...Why was marijuana criminalized to begin with? Most people think it was made illegal due to some sort of scientific research or experimentation proving its harmfulness. However, it didnt quite go down like that, in fact, its detest history was triggered due to racism, fear, biased propaganda, and protection of corporate industries. I will be covering many topics over marijuana in this journey through its history, but to begin, we need to go over the background history of this plant. For a substantial time of human history, marijuana was completely legal. As a matter of fact, it has been illegal for just over 1% of the time its been discovered and used. Marijuana was used known as far back as 7000 B.C, and legal as recent as 1910. It was introduced to the United States as early as the 1600’s , but wasn’t recognized as a recreational drug until the early 1900’s. The very first marijuana law was enacted in 1619 in Jamestown Colony, Virginia. Believe it or not, this was not a law against marijuana, this law was made to order every farmer to grow hemp seed, and they weren’t the only ones. Over...
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...International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, (2011): 145-165 STUDY ON DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP AMONG GOLD PRICE, OIL PRICE, EXCHANGE RATE AND STOCK MARKET RETURNS K. S. Sujit1 and B. Rajesh Kumar2 Abstract: The dynamic and complex relationship among economic variables has attracted the researchers, policy makers and business people alike. This study is an attempt to test the dynamic relationship among gold price, stock returns, exchange rate and oil price. All these variables have witnessed significant changes over time and hence, it is absolutely necessary to validate the relationship periodically. This study takes daily data from 2nd January 1998 to 5th June 2011, constituting 3485 observations. Using techniques of time series the study tried to capture dynamic and stable relationship among these variables using vector autoregressive and cointegration technique. The results show that exchange rate is highly affected by changes in other variables. However, stock market has fewer roles in affecting the exchange rate. In this study we tested two models and one model suggests that there is weak long term relationship among variables. JEL classification: C22; E3; Keywords: Unit root tests; granger causality test, Cointegration; Vector auto regression (VAR) INTRODUCTION Gold was one of the first metals humans excavated. Gold as an asset has a hybrid nature: it is a commodity used in many industries but also it has maintained throughout history...
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...In 1911, Dr. Hamilton Wright, the United States Opium Commissioner, at the time, stated that “of all the nations… the United States [consumed] most habit-forming drugs per capita.”1 This branded America as a drug lord, and future generations would continue to uphold the atrocious title and reputation, demonstrating that the United States’ drug control system was poorly enforced during the 1900’s. Neglectful physicians, contraband traces in food and medicine, utter ignorance in part of the American government, and social retaliation led to America becoming a leader in illicit substance distribution and use. One would think that medical professionals should be dedicated to ensuring patient health and safety, but history reveals ethical mishaps and disappointing facts dictating quite the contrary. Heroin, a substance extracted from the seed pod of certain poppy plants,2 was once a primary component for medications that treated cough-inducing illnesses. Bayer, a major pharmaceutical company, widely advertised heroin and its concoctions, such as heroinhydrochloride, to the general public. It was claimed as, “the cheapest specific for the relief of coughs,” which would appeal to any customer (see page 11, Figure 1). However, heroin is derived from morphine, which is highly addictive and even toxic in large quantities. Morphine caused crisis among civil war veterans, who became dangerously addicted to the pain reliever.3 Even with these previous events in mind...
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...CURRENT AFFAIRS AND HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS My view of studying history is that it is important for future generations to know where their ancestors have been and what they have accomplished in order to make future changes and developments in a society. I feel that without studying American history most industries would not be able to grow to meet the demands of modern day needs. Take for instance the computer industry and it’s progression in the last 40 years. My laptop that I’m writing this paper with has as much power, if not more than the computers used to put a man on the moon. That would not be possible if manufacturers did not look at ways to improve what they already have developed, which means they have to look back at what they have created in the past. Among other important reasons for studying American History would be subjects such as labor laws and social security. We as a society want to live better lives and improve the quality of our lives and so by looking at the past we can make changes in the future to benefit our future generations. In my view without studying history there would be no progressive future. I think many people have a negative view on studying history because they can’t seem to find a connection to how history relates or affects their lives. I believe that anyone can find something interesting to study in history. It’s just a matter of finding a way for them to connect with a subject on a personal or professional level. Maybe someone does...
