...An optical fiber or optical fibre is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. Optical fiber typically consists of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while those which can only support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a larger core diameter, and are used for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most...
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...ASSESSMENT TASK-1 CASE STUDY SALES BUDGET ITEM JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH TOTAL 1. $30,000 30000+(10/100×30000) = $33,000 33000+(50/100×33000) = $49,500 $112500 OPERATING EXPENSES BUDGET Operating expenses SALES JANAURY FEBRUARY MARCH Salary to partners 9167 9167 9167 Salary to others 6667 6667 6667 Stationery 167 167 167 Electricity 100 100 100 Travel 600 660 990 Bank charges 133 133 133 Phone 240 240 240 Rent 1800 1800 1800 Total 18874 18934 19264 Other expenses Depreciation 167 167 167 Advertising 300 330 495 Total 467 497 662 Total expenses 19341 19431 19926 Total = 58698 CASH FLOW BUDGET ITEMS JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH TOTAL Cash at Bank 12,000 22,826 36,562 12000 Sales revenue 30,000 33,000 49,500 112,500 Total 42,000 55,826 86,062 124500 Less cash payment 19,174 19,264 19,759 58197 Depreciation 22826 36562 66303 125691 BUDGETED INCOME STATEMENT ITEMS AMOUNTS Sales revenue 112500 Less operating expenses 55098 Net profit 55098 CASE STUDY PART B DUTIES SPECIFIC ORGANISATIONAL INFORMATION, SUPPORT, RESOURCES REQUIRED INVOICING It will involve request and purchase order of the company. A document should be there which will have all the information related to sales and transactions. All the payments will be stated in the invoice. PURCHASE ORDERS This is the first official order issued by the company to a customer. So basically it will create an agreement between company and customer that the deal is made. PROCESSING CHEQUES...
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...Storage Concepts General Aspects - storage networks There are always different ways of transporting and saving data in company networks. From these different options the following techniques have to be pointed out, as they are significant in practical experience: (1) DAS: Direct Attached Storage – traditional solution (2) NAS: Network Attached Storage – interim solution (3) SAN: Storage Area Network - professional solution Direct Attached Storage (DAS) - traditional solution [pic] Picture 1: Direct Attached Storage (DAS) Direct Attached Storage (DAS) is just one of many options to expand the storage space of a PRIMERGY-Server. Direct Attached Storage is a storage system which is directly connected to a PRIMERGY server. There is a permanent connection between server and storage, usually made by a SCSI interface. Only the directly attached server has access to the storage system. Mostly, the first extension to a server is through a DAS connected storage subsystem. At first, the supporting medium SCSI seems to be relatively cost-effective, as the range of products of hardware and software is large, but the usage of SCSI-interfaces is limited to a few metres and it might become necessary to extend the server through possibly expensive raid SCSI-controllers. However the SCSI-interface only allows for 15 simultaneous HDD connections per controller. A further disadvantage of DAS occurs whenever different clients are used on many servers, and this happens...
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...access shared storage as if it were a drive directly attached to the server. When a host wants to access a storage device on the SAN, it sends out a block-based access request for the storage device.” This is great for maintaining information as it can be easily accessible and very clean but at the same time it can also be the best and safest prevention technique against hackers. The price is worth the amount of high tech options you can get with an SAN to keep your information safe from within. “Storage area networks are managed centrally and Fibre Channel SANs have the reputation of being expensive, complex and difficult to manage. The emergence of iSCSI has reduced these challenges by encapsulating SCSI commands into IP packets for transmission over an Ethernet connection, rather than a Fibre Channel connection. Instead of learning, building and managing two networks -- an Ethernet local area network (LAN) for user communication and a Fibre Channel SAN for storage -- an organization can now use its existing knowledge and infrastructure for both LANs and SANs.” If...
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...Disk Subsystems [chp 11] Block level striping with striped parity, slower write operations due to extra calculations required for parity, allows for single drive failure * RAID 5 Block level striping, evenly across all drive, faster performance of all RAID levels * RAID 0 Byte level striping across at least 3 disks, with dedicated parity disk * RAID 3 Block level striping with parity disk * RAID 4 Mirrored, least busy drive can read, writes reduce performance due to both drives having to write simultaneously. * RAID 1 Two drive failure is OK, Second distributed parity across all drives, requires a minimum of 4 drives * RAID 6 ________________ Performance increases in any striped array that have a large number of reads compared to writes can be accomplished by doing what? * adding more drives Doubling drives generally gives 50% increase in _____ performance * read Name two disk designs that use parallel cables to connect to the HBA * SCSI * EIDE How long is an EIDE cable? * 18 inches You need to memorise the Disk Array Controller operation order. Every step. * OS generates a disk I/O command that includes a LBA, or Logical Bus Address for a read command * OS generates an interrupt that is received by the Disk Array Controller * Disk Array Controller executes I/O command * Command sent to target drive * Head reads servo track to find its place on the disk * read data is transferred...
