...Over the last 500 years, the double-entry system of accounting has provided the accounting profession with a reliable and accurate way of tracking the economic events of companies. However, with the implementation of computer-based accounting systems over the last few decades, event based accounting has gained popularity. The theory behind event based accounting is that each business transaction can be broken down into one, or a combination of three types of events: economic, business, and information. An economic event is one in which the quantity of resources change, such as selling an item or purchasing a service. Events like receiving an invoice from a supplier, or sending out a purchase order to a vendor are examples of business events. They are necessary to the company even though they are not the monetary or physical transactions for goods or services. Tasks like creating reports and inputting new customers are considered information events. Information events provide the necessary data for the economic or business events that transpire. The double-entry system of accounting focuses on taking those separate events and aggregating them into journal entries. By aggregating them, a great deal of the total information of the event is left out. Under an event based accounting system each event is recorded with as much of the information as possible, and then stored in tables of data that allow the user to recall and compile this information into usable reports. This...
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...Accounting is the most basic framework of business. People use accounting in their daily lives when they study financial statements to make investment decisions, assess interest rather to pay off their house mortgage and calculate rates for car payments. God himself recognize accounting, for he said in his Holy Bible that everyone would be accountable before him when this world comes to an end.(Matthew 12:36) The practice of accounting can be traced back to ancient times, with "accounting books" of various forms discovered as early as 3500 B. C. From the time of 3500 B. C., accounting has progressed slowly through the development of the modern double-entry system published by Luca Paciolo in the fifteenth century until the advent of the computer. In 1581 the first college of accountants was organized with power to regulate entry into the field. Along with the development of modern accounting, a stereotypical image of the accountant was developed, because of its task being routine and purity mathematical in function. The accountant is view as a dull person that is chain to his desk all day. A survey of college students proved that accounting is treated with mental formulaic concepts, thus it has a stereotype image. Accounting may be defined as an information system that provides reports to various individuals or groups about economic activities of an organization or other entity. Accounting is information sciences used to collect, classify, and manipulate financial data for...
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...Journal Entries: Reflection and Reader Response • Journal Entry 1: “What does it mean to be a soldier?” (Reflection/RR) • Journal Entry 2: “Only the dead see the end of war…” (Reflection/RR) • Journal Entry #3: “How does being a solider change a man (or woman)? Are people changed for better or worse or both? What is the effect on the person, and what is the effect on the nation?” (Reflection/RR) • Journal Entry #4: “Reflect on the duality of words. How do words hold infinite power in their ability to simultaneously create and destroy? How do words affect conflict? How do they affect people?” (Reflection/RR) • Journal Entry #5: “Who or what determines our respective identities? Who or what makes you who you are? Why? How? Is it fair? Do we have control over who we are? Who we are perceived to be?” (Reflection/RR) • Journal Entry #6: “What does Oscar Schindler prove about people amid war and destruction? What characters have we encountered thus far in the semester who could also fit into this category? Why is it so important we remember them and tell their stories?” (Reflection/RR) • Journal Entry #7: “What does it mean to have courage? Is it truly more honorable to die than to live? Is this always the case? If not, reflect on the ambiguity of such a statement.” (Reflection/RR) • Journal Entry #8: “What tangibles and intangibles do you carry with you every day? Why are they important to you?” (Reflection/RR) • Journal Entry #9: “In your opinion, can there...
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...ACCT290 WEEK 4 REVERSING ENTRIES JOAN GAPP Journal entries are used to change accounting information in financial systems. Following the double-entry system used in modern accounting, these entries always affect at least two accounts -- one account is debited, while another account is credited. A reversing entry is a journal entry that inverts a previously recorded "regular" entry. The use of reversing entries is optional, but it offers certain advantages, making them very popular in the accounting world. When you reverse an entry made in a prior period, you prevent duplication of revenues or expenses, which improves accuracy. For example, you made an entry to recognize a phone expense last month as part of the closing of the month process. Now the bill has been entered in the accounting system, and an expense was again recognized. The reversing entry will zero out the expense, correcting the situation. Reversing entries related to period closing always are paired with entries from the past. You can enter a journal entry in January and reverse it in February to avoid duplication in February. You don't normally go back to January to reverse an entry done in February. Reversing entries is a simple process that can be performed by any employee without much knowledge of accounting. Basically, the account originally debited is now credited and vice versa. There's no need to research or conduct any calculations -- all you need to do is reverse the original entry using the same exact...
