...Final Project Optimistic / Pessimistic Attribution Theory Introduction There are many theories in the field of social psychology that can be used to explain, predict, or forecast behavior. As events occur throughout history, patterns can be analyzed and attributed to known theories that were birthed by educated scholars in this field. However, no theory s absolute in its outcome. As society changes, the applicability of each theory also changes. “Social Darwinism” was coined by Richard Hofstadter to label theories created around 1870 and primarily addresses survival and creation, as it was known in that era (Leonard, 2009). It is well known that Charles Darwin theorized that only the fittest members of society would ultimately survive. Modern science and technology has expanded to depths far beyond that of the 1800s. Research and real-time information has provided an outlet which allows scholars access to information that was not available during this period. The result of this influx of data allows current day researchers – and students – the ability to expound and expand older theories to fit modern culture. Whereas Darwin’s theory may have specifically defines mortality and the ability to thrive as it pertains to life and death, survival of the fittest can now be applied to a plethora of modern day situations, such as the stock market (only those who are savvy in the art of trading will be successful), technology (on the applications...
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...12 | Rp 115,200.00 | 5 | 0.12 | Rp 115,200.00 | 6 | 0.05 | Rp 48,000.00 | Project 1 | Pessimistic | Mostlikely | Optimistic | Sales | 216 | 240 | 264 | cost : | | | | IO | Rp 960,000.00 | Rp 960,000.00 | Rp 960,000.00 | P | Rp 22,500.00 | Rp 25,000.00 | Rp 27,500.00 | V | Rp 13,500.00 | Rp 15,000.00 | Rp 16,500.00 | F | Rp 900,000.00 | Rp 1,000,000.00 | Rp 1,100,000.00 | Project 1 | Cash Flow | | Pessimistic | Mostlikely | Optimistic | 1 | Rp (108,000.00) | Rp 248,000.00 | Rp 652,000.00 | 2 | Rp (223,200.00) | Rp 132,800.00 | Rp 536,800.00 | 3 | Rp (98,400.00) | Rp 257,600.00 | Rp 661,600.00 | 4 | Rp (31,200.00) | Rp 324,800.00 | Rp 728,800.00 | 5 | Rp (31,200.00) | Rp 324,800.00 | Rp 728,800.00 | 6 | Rp 36,000.00 | Rp 392,000.00 | Rp 796,000.00 | a. Cash Flow Depreciation Expense | 1 | 0.14 | Rp 134,400.00 | 2 | 0.25 | Rp 240,000.00 | 3 | 0.18 | Rp 172,800.00 | 4 | 0.12 | Rp 115,200.00 | 5 | 0.09 | Rp 86,400.00 | 6 | 0.09 | Rp 86,400.00 | 7 | 0.09 | Rp 86,400.00 | 8 | 0.04 | Rp 38,400.00 | Project 2 | Pessimistic | Mostlikely | Optimistic | Sales | 400 | 500 | 600 | cost : | | | | IO | Rp 960,000.00 | Rp 960...
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...stupidity and understanding. It questions fate, the gods, our purpose and how, why and what human nature is. It is this, the sheer amount, and power of it’s themes which explains why ‘King Lear’ is held by so many scholars, past and present, in such high regard. However, whether the play the play has an optimistic or pessimistic outlook is a question that has been debated over the centuries. Whether the play is optimistic or pessimistic is of great importance to the meaning of the play as a whole, as the message it conveys hinges on whether the play is hopeful or disparagingly tragic. Is Shakespeare trying to say that life is completely pointless? That we are simply “like flies to wanton boys, they kill us for their sport.” Alternatively, is he trying to show us that there is a point to life; that we must learn, love, and try to live honourably and decently? There are two predominant schools of thought in the dispute over whether the play is optimistic or pessimistic. These are represented both in the play and in the opinions of critics. In general, critics of the late 20th century find the play profoundly pessimistic and earlier critics find the play optimistic. The pessimistic opinion on the play argues that, in ‘King Lear’, human nature is portrayed as being essentially bad and that the play is attempting to say that there is no purpose to life. Gonerill, Regan and Edmund represent this immoral, evil, quality to human nature. Edmund refers to nature many times throughout...
