In: Social Issues
...LITERATURE OF THE OLD ENGLISH AND THE OLD IRISH PERIODS (600-1100 A.D.) 1- OLD ENGLISH HISTORY AND LANGUAGE Initial literatures are spoken and that oral literature have been many amplifications, later appear the texts. Beowulf was oral first and then became written. There are lots of fragments written literally. Some texts were lost and now we only have fragments. These texts are writing in manuscripts, there weren’t books in that period. In particular there are four manuscripts that contain most of English literature: Cotton Vitelius, Exeter Book, Junius Manuscript and Vercelli Manuscript; they are from 10th century. However the poetry and the texts contain the literature from 9th century, but they originated in 7th century orally (all of them originated orally before they appear written). That manuscripts tell some things about the society of this period of time, so we know details of this century. This period is the Anglo-Saxon period, before them there were the Britons who were invaded by some different people. They spoke different dialects of old English, the stronger kingdom was Wessex, which dialect was the most important and it called “west saxon”. Beowulf was writing in this dialect. In 597 appeared the Christianization. This means that the English became Christian, it became familiar with the church language: Latin. Latin is the culture language. The entry of Christianity is the entry of the culture in Britain. 2- WRITTEN RECORDS OF THE ANGLOSAXON......
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...OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE DURING THE DARK AGES ABSTRACT This period extends from about 450 to 1066 A.D. The sources of Old English literature, as we know it, are rooted in their Teutonic origins and were evolved by the spirit that drove the times. In addition to reflecting the violence of the age, however, Old English literature also provides insight into the hearts and souls of a culture that had a strong attachment to nature; where loyalty and honor were more important than life. And for a culture that did not believe in the immortality of the human soul. Beowulf is the oldest and longest known poem of the Old English period. The passionate struggle between Beowulf and the sea monster Grendel is a reflection of the struggle between man and the forces of nature. INTRODUCTION The Medieval Times encompass one of the most turbulent periods in the History of England and scatter the Medieval History books and other historical documents. Middle Ages embraced two quite different periods of literary history, the Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) and the Middle English, sharply divided from each other by the Norman duke William´s conquest of the island in 1066. Both English culture and the English language changed radically in the years following this event, and English literature was given a new spirit. (The Norton Anthology of English Literature) Old English was the West Germanic language spoken in the area now known as England between the 5th and 11th centuries.......
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...LUSINE MIRZOYAN BRITISH NATIONAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 1. BAGPIPES – Though bagpipes are closely associated with Scotland and only Scotland by many outsiders, the instrument ( or, more precisely, family of instruments) is found throughout large swathes of Europe, North Africa and South Asia. Out of the many varieties of Scottish bagpipes, the most common in modern days is the Highlands variety, which was spread through its use by the Highland regiments of the British Army. Bagpipes are a class of musical instrument, aerophones using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The term is equally correct in the singular or plural, although in the English language, pipers most commonly talk of “pipes”. 2. FIDDLE (VIOLIN) – Any violin may be informally called a fiddle, regardless of the kind of music being played with it, it is considered to be the predecessor of today’s violin. The instrument arrived late in the 17th century, and is first mentioned in 1680 in a document from Newbattle Abbey in Midlothian, Lessones For Ye Violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, but came in a variety of shapes and sizes. Another family of instruments which contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the viols, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards. 3. GUITAR – The guitar is a musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical......
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...Characteristics of Old and Middle English Literature In many works from the Old English period, which was approximately between 600-1100, there were many distinguishing characteristics, which included heroism, a strict class system, religion, and teachings of moral behavior. Some different characteristics of Old English literature, which is a language derived from Old German, include a strong belief in fate in a very poetry dominated era. Many of the poems are called elegies of that time, which were sorrowful poems, such as “The Wanderer.” Another large characteristic of Old English literature is that of praising or honoring heroes of any kind, especially ones that prevail in battle. Some of these include the Cross from, “Dream of the Rood,” Beowulf from Beowulf, the lost hero in “The Wanderer,” Judith from “Judith,” and the biggest hero who is included in almost all poems and pieces of Old English literature, Christ. Many of these works express much religious faith having to do with Christianity. The Anglo-Saxon people also had a very strict class system. Going along with the faith they believed in the Great Chain of Being, which said that when God made the entire world each creature was put in their position. God made a monarchy and put the members of that high status position there for a reason and did the same for a person who was a slave, God made them that and put them in that position in society. The people on the top of the chain are supposed to help the......