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...Refresh Telecom PBX Virtualization Project Jonathan Sullivan DeVry University’s Keller Graduate School of Management Project Cost & Schedule Control Professor Tony Kapsak March 30, 2014 Contents Refresh Telecom PBX Virtualization Project 3 Executive Summary 3 Project Scope Statement 3 Description 3 Acceptance Criteria 4 Deliverables 4 Exclusions 4 Constraints 5 Assumptions 5 Technical Requirements 5 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 5 Cost Estimates 6 Cost Assumptions 7 Refresh Telecom PBX Virtualization Project Executive Summary This project is expected to take six months to complete with an estimated budget of $500,000. Upon completion the consolidated virtual environment will save an estimated $2,900 in monthly operational costs. The virtual environment will allow for a scalability of up to 24 additional virtual PBX servers (total capacity: 32 virtual machines) with no additional hardware costs needed. Valuable datacenter rack space will be conserved through the consolidation. Project Scope Statement Description The PBX Virtualization project will involve taking eight physical in production PBX (Private Branch Exchange) servers and putting them into a redundant virtual environment. The virtual environment will consist of four physical nodes and two redundant iSCSI SAN’s (Storage Servers) each holding a capacity of seven terabytes. The virtual environment will be powered by VMWare’s virtualization software. Acceptance...
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...INTRODUCTION OPTICAL FIBRE: Definition: An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass(silica).It functions as a waveguide, or light pipe, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. How an Optical Fiber Works An Optical Fiber works on the principle of Total Internal Reflection. Light rays are reflected and guided down the length of an optical fiber. The acceptance angle of the fiber determines which light rays will be guided down the fiber. Types of fibre: Single mode OF:In single mode optical fibre only one mode of light is propagated.It is used for long distance application. DOF fibre:It is dispersion optimized single mode fiber and used for ultra long distance application. Multi Mode fibre:In multi mode the core size(50µm or 62.5 µm)is higher compare to single mode fibre and more than one mode of light can be propagated at a time.It is normally used for short distance application. Product Names of Fibres: 1. ON lite 2. PMD lite 3. BOW lite 4. DOF...
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...Case Study 3: Carlson Companies By: _______________ CIS 505 Professor: _________________ _____________ University May 23, 2013 Assess how the Carlson SAN approach would be implemented in today’s environment. Like many IT staff faced with exponential storage growth, Norman Owens realized a few years back that his company was headed for a challenge if it did not start consolidating its storage resources onto a storage area network (SAN). Owens, a storage network engineer and consultant with Carlson Companies, spoke to an audience of his peers at Storage Decisions 2003 recently about his company's consolidation efforts. (While not necessarily a household name, Carlson Companies is an international presence behind such well-known retail and hotel chains as TGI Friday's and Radisson hotels and resorts. Before consolidating onto a SAN, Owens' shared services group supported a configuration with one mainframe and 26 servers, where most of the servers were hard at work supporting the company's Oracle Financials database under HP/UX. This arrangement handled 14TB of data, over 54 SCSI and 8 ESCON connections. "It looked like a point-to-point SCSI solution," Owens said, noting, "There were a whole lot of cables." When they needed more storage, "We'd just go buy another frame. After the company asked his group to take on more responsibilities for its global IT storage operations, Owens and his coworkers decided now was the time to look at a more consolidated approach. Enter...
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...------------------------------------------------- Jute From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the vegetable fiber. For the Germanic people, see Jutes. For plants the fiber is derived from, or their uses for other purposes such as food, see Corchorus. Jute fiber being dehydrated afterretting alongside a road Jute rope Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is produced from plants in the genus Corchorus, which was once classified with the family Tiliaceae, more recently with Malvaceae, and has now been reclassified as belonging to the familySparrmanniaceae. The primary source of the fibre is Corchorus olitorius, but it is considered inferior to Corchorus capsularis.[1] "Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to makeburlap, Hessian or gunny cloth. The word 'jute' is probably coined from the word jhuta or jota,[2] an Oriya word. Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses of vegetable fibers. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant materialscellulose and lignin. It falls into the bast fibre category (fiber collected from bast, the phloem of the plant, sometimes called the "skin") along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie, etc. The industrial term for jute fiber is raw jute. The fibers are off-white to brown, and 1–4 metres (3–13 feet) long. Jute is also called the golden fiber for its color and high cash value. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Fibre Optics A relatively new technology with vast potential importance, fibre optics, is the channelled transmission of light through hair-thin glass fibres. The clear advantages of fibre optics are too often obscured by concerns that may have been valid during the pioneering days of fibre, but that have since been answered by technical advances. Fibre is fragile An optical fibre has greater tensile strength than copper or steel fibres of the same diameter. It is flexible, bends easily, and resists most corrosive elements that attack copper cable. Optical cables can withstand pulling forces of more than 150 pounds. Fibre is hard to work with This myth derives from the early days of fibre optic connectors. Early connectors where difficult to apply; they came with many small parts that could tax even the nimble fingered. They needed epoxy, curing, cleaving and polishing. On top of that, the technologies of epoxy, curing, cleaving and polishing were still evolving. Today, connectors have fewer parts, the procedures for termination are well understood, and the craftsperson is aided by polishing machines and curing ovens to make the job faster and easier. Even better, epoxyless connectors eliminate the need for the messy and time- consuming application of epoxy. Polishing is an increasingly simple, straightforward process. Pre-terminated cable assemblies also speed installation and reduce a once (but no longer) labour-intensive process. Fibre...