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...Re-Entry and Its Effects: Institutional and Post Release Community Corrections, CRJ 341 Jonathan L. Kaiser Abstract Reentry is a challenge many offenders face once they are incarcerated and released into society. The term “reentry’” is a synonym for return and is defined as the act of going back to a prior place, location, situation or setting. Prison re-entry refers to the transition of offenders from prisons or jails back into the community. The concept of life in society is an important part of any reintegration of institutionalized people, including people who have been incarcerated for committing a crime. The institutionalization of a population leads to isolation, segregation and detachment of the elements of a company defining the basis of citizenship. Although individuals often returning to the community focus more on the choice of where they dwell, their long-term success in society is more likely to be dependent on the social roles they have chosen to play, to the extent that they will engage in the community and they have been prepared for this purpose during their incarceration or institutionalization. Reentry can help reduce recidivism as well as assist those who have been previously incarcerated to begin leading law abiding lives once released into society. However, overtime the importance of prisoner reentry has been drastically lowered with less emphasis on helping those to prepare for their release and with post release community integration. As...
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...Cesare Lombroso: “Father of Criminology” Biagina Wickham Le Moyne College CJS 221 Abstract Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) was known as “the father of criminology.” He was an Italian that was convinced that serious and violent offenders had inherited criminal traits. He created a strict biological determinism and this allowed for a jumping off point for other criminologists. Cesare Lombroso is known as the “father of criminology”. He branched his research off of positivism and the studies of J.K. Lavater, Franz Joseph Gall, Johann K. Spurzheim, and the classical criminology work of Cesare Beccaria. Classical criminology brought forth a closer look at criminals and their behavior and Beccaria was the “first [to call] public attention to those wretched beings.(CRIMINALMAN)” Lombroso viewed the Classical School of Criminology as being based “on the assumption that [most] criminals are endowed with intelligence and feelings like normal individuals, and that they commit...
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...program that support current low-level or less serious type of offenders who are approved for release by community corrections boards, formerly known as Parole Boards (Begg&Tasmania). A level of Supervision Inventory (LSI) assessment for risk and needs are required on each offender before a final decision to release is made as a safety precaution to the communities (Howard, John, 2002). C. Why were the programs created? Like most community-base correctional programs , halfway house were designed to contribute to the reduction of prison and jail overcrowding and is considered a cost saving component compared to traditional correctional system(Howard,john,2002). According to the Colorado, Department of Public Safety, halfway house were created for felons who need more treatment and supervision than those on probation but less confinement than prisoners. PURPOSE OF HALFWAY HOUSE PROGRAMS A. The objective of Halfway House Programs The main goal of Halfway House programs is to protect the community’s well-being by reducing recidivism (Marion, 2002), strengthening neighborhoods, enforcing social justice, and creating a better and safer place for the residents to live (Gilbert, Settles, 2007). B. What are the programs designed to accomplish? The offender is expected to apply for and maintain employment, pay for room and board, go to school, or attend rehabilitative treatment programs (Bonta, Motiuk, 1985). Once the offender is granted full parole while at a halfway house, they are...
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...for a job. Once they obtain a job they use the same methods to get to their job. The Department of Corrections also does not pay for the use of public transportation. In order to find employment some centers require inmates to buy a bus pass that is valid for at least one month. However, since most inmates do not have any money to buy a bus pass they rely on family or anybody they can convince to send them money. The general public is somewhat leery about allowing inmates to be free to work with the general public. Sometimes when a person of the general public learns that an inmate is working at a restaurant they patronize they won’t return to the establishment. Some people might wonder what the purpose of it is. Will it prevent the offender from committing future crimes? Some people don’t believe in these programs. These people feel that if you do a crime then you must do your time with no special privileges or time taken from their sentence. I have been asked similar questions of whether any of these programs will reduce recidivism I honestly answer “MAYBE.” Wilson et al. and colleagues in 2001 completed an excellent...
