself but also his/her family and in the long run the society where he lives, which in turn affect...
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...Please cite this note as: OECD (2014), “OECD forecasts during and after the financial crisis: A Post Mortem”, OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, No. 23 February 2014. OECD FORECASTS DURING AND AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS: A POST MORTEM OECD Economics Department Policy Note no. 23 February 2014 This Policy Note is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. © OECD 2014 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted...
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...life-satisfaction — differences and similarities between Russia and Sweden will be explored. According to the Organization for Economic co-operation development (OECD), education aids an individual in many ways and is a key-factor to attain life-satisfaction. However, it will be demonstrated that living in a society where the government displays trustworthiness and encourages civic engagement might play a more important role when it comes to a person’s happiness and wellbeing. A high-quality education is beneficial for both the individual and the country (OECD). Educated people are more likely to have well-paid jobs which increase their chances to achieve a social network to rely on and to afford essentials which are important for one’s wellbeing (OECD). The economic development of a country depends on a well-educated population and, in turn, a prosperous society can offer more benefits to their citizens (OECD). Russia and Sweden have equal rates of high school graduates, as much as 91% of the people between 19 and 25 years old have graduated, which is much higher than the average of 78% (OECD). Yet, there is a difference in the quality of the education (OECD). The PISA-test measures students’ ability to read and their knowledge in science and mathematics (OECD). Whereas Swedes achieved 496 points at this test, close to the OECD-average of 497 points,...
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...Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) depend on numerous factors such socio- or political stability, environmental standards which must be met, imposed taxes or labour conditions. Measuring these effects is not as straight forward as it might seem and various studies have been conducted in this field. The following paper focuses on the pollution haven hypotheses stating that lax environmental regulations increase Foreign Direct Investment inflow since investing firms experience significant cost efficiencies and comparative advantages. The data set is mainly chosen from the World Data Bank and five explanatory variables are used to investigate their influence on FDI inflow (as percentage of GDP). During the empirical analysis a pivotal factor will be the OECD membership even if several environmental standards are controlled. We expect to see some significant determinants of FDI inflow in order to either agree or reject the pollution haven hypotheses. Contents 1 Introduction 2 The Two Hypotheses 3 Data Set 4 Econometric Model and Results 4.1 Linear Regression Model (OLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Assumptions of Gauss-Markov-Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Chow Test for Structural Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Conclusion A Appendix A.1 Program Code EViews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 9 1 Introduction International trade theory is based on the concept of comparative advantages which is consistent with what we could observe...
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...Country Analysis MEXICO Aga Wyporska 100853121 Executive Summary: Mexico is located in North America with a population total of 113,423,000 people (University Michigan State 1994 - 2012). It borders 3 countries: Guatemala, Belize and the world economic super power, the United States of America. It has the second greatest economy in Latin America and is a major exporter and refiner of oil. Mexico is currently experiencing growth in its economic factors such as GDP, labor productivity and its exports of goods and services; however, due to the current political instability and the extremely high amount of drug trafficking and the associated violence, it is not recommended to proceed. A lack of an ability to implement laws leads to a lack of solid property rights and enforcement of contracts, which ultimately leads to a loss of business. Country’s Macro Environment: Some of Mexico’s most critical industries include agriculture, which is in the decline (3.9% of GDP in 2006 down from 7% in 1980) and electronics, which is experiencing an upsurge (Central Intelligence Agency 2012). Furthermore Mexico is the 6th largest oil producer in the world and so has a strong performance in the energy and mineral resource industry. Lastly Mexico is involved heavily in services such as tourism (it is the 8th most visited country in the world) and finance (World Tourism Organization 2012). Mexico is the second largest supplier of electronic parts to the US market (exported $71.4 billion...