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...First year Learning English English language Learning is widely spread over different parts of the world. It is taught as a foreign language in many countries. In many others, it is not only considered as a part of their culture, but it is also used as a second language. These are called the Commonwealth of the English language speaking countries. The English language learners are often seen as the best judges of their own needs and wants because they know what they can and cannot do with it, and what language skills are more essential. Even large numbers of them face problems and expensive access to the necessary materials; they prefer to surf through the internet or read books and special magazines dealing with the subject. Throughout the years, the English language curriculum has been regularly updated and revised, based on the behavior of the learners. For those who want to do further studies in English, there are two main specific tests in the language: TOFEL (Test of English as a foreign language), and TOESL (Test of English as a second language). They are elaborated to control and test the efficiency of the English language use and training, and recognition of the knowledge acquired before. ......
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...London — the capital of Great Britain is situated on the Thames River. It is the largest city in Europe with a population of eight and a quarter million. It is divided into four parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. The City is the business and commercial heart of Lon-don. Many banks, offices and firms are concentrated the-re. The Tower and St. Paul's Cathedral are in the centre. The Tower is about 900 years old. Many years ago it was a royal residence, then a prison. Now it is a museum. St. Paul's Cathedral is very large and fine. It was completed in 1710. The famous English architect Christopher Wren planned and built St. Paul's Cathedral. If the City is the business part of London, Westminster is the centre of administration. We can see the Houses of Parliament there. It is a beautiful building with two towers and a very big clock called Big Ben. The Houses of Parliament stand in Parliament Square. Westminster Abbey is opposite the Houses of Parliament. Many great Englishmen were buried in Westminster Abbey. To the west of Westminster Abbey you can see Buckingham Pa-lace. It is a royal residence. The ceremony of the chan-ging of the guards which takes place in front of Bucking-ham Palace is of great interest to the tourists. Rich people live in the West End. The best and most expensive clubs, restaurants and theatres, beautiful houses and parks are there. The East End — the district of plants, factories, slums and docks — is for......
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...General Certificate of Secondary Education Higher Tier June 2014 English Literature Unit 2 Poetry across time Thursday 22 May 2014 1.30 pm to 2.45 pm 97102H H For this paper you must have: • an AQA 16-page answer book • an unannotated copy of the Anthology Moon on the Tides. Time allowed • 1 hour 15 minutes Instructions • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. • Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The paper reference is 97102H. • Answer two questions. • Answer one question from Section A and the question in Section B. • For Section A, you must have a copy of the AQA Poetry Anthology Moon on the Tides in the examination room. The text must not be annotated and must not contain additional notes or materials. • Write your answers in the answer book provided. • Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. • You must not use a dictionary. Information • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • The maximum mark for this paper is 54. • You should: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice • You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on Section A and about 30 minutes on Section B. • You are reminded that there are 36 marks for Section A and 18 marks for Section B. IB/M/Jun14/E2 97102H 2 Section A: Anthology – Moon on the Tides Answer one question from this section. You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on this...
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...English literature From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Selected English-language writers: Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Mark Twain, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, Vladimir Nabokov, Toni Morrison, Salman Rushdie. The focus of this article is on literature in the English language from anywhere, not just the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, the whole of Ireland, Wales, as well as literature in English from former British colonies, including the US. However, up until the early 19th century, it deals with the literature written in English of Britain and Ireland. English literature is generally seen as beginning with the epic poem Beowulf, that dates from between the 8th to the 11th centuries, the most famous work in Old English, which has achieved national epic status in England, despite being set in Scandinavia. The next important landmark is the works of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400), especially The Canterbury Tales. Then during The Renaissance, especially the late 16th and early 17th centuries, major drama and poetry was written by William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Donne and many others. Another great poet, from later in the 17th century, was John Milton (1608–74) author of the epic poem Paradise Lost (1667). The late 17th and the early 18th century are particularly associated with satire, especially in the poetry of John Dryden and Alexander Pope, and the prose works of Jonathan Swift. The 18th......