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...expected to warn the law abiding citizens to deter them from committing a crime for fear of being in the correctional cells. However, the population in the correction facilities especially prisons is contrary to this expectation. Over time, there is increased number of offenders. This comprises of the new offenders and the repeat offenders. This causes overcrowding in the correctional facilities which is a challenge to the society. The focus of this problem is the social effect of overcrowding to the judicial system and ways of addressing the challenge. Overcrowding in correctional institutions Crime is punishable for three reasons namely retribution, prevention and deterrence. The main purpose of incarcerating offenders is to stop them from repeating previous crimes they committed. Appraising the current American system using these standards, the deterrence category has failed miserably, insufficient in prevention and providing unsatisfactory retribution through detention. Attempts to deter released criminals who are convicted are dismissed by the recidivism’s high rate (Tish& Burbank, 2009). This is evident through the rising population of new offenders undeterred from crime. Many gangs and offenders recruit and carry out individual agendas, at the prisons as their headquarters. Some incarcerated criminals do not view prison as a punishment as they prefer being there. This attitude among...
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...among types of crimes that most people of various societies fear. Burglary is then one of the serious property crimes and it was defined differently by different scholars. In this essay, burglary will be discussed in its details by looking its historical background, its patterns and trends, characteristics of offender, victim and offence. Indeed, there will be analysis of its constitutive elements, reaction and response of the society to it, policing strategies in preventing and investigating burglary as well as challenges in its prosecution. II. Historical perspective II. 1. Background and definitions Historically, an offence to be qualified as burglary required entry into any structure even if the occupant is not therein at that time of entry. Traditionally, to be qualified as burglary, an offence must have occurred at nighttime when natural light was insufficient to identify a face (Hall and Clark, 2002). Finally burglary required the intention of perpetrator to commit a felony when entering the other’s dwelling even if the perpetrator did not commit or attempt to commit crime inside the structure. Today, many states recognize that there is a burglary when there is entry into any construction suitable for occupancy such as residential or commercial houses, car and others, while for the first degree burglary requires entering dwelling. Burglary in its modern appearance requires that the perpetrator enters in other’s structure without the owner’s consent. This is to avoid the prosecution...
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...over Community vs Institutional Corrections It is the first day of break and Jimmy wants to have a good time with his friends. Long story short, Jimmy decided to drive home drunk and crashed into another car. The driver of the other car passed away.What kind of punishment should Jimmy receive? It seems fair for him to spend time in prison. Should he see probation after the jail time? How much? This scenario helps introduce the dilemma we have today as a society about institutional vs. community corrections. Punishment for crime has always been an issue for debate. With the growth of the American colonies, the colonists needed a system of punishment for lawbreakers. Many methods developed in Europe meant to bring shame to those offenders were adopted. Around this time, the world saw a change in punishment ideology; some began to stress that humans are not perfect and make mistakes. Thus, there should be more reform as well as punish. In 1682, William Penn made a push for change. He limited the death penalty to cases of murder only and called for fines and imprisonment for most offenses. This is widely considered the beginnings of the prison system in the U.S. He also helped start the creation of jails, like the High Street Jail. The first federal prisons were established in 1891. Before this date, prisons were organized by states and territories. The establishment of parole and probation, or community corrections, began in the 1870s. There has always been and most likely...