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...McShane, Julie Mellin, Tara Patel, and Linda Patentas Graduate Program in International Affairs, Milano School of International Affairs, Management, and Urban Policy, The New School March 7, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND AND PERSPECTIVES BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS THE OECD, G77, G20, AND EU ON UPGRADING THE UN TAX COMMITTEE KEY INSTITUTIONAL PLAYERS ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST A UN TAX BODY 3 4 8 12 17 REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OECD AND UN TAX COMMITTEE GLOBAL TAX POLICIES POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 20 28 38 APPENDIX GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS REFERENCES 44 48 52 2 Executive Summary The report provides an analytical view on the role of the United Nations in tax policy, highlighting the interventions made by and challenges to key players in attempts to streamline global tax cooperation. The first section of the paper provides a background on the importance of tax related issues, emphasizing its importance within the Monterrey Consensus. Debates are introduced between two key institutional players regarding global tax cooperation, the OECD’s Committee on Fiscal Affairs and the UN Tax Committee. Views from key players the OECD, Group of 77, Group of 20, and European Union are addressed in the areas of international tax cooperation, the inclusion of the developing world, and of the UN Tax Committee work in strengthening both areas (particularly the proposition to upgrade the Committee). Arguments for and against...
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...Presentation to the press London, 12 November 2012 © OECD/IEA 2012 The context Foundations of global energy system shifting Resurgence in oil & gas production in some countries Retreat from nuclear in some others Signs of increasing policy focus on energy efficiency All-time high oil prices acting as brake on global economy Divergence in natural gas prices affecting Europe (with prices 5-times US levels) and Asia (8-times) Symptoms of an unsustainable energy system persist Fossil fuel subsidies up almost 30% to $523 billion in 2011, led by MENA CO2 emissions at record high, while renewables industry under strain Despite new international efforts, 1.3 billion people still lack electricity © OECD/IEA 2012 Emerging economies steer energy markets Share of global energy demand 6 030 Mtoe 100% 12 380 Mtoe 16 730 Mtoe Rest of non-OECD Non-OECD Middle East India China 80% 60% 40% 20% OECD 1975 2010 2035 Global energy demand rises by over one-third in the period to 2035, underpinned by rising living standards in China, India & the Middle East © OECD/IEA 2012 A United States oil & gas transformation US oil and gas production mboe/d 25 20 Unconventional gas 15 10 5 Conventional gas Unconventional oil Conventional oil 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 The surge in unconventional oil & gas production has implications well beyond the United States © OECD/IEA 2012 Iraq oil poised for a major expansion ...
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...Forum on Tax Reform Fundamental Tax Reform: An International Perspective Abstract - This paper examines trends in tax reforms. The analysis is limited to the experience of 30 OECD countries, and focuses particularly on changes since the year 2000. The paper analyses the general trend of reductions in both tax revenues and rates and the diversity in tax policies across OECD countries, reflecting the diversity in both economic circumstances and policy objectives. Developments in tax administration are also briefly dealt with. Some of the challenges for tax policymakers and administrators that are likely to arise over the next few years are identified, and possible alternative approaches to solving them are put forward. INTRODUCTION ax reform is an ongoing process, with tax policymakers and tax administrators continually adapting their tax systems to reflect changing economic, social and political circumstances. Over the last two decades, almost all Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries have undertaken structural changes to their tax system that have significantly altered the way these systems function and their economic and social impacts.1 In some countries (for example, many of the Eastern European economies in transition), the reforms have been profound and implemented over a very short period of time. In others (most of the European countries), the reforms have been a gradual process of adaptation, but over time they have substantially redesigned...
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...Why is OECD known as “the rich man’s club”? Does it impact only rich countries? The OECD stands for the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. It is known as “the rich man’s club” because it is comprised of 34 of the world’s wealthiest nations (Ball, Geringer, McNett & Minor, pg. 75) and goes back to 1960, when it was comprised of 18 European countries, along with the United States and Canada. Today, developing nations such as Mexico, Chile, and Turkey have joined the OECD (TMSA). Together, these nations work together to better both themselves, as well as their fellow nations by promoting policies that will improve both the economic well being, as well as the social well being of people around the world. Think of the OECD as an open forum club for its members. Here, governments can come together and discuss common issues and find solutions to them. The one thing that all the countries in the OECD share is that they are all democratic countries and they support free market economies (oecd.org). According to their mission, here are a few of the things the OECD does: • Work with governments to understand what drives economic, social and environmental change • Measure productivity and global flows of trade and investment • Analyze and compare data to predict future trends • Set international standards on things like agriculture and taxes To answer the second part of the question, no, the OECD does not only impact rich countries. The policies that these...
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