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...Bittersweet Love: Forces that Cause Love Relationship to Change for Better or Worst Jazzmin Jones Instructor Chunn ENG 125 February 2015 Literature has been the foundation that develops the need to have conflicts that can creates inspiring pieces of ideas of how to overcome it or learn from it if it cannot be resolves. It express the hardships and struggles from the experiences of the writer that reader can establish connections or may acknowledge it as a worldly or personal crisis. In short story, “Country Lovers” by Nadine Gourdime and “Hills Like White Elephants” by Elswell Hemmingway, both centers around the conflict that involves the issues of forces that may threaten to end love relationships in way both couples didn't want, by exploring the use of literary techniques such as symbolism, climax, and setting. Both stories deal with forces that is causing a love crisis between each other. The theme in “Hill Like White Elephant”, the couples are dealing with the topic of their unborn child and abortion and in “Country Lovers” focus on the love of childhood friends that turn into sexual curiosity that is against society rules and expectation between blacks and whites. Hills Like White Elephants, the whole story is consist of dialogue between a young woman who is nicknamed “Jig” and the unnamed American lover, trying to talk to each other but neither are listening or viewing each other point of views. The “white elephant” symbolizes to Jig's unwanted pregnancy......
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...in fact valid. Locking someone up in a cell and telling them are going to be killed on this date. This sadistic and the level to which we should sink. It is a sense of worse than what many criminals subjected their victims to. Argument seven: Our criminal justice system is not proportional Those who argue with arguments against the death penalty often point out that criminals who kill deserve to be killed and while this seems to make sense on an intuitive level it is and how our criminal justice system operates. We do not rob from robbers, rape rapists or violently assault those who violently assaulted others therefore it makes no sense but we should kill murderers simply because they killed other people. We have moved past that stage of old fashioned justice. Argument nine: The death penalty can be carried out humanely There is simply no method currently in use which can kill people humanely. Hanging people can go horribly wrong if the measurements aren't gotten right and the rope fails to snap the victims neck. Firing squads can fail to kill their victims instantly and instead leave them bleeding out with several bullet wounds in the chest. The electric chair can literally cook people live and leave them with severe burns but not dead. Even a lethal injection has been known not to kill its victims and instead simply cause severe internal pain. Even when it does kill them, some speculate that immense internal pain is still felt....
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...VARIETIES OF OLD ENGLISH: In present day English we are used to the concept of different varieties of English. Some are regional, while some are national, perhaps because of the relative sparsity of Anglo-Saxon. However, we need to be aware that in the Anglo-Saxon period, too different varieties of English were used. OLD ENGLISH AND SCOTS: In discussing the notion of old English being used in Scotland we need to add the qualification that in the Anglo-Saxon period there was little sense of English as a unified language.What we are talking about is the extent to which a particular variety of old English extended into Scotland. The Scots were originally from Ireland and settled in what is now Scotland around 500 AD. Also present in Scotland at this time were the Picts, and it was not until 843 that Scottish and Pictish dominions were untied by Kenneth MacAlpin, the first king of the Scots, as the language of the Picts gradually died out. The predominant language in Scotland became the Celtic language Gaelic. However, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of northumbrian dialect would also have been common on the English-Scottish border. A Scottish dialect of English emerged in the middle English period , during the reign of Malcolm III of Scotland who used English as opposed to Gaelic as the language of his royal court . Consequently , Gaelic never achieved the prestigious position it would have needed to survive as the language of Scotland . OLD ENGLISH DIALECTAL......