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...argued that our nation is dependent upon oil from terrorists and that the money is even used to fund Iran’s nuclear program (Freeman 3). Becoming a nation that is energy independent could help de-fund terrorist organizations and significantly bring down the cost of gasoline. David Freeman writes, “The good news is that the technology is commercially available today to convert the superabundance of renewable energy into electricity and other usable forms to power our high-energy lives” (103). Oil is the major fuel source in the United States and a large amount of oil is hidden under the ocean floors (Woodside 5). Many energy experts and environmentalists question whether it is cost effective to drill miles beneath the ocean floor as well as the effects it might have on the atmosphere (5-6). Another option for America’s transition to oil independence is reverting back to the original diesel engine, invented in 1900 (62). Woodside writes, “Peanut oil and any vegetable oil can be refined to run automobile engines or furnaces” (62). With so many other alternatives to traditional oil, it’s a wonder why America isn’t working harder to become energy independent in regards to oil and to lower the cost of gasoline in such a poor economy. Statement of Problem Oil is needed for the everyday needs of nearly every American as well as important missions carried out by our armed services (Hakes 2). If the claims are true that money spent on foreign oil does support terrorism and nuclear programs...
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...Marijuana is not defined as a drug. Marijuana is dried, strong smelling plant containing cannabis. It can be smoked, eaten, drink or use as an oil to rub on needed area. When this done it induces euphoria. The use of marijuana started in the 1600 they used it to make clothing, paper and other materials such as that, then around the 1800 they stopped using marijuana for those items. It was still around after that but it was not until the 1900’s when the mexicans started migrating to the United States that it became popular again, this was around the time that people started using is for medical use, along with recreational use. There were many different foundations that felt based of of their research marijuana was bad, and this helped outlaw hemp and other marijuana items. It was not until 1944 the La Guardia committee was able to...
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...Bolivia History, Economics & Politics | | | | | 2/21/2013 | | In this research paper I will be discussing three topics of the country of Bolivia. The three topics that I will be discussing is history of Bolivia during the 20th century, the current economic situation, and the politics of the country of Bolivia. The first topic that I am going to discuss is 20th century history of Bolivia. A major turning point in the history of this country is the Chaco War. This took place from 1932 to 1935. This was a war between Paraguay and Bolivia over a region that was known for being rich in oil. Paraguay defeated Bolivia which cost the lives of many Bolivians and the oil rich territory. The conflict also discredited their government. From 1941 to 1964 the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement, or MNR along with President Paz Estenssoro were the government figures that ruled Bolivia. This movement was the most important political party during the 20th century. This political party started out as a leftist/reformist party but has since moved sharply to the right. From 1965 to 2005 Bolivia struggled with electing a president that would be good for economy until they elected President Evo Morales. During the 1900’s indigenous people were not treated like they were citizens of Bolivia. Their living conditions were deplorable and they were forced to work under primitive conditions in the mines and on estates. They were also denied access to education, economic...
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...George Washington Carver For centuries scientists have expanded the many discoveries within the chemistry community that have provided the world with educational and personal impact. George Washington Carver was a man of honor and help that developed beneficial services to farmers and slaves during his time. He dedicated his life to research projects that over time changed Southern farmers declining economic crisis. “The products he derived from the peanut and the soybean revolutionized the economy of the South by liberating it from an excessive dependence on cotton” (“George Washington carver”, 1993). From being a teacher to well known advocate, Carver was influential man that committed his life to helping others no matter the circumstances. This led him to the developments of methods for conserving nutrients in soil and discoveries of new uses for crops like the peanut helped transform the agricultural economy of the South. Although born into slavery, George Washington Carver became one of the nation’s greatest educators and agricultural researchers/chemist. With a childhood illness that could have taken his life, Carver worked hard as a child with household chores and gardening. His keen interest in learning how to read, write, and spell took Carver to high places that all African American children dreamed of. He worked hard to get into college where many schools declined him because of his skin color. Regardless of such disappointing reasons, his determination and perseverance...