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...Final Project: Persuasive Research Paper Nycole Chatman COM/220 October 28, 2012 Debbi Kutner Reducing Recidivism in today’s Society Final Project: Persuasive Research Paper Reducing Recidivism in today’s Society Education and job skills are key elements to reducing recidivism therefore; prisons, county jails, and the probation offices should adopt mandatory programs so ex-offenders can become productive members of society. Every year approximately 9 million people are released from prison in the U.S. (Center, T. N.-e., 2012) and due to lack of education and job skills, 52% of those 9 million returns within three years. According to Yamatani & Spjeldnes (2011), “The United States represents only 5 percent of the world’s population, but we hold 25 percent of the world's inmates in our prisons and jails (Pew Center on the States, 2008). We have more people behind bars in total numbers and per capita than any other industrialized country--2.3 million out of nearly 300 million (750 per 100,000 residents)--one out of 100 U.S.” This essay will show the difference between recidivism and rehabilitation as well as showing how education and job training can effectively reduce the rate of recidivism in the U.S. What is recidivism you ask? The Merriam-Webster defines recidivism as a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2012)...
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...1177/1748895806060666 A desistance paradigm for offender management FERGUS McNEILL Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, UK Abstract In an influential article published in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the adoption of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their argument rested on a careful and considered analysis not only of empirical evidence about the ineffectiveness of rehabilitative treatment but also of theoretical, moral and philosophical questions about such interventions. By 1994, emerging evidence about the potential effectiveness of some intervention programmes was sufficient to lead Peter Raynor and Maurice Vanstone to suggest significant revisions to the ‘non-treatment paradigm’. In this article, it is argued that a different but equally relevant form of empirical evidence—that derived from desistance studies—suggests a need to re-evaluate these earlier paradigms for probation practice. This reevaluation is also required by the way that such studies enable us to understand and theorize both desistance itself and the role that penal professionals might play in supporting it. Ultimately, these empirical and theoretical insights drive us back to the complex interfaces between technical and moral questions that preoccupied Bottoms and McWilliams and that should feature more prominently in contemporary debates about the futures of ‘offender management’ and of our penal systems. Key Words ...
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...Family First: Reforming the Justice System Melrose Berry American InterContinental University Abstract The justice system’s solution to dealing with offenders is incarceration. Alternatives to this, as a first response, are a better choice. Keeping families together and securing the welfare of children should be a priority. The outcomes of this new course will strengthen society and make a better life for all. Family First: Reforming the Justice System Three-fourths of one million parents are incarcerated. It is no surprise that the results of this are a damaged family structure, dysfunctional youth, and a perpetual cycle of more incarceration within the family. Something must be done to reduce the effects of parental incarceration to save the family and save the youth. To diminish the effects of having loved ones incarcerated, government agencies need to assist families by initiating mediation and rehabilitation programs as alternatives to incarceration, encouraging the justice system and community groups to assist with counseling families, and establishing policies to improve public relations between civil workers and the public. Mandating rehabilitation for offenders, as an alternative to incarceration, not only keeps families intact, it also saves taxpayers money. In a Journal Record Legislative Report (Carter, n.d.), Oklahoma Representative Wallace Collins said “We can pay now or we can pay later.” The cost of incarceration per inmate is more than three...
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...Running head: Juvenile Reentry Juvenile Reentry Making an Effective Transition Jodi Calvert Capella University PSF 5372 – History of the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Abstract This paper explores the transformation of the Juvenile Justice System over the past century and how it impacts today’s youth. Juvenile delinquency has become a well-known phenomenon as youth have taken experimentation and violence to a new level. More adolescents are being diagnosed with medical disorders while many find themselves not having the means to access the proper treatment. Family and moral standards are not as they were a century ago and the economic strain of today can make it difficult for children to develop the necessary skills to transition through their developmental stages. Chaos, confusion and loss of identity play a significant role in many of the adolescents that find themselves in contact with the Juvenile Justice System. New interventions for these adolescents are greatly needed to improve not only their own well being, but to create a prosperous community. Juvenile Reentry Juveniles are released from institutions across the country everyday, but many do not have the knowledge required to make permanent changes for themselves, their families, and their communities. The first Juvenile Court in the United States was established in Cook County, Illinois in 1899 and within 25 years all but two states had established separate juvenile justice...
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