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...also a static character because he does not change throughout the story. • Antagonist: The House: Although it is not a person, the house is the force that opposes T. Without the house that was left standing after the bombing, there would be no plot. • Blackie: He is a flat character because we do not know much about him at all. He is also a static character because throughout the story, he remains hesitant about the gangs plot to destruct the house. He does not ever voice his concerns. • Old Misery/Mr. Thomas: He is a stock character because he is the typical “old man” who lives for peace and the preservation of beauty. Foreshadowing: As we are aware that the story is about post WWII, and after London was bombed by Hitler, the reader gets a sense that nothing is left standing. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the London Bombing foreshadows that Mr. Thomas’s house will also be destroyed. Plot: • Exposition: The reader is introduced to Trevor, or T, and his plan to destroy Mr. Thomas’s 200 year old home that survived The Blitz. It is learned that Blackie is the gang leader and that he accepts T’s plan, which will be carried out when Mr. Thomas is away. The setting is revealed as it is set in London, post WWII and the above characters, along with the rest of the gang, are briefly introduced. • Complication: This occurs when T unveils his plan to the full extent. He plans to systematically destroy the house from the inside out as to make sure that none of the remains,......
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...1. Literature of the 17th century. John Milton. “Paradise Lost”. John Bunyan. “Pilgrim’s Progress”. The peculiarities of the English literature of the 17th century are determined by the events of the Engl. Bourgeois Revolution, which took place in 1640-60. King Charles I was beheaded in 1649& General Oliver Cromwell became the leader of the new government. In 1660, shortly after Cro-ll’s death, the dynasty of the Stuarts was restored. The establishment of new social&eco-ic relations, the change from feudal to bourgeois ownership, escalating class-struggle, liberation movement and contradictions of the bourgeois society found their reflection in lit-re. The main representatives of this period is: John Milton: was born in London&educated at Christ’s College. He lived a pure life believing that he had a great purpose to complete. At college he was known as the The Lady of Christ’s. he Got master’s degree at Cambridge. It’s convenient to consider his works in 3 divisions. At first he wrote his short poems at Horton. (The Passion, Song on May Morning, L’Allegro). Then he wrote mainly prose. His 3 greatest poems belong to his last group. At the age of 23 he had still done little in life&he admits this in one of his sonnets. (On his 23d B-day) In his another sonnet he wrote on his own blindness. (On his Blindness) Milton wrote diff. kinds of works. His prose works were mainly concerned with church, affairs, divorce & freedom. The English civil war between......
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...whore” hardly seems an appropriate epitaph for this once complex and sympathetic character. * ------------------------------------------------- Commenting on the way in which the prevailing cultural stereotypes of women were not only inadequate to describe them but justified their oppression and even encouraged violence against them. * ------------------------------------------------- Annabella is the emotional centre of the play. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Friar Bonaventura * ------------------------------------------------- Confidant. * ------------------------------------------------- Catholic were objects of suspicion and even hatred for English Protestants. * ------------------------------------------------- Appears virtuous and sincere. * ------------------------------------------------- Takes no pleasure in the idea of the lovers’ sexual transgression. * ------------------------------------------------- Makes no impression on Giovanni. * ------------------------------------------------- Rather than stay until the end of the play in order to try to prevent the tragedy, he escapes, abandoning the couple to their fate. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Putana * ------------------------------------------------- Confidante of her young female charge. *......
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...animal should drink alcohol to excess.” Ch9 The animals had to rebuild the windmill, and they have no food .Boxer still remained injured, but he did not want to leave his work for even a day. As the animals suffered from hungry, the pigs continue to grow fatter. In April, the government declared Animal Farm a republic, and Napoleon became the president. One day, Boxer got injured from building the windmill. The pigs said that they will send him to a human hospital, but when the car arrived, Benjamin read the writing on the cart. The animals knew that boxer was being sent to a glue maker to be killed. They all cried out to Boxer , but it was too late for Boxer to get out. Ch10 Many years later, many animals were old and dead. The animal finally finished the wind mill, but it was used for mill corn instead of generating electricity. Squealer said that the pigs and dogs did very important work—filling out forms and such. The other animals agreed with it, and their lives went on very much as before. There was only one Commandment is on the wall now. It was “ All animals are equal, but some animal are more equal than others.” Napoleon and Pilkington had played cards together. As the animals watched through the window, they can no longer distinct which of the card players are pigs and which are human beings....
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