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...Environment, Health and Ecology A Research Paper in English Submitted to: Mrs. Ma. Leonor M. Vertucio Submitted by: Mayuga, John Angel Ocino, Angel Joseph I. Introduction Our topic is about Cannabis, also known as marijuana (sometimes spelled "marihuana") among many other names, refers to any number of preparations of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or for medicinal purposes. According to the United Nations, cannabis "is the most widely used illicit substance in the world.“ The typical herbal form of cannabis consists of the flowers and subtending leaves and stalks of mature pistil late female plants. The resinous form of the drug is known as hashish (or merely as 'hash') The major psychoactive chemical compound in cannabis is Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (commonly abbreviated as THC). Cannabis contains more than 400 different chemical compounds, including at least 66 other cannabinoids (cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and tetrahydro cannabis varin (THCV), etc. which can result in different effects from those of THC alone. In modern times, the drug has been used for recreational, religious or spiritual, and medicinal purposes. We choose this topic to know and to inform our listeners that marijuana is a harmful plant s even though it can be use...
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...1) a) Resource used I. Exotic plant management teams II. Integrated pests management b) Number of results * Over 6,500 non-native invasive species have been documented on park lands * More than 650 invasive species have been found in marine parks c) Number of full text results Invasive species include all taxa of organisms, ranging from microscopic insects to 100 lb sheep. d) 70% of documented invasive species on park lands are invasive plant species around 5% of park lands are dominated by invasive plants. 2) Texas Today: A Sea of the Wrong Grasses “I In the ’60s when I bought this place and moved Here from Houston, we had so many quail that You didn’t even need a bird dog to find them,” Mused my 85-year-old hill country neighbour. “Then,” he Paused, his satirical glance drifting toward the mantle to A dust-covered 20-gauge double-barrelled shotgun and a Faded John Cowan Print of a quail hunt on a shin oak Mountaintop of the Texas hill country, “by the early ’80s, The quail were gone.” “Well,” I interjected in a smug biologist’s refrain, “what Changed?” “Hell, I don’t know, but just before that time everybody Planted all the maize fields to coastal (Bermuda grass), and That damn KR bluestem came in from the highway when They redid it.” “I’ll bet that’s part of it,” added the old man. What ran through agronomist Nick Diaz’s mind on a Hot, dry Gulf Coast summer day in 1939, when he first laid Eyes on the...
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...Medicalization of Marijuana The Stigma of a Miracle Drug March 25, 2014 Synopsis The following media review is based on a two part documentary which focuses on the healing qualities of medical marijuana in the treatment of Dravet’s syndrome along with a number of other illnesses. I researched the benefits of medical marijuana, specifically the medicalization of the plant and its derivatives. This includes the extraction and ingestion of cannabis oil in its pure form for the treatment of Dravet’s syndrome, a form of chronic epilepsy often found in children. This paper focuses on the history of the use of cannabis for its healing properties and provides a brief overview of the documentary which is the basis of the paper, detailing the importance of the medicalization of the cannabis plant for use in treating a number of ailments, including but not limited to the treatment of Dravet’s Syndrome and Autism in children. It was not until I watched the documentary which was recently aired on CNN entitled “Weed, Cannabis Madness” and its sequel “Weed 2” that I became interested in the healing qualities that this plant possesses and more specifically, its ability to treat children who are suffering from a condition called Dravet’s Syndrome. Dravet’s Syndrome is a form of chronic epilepsy which causes children to seize violently for upwards of 50 seizures per day. There is no cure for this disease, and for many children the drugs prescribed by their physicians such as...
