In addition, we need to address other factors that affect political and social participation as race alone does not solely attribute to the way citizens participate politically and socially. Class, gender, sexuality and race are only a few variables which make up a person’s identity that consequently alters the way in which a person partakes in society. Traditional gendered roles confine females to the private sphere as it is perceived that the likely role of a woman should take up is a carer who is financially dependent on men. This combination limits access to political citizenship. According to Jordan and Weedon, social class was used in the UK to restrict access to education. This deterred boys of lower class backgrounds who emerge from …show more content…
It was discovered that police discrimination against ethnic minorities was greatest in situations where police officers had scope to exploit their own intuition, stereotypes and racial prejudices. The Brixton Riots 1981 exemplified Fitzgerald’s thesis, as it was common practice for policemen to target black people on the streets. Operation Swamp 81 was introduced to tackle street crime, it permitted the police to stop and search and sequentially jail individuals on the basis of a mere ‘suspicion’ of wrongdoing. Within the first six days of the operation 943 people were stopped and searched and 11814 people were arrested signifying an upheaval of racial profiling rather than criminal intent. Lord Scarman issued an influential report in 1982 on the causes of the rioting in which he concluded that the black population in Brixton had been subjected to indiscriminate, disproportionate policing under what became known as the sus laws, albeit they have been abolished as a part of Scarman’s recommendations. Anti-racist scholars have agued that the use of sus laws in Brixton was symptomatic of a wider political context in which citizenship lines were being redrawn in ways that meant some people were second class citizens which did not have full rights compared to white counterparts in particular14.

Institutional racism emerged due to the murder of Stephen Lawrence, it distinguished that our institutions are wittingly and sometimes subconsciously but also consciously reproducing racism in their practices and our institutions refute with that. Arguably this concept has not disappeared and there is a recurrent debate over whether society is inclusive in terms of its rights for citizens as T.H Marshall foreseen or said it might