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...OPTIMIZATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC CRYSTAL BAND GAP USING INDIUM PHOSPHIDE(InP) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Staffordshire University for the degree of Master of Science in Electronics Engineering Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Technology DECEMBER 2010 ABSTRACT Photonic crystals exhibit periodic structure and these are of many types such as one, two and three dimensional photonic crystals. Photonic crystal is a low loss periodic dielectric medium. In order to cover all periodic directions the gap must be extend to certain length which is equivalent to semiconductor band gap. The complete photonic band gap occurs in the three dimensional photonic crystals. The propagation of light which is confined to a particular direction can be analysed through Maxwell’s approach. The electromagnetic wave which contains both ‘E’ and ‘H’ fields can be calculated through these equations. These field vectors are more useful in calculating band structure of photonic crystal. This report deals with the calculation of band structure in two-dimensional photonic crystal. There are many methods for calculating band structure and this thesis is mainly focused on the plane wave expansion method. This report contains the simulation procedure for calculating band structure for both TE and TM modes in the presence of dielectric medium using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio. Results which are obtained during the simulation provide...
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...INTRODUCTION 2.1 REPORT OUTLINE Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world. Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals....
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...Perimeter Security Applications Robinson Paulino DeVry College of New York Sec- 330 Professor: Gerard Beatty Perimeter Security Applications Outline Introduction 2 Intruder Detection Accuracy 3 Security Cameras 4 1. Using Size Filters for Video Analytics Accuracy 4 2. Geo-Registration and Perimeter Security Detection Accuracy 5 3. Clarity against a moving background 5 Perimeter Security Best Practices 6 Auto Tracking PTZ Camera 6 Long Range Thermal Camera 6 Covering Perimeter Camera Blind Spots 7 Determine a Perimeter Camera’s Range 7 Perimeter Fence . 8 Chain-Link Fences Protection 8 Electric and Infrared Fences 8 Fiber Optic Intrusion Detection Systems 9 In-Ground Intrusion Detection Systems 10 References 11 Perimeter Security Applications Introduction Physical security is the protection offered for property, these may be buildings or any other form of asset, against intruders (Arata, 2006). . The idea therefore, is to keep off unwanted persons or objects from ones premises. One’s premise is defined by a boundary which separates private property from the rest of the land. This boundary is referred to as the perimeter. The perimeter could be physical or logical. Physical security is intended to keep intruders from land and grounds around such property. Logical perimeters on the other hand, are for protection against computer sabotage or any other remote malicious activities (Fennelly, 2012). In a nutshell, perimeter security...
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...UNIT 4. Assignment 1. Copper vs Fiber As the name suggests, fibre optic technology uses pulses of light to carry data along strands of glass or plastic. It's the technology of choice for the government's National Broadband Network (NBN), which promises to deliver speeds of at least 100Mbps. When we're talking about 'speed' were actually talking about throughput (or capacity) — the amount of data you can transfer per unit time. And fiber optics can definitely transfer more data at higher throughput over longer distances than copper wire. For example, a local area network using modern copper lines can carry 3000 telephone calls all at once, while a similar system using fiber optics can carry over 31,000. So what gives it the technical edge over copper wires? Traditional copper wires transmit electrical currents, while fiber optic technology sends pulses of light generated by a light emitting diode or laser along optical fibers. In both cases you're detecting changes in energy, and that's how you encode data. With copper wires you're looking at changes in the electromagnetic field, the intensity of that field and perhaps the phase of the wave being sent down a wire. With fiber optics, a transmitter converts electronic information into pulses of light — a pulse equates to a one, while no pulse is zero. When the signal reaches the other end, an optical receiver converts the light signal back into electronic information, the throughput of the data is determined by the frequency range...
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...------------------------------------------------- Light Peak Light Peak is a proprietary optical cable interface designed by Intel to connect devices in a peripheral bus. The technology has a high bandwidth at 10 Gbit/s, with the potential to scale to 100 Gbit/s by 2020. Currently in development, Light Peak is being developed as a single universal replacement for current buses such as SCSI, SATA, USB, FireWire, PCI Express and HDMI, in an attempt to reduce the proliferation of ports on contemporary computers. Bus systems such as USB were developed for the same purpose, and successfully replaced a number of older technologies. However, increasing bandwidth demands have led to higher performance standards like eSATA and DisplayPort that cannot connect to USB and similar peripherals. Light Peak provides a high enough bandwidth to drive these over a single type of interface, and often on a single daisy chained cable. As a single universal replacement for current buses such as SCSI, SATA, USB, FireWire, PCI Express and HDMI, Light Peak aims to remove some of the problems in the computer industry that are now apparent such as the limited transfer speeds and multiple connectors, many of which must be supported and then are often fated to go completely unused. A major problem in single-cable connection is the maximum length of electrical cables – DC power and electrical signals diminish rapidly over more than 5 meter distances. In theory, a device under 5m away could be easily...
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