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...WP/13/266 Financial and Sovereign Debt Crises: Some Lessons Learned and Those Forgotten Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff WP/13/266 © 2013 International Monetary Fund IMF Working Paper Research Department Financial and Sovereign Debt Crises: Some Lessons Learned and Those Forgotten1 Prepared by Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff Authorized for distribution by Stijn Claessens December 2013 This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. Abstract Even after one of the most severe multi-year crises on record in the advanced economies, the received wisdom in policy circles clings to the notion that high-income countries are completely different from their emerging market counterparts. The current phase of the official policy approach is predicated on the assumption that debt sustainability can be achieved through a mix of austerity, forbearance and growth. The claim is that advanced countries do not need to resort to the standard toolkit of emerging markets, including debt restructurings and conversions, higher inflation, capital controls and other forms of financial repression. As we document, this claim is at odds with the historical track record of...
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...used persuasion to reinforce their image of power or to spread a truth deemed critical to the populace. Monuments and statues declaring the insurmountable power of leaders and decrees or writings of early religious leaders were used to persuade people to act in accordance with the creators’ goals or desires. The Renaissance brought increased public relation efforts in politics with the forced creation of the Magna Carta and the practices of political philosophers such as Machiavelli. The 1400’s saw the new world discovered, mercantile trade expand even further, and Gutenberg invent the movable type printing press. These factors stimulated new ways of thinking of oneself in relationship to others and increased the uses and means by which one could capitalize on persuasion. The usage and study of public relations has generally been led by the United States and can be seen through five stages: The Beginning of PR (1600-1799), Communicating/Initiating (1800-1899), Reacting/Responding (1900-1939), Planning/Preventing (1940-1979), and Professionalism (1980-Present). (1600-1799, The Beginning of PR) As the colonies of the New World expanded and grew, so did the usage of early forms of public relations. Public relations were used to publicize and sell real estate in the new land. The American Revolution saw press agentry events that were media successes (Boston Tea Party),...
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...unexpectedly disappeared? Fossil fuels are very important to our world because they provide an overwhelming majority of our world energy. This paper confronts this question with a balanced view attempting to address the issue of what sources might provide energy in the future and come to an objective conclusion. As the world enters a new century, new sources of energy such as wind and solar power need to be developed to help the world keep running on all cylinders. With the development of these new energy sources, our world would become a cleaner place and the energy crisis would straighten itself out. Today, the world uses an astonishing amount of energy. Whether it is in the form of unleaded gas from the local filling station or electricity from the local coal power plant, the truth is most energy comes from a non-renewable source. “When it comes to types of fossil fuels, petroleum provides almost 40 percent of the energy used in the world. Coal is the other main source of the world's energy and provides almost 30 percent of the energy consumed in the world. (Mathewson, p. 277). As you can see here, almost 70% of our fossil fuel use comes from petroleum and coal. Modern culture seems to care little about the amount of energy used and what effects it might have on the environment. Energy use per person has been increasing since the early 1900's. “In 1990, the average American used 2.2 short tons of coal a day” (Mathewson, 1999). An amazing fact is that the average global amount...
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...AMERICAN BUSINESS CYCLES: AN ESSAY IN ECONOMIC HISTORIOGRAPHY Peter Temin* This paper surveys American business cycles over the past century. Its task is to identify the causes of these cycles; other papers in this collection address the nature of policy responses to these causes. This paper can be seen as a test to discriminate between two views of the American economy. The first is expressed in a characteristically vivid statement by Dornbusch, who proclaimed recently: “None of the U.S. expansions of the past 40 years died in bed of old age; every one was murdered by the Federal Reserve” (Dornbusch 1997). This stark view can be contrasted with its opposite in the recent literature: “[N]one of the popular candidates for observable shocks robustly accounts for the bulk of business-cycle fluctuations in output” (Cochrane 1994, p. 358). I expand the time period to consider the past century, but it is easy to distinguish the past 40 years, that is, the period since World War II. A survey of business cycle causes over an entire century runs into several problems, of which three seem noteworthy. First, it is not at all clear what “cause” means in this context. Second, the Great Depression was such a large cycle that it cannot be seen as just another data point. Third, the survey relies on the existing literature on business cycles, which is why I have entitled it an essay in economic historiography. The paper proceeds by discussing each of these problems in turn, then turning to the data...
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