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...Although its name implies that learned helplessness is learned, is it possible for us to be born with helplessness that were learned from previous generations? Does gene play a role in learned helplessness since gender difference plays a role in learned helplessness? Is it possible for a person not to be influenced by learned helplessness? Can it be passed on from generations as a form of adaptation and for survival? Would being optimistic be a way to counter learned helplessness? Another question that bogged my mind was how much pessimism is considered too much pessimism as it is relative to the culture of a person? Is being pessimistic bad? Though many people would prefer an optimistic person over a pessimistic person, I found that the quote,...
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...Introduction Pessimism and optimism, opposing poles of human behavioural tendencies, have major impact on quality of lives of individuals. The aim of this essay is to demonstrate the pessimism and its impacts by analyzing various researches, books and papers that were written in this field. This paper consists of four parts: Firstly, the concept of pessimism will be evaluated by examining and comparing different definitions and consequences of pessimistic attitude is looked at in the second part. Following this, the bright side of pessimism and the concept of unlearning pessimism would be discussed in the last two parts of this essay. What is pessimism? Pessimism is defined as an anticipation and expectation of bad outcomes in important life domains (Carver, C. S., & Lattie, E. G., 2015). This is the simplest definition of pessimism, however, for someone who had suffered from this “not so pretty” state of mind, pessimism is so much more than that. It is an inseparable shadow which follows you everywhere and tries its best to make your life as miserable as possible. Pessimism is a habit. A very strong habit that would take tremendous amount of energy and dedication to break free. Pessimism is a habit of mind that is acquired largely through negative experiences in life and it often has disastrous consequences such as mood swings, depression, underachievement and even poor physical and mental health. (Seligman, M. E., Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., & Gillham, J.,1995). ...
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...Nataly Rodriguez ENC 1101 MWF 8AM-8:50AM Exemplification Essay Optimistic Vs. Pessimistic Optimistic or pessimistic? Being an optimistic person is much better than being a pessimistic person. I think that always being positive and having that good energy around you will bring you more than being a pessimist about everything. The meaning of Optimistic is “believing positively,” always “hopeful and confident about the future.” I believe that I’m an optimistic person. I always like to hope for the best. It's not that I always think every single little aspect is going to come out perfect but I do believe that supportive thinking will help bring a supreme outcome of any situation and will bring more good things than bad ones. The more someone has a good attitude towards anything the more stuff they get done and more good things are attracted to them. Life has many ups and downs but you have to remain strong and look at the positive in every situation. I think that even if those around you are pessimistic you have to keep on being optimistic for yourself and themselves. When people are so negative they miss opportunities, make a bigger problem out of a minor one, and just live a life with negative energy that won't help you with all the situations life throws at us. If you really think about it what's better? To think positive and try to find your way out when you encounter trouble or oppose and sink with the...
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...consequences. Emotions limit the ability to apply critical thinking toward the thinking process. Anger has ruined countless relationships, cause many fights, and motivates leaders into makingbad decisions. This happens when a person allows his or her emotions to impair their judgmentduring the thinking process; it limits their ability to think critically. Kirby and Goodpastor (2007) points out that no matter what the underlining factors, when a person display emotions with anger, it is important not to make decisions. Pessimistic Thinking Pessimistic thinking is negative thinking. A person who thinks pessimistically rarely has anything positive to say and is always looking for the worst in any situation. Pessimistic thinkers have negative attitudes most of the time. These thinkers’ resists any type of change believing that nothing will make difference. Pessimists are not risk-takers; they err on the cautious side because they fear change. Conversations with pessimistic thinkers often turn into complaining sessions. Several factors cause individuals to be...
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...implications of self-regulatory models of human action for understanding how people deal with threats to their health and well-being, as well as how goal setting has an impact on their optimism. The authors, Rasmussen, Wrosch, Scheier, and Carver, theorized the disposition towards optimism in their studies, called “dispositional optimism”, considering it a trait of equilibrated personality, in time and in various situations, that influences the way in which individuals come to terms with present, past, and future events in life. Since optimistic individuals are generally positive about everyday events in daily life, they found a connection between optimism and physical and mental well-being. Optimistic individuals were more inclined to use appropriate coping strategies and have a more resilient attitude to stress. When dealing with health issues, those of an optimistic nature were more likely to recover faster than those of a pessimistic nature as well. Optimism seems to play an important role in the association between feelings of loss, hope, and suicidal ideation. The study found a correlation between optimism and depressive symptoms, and as such optimism plays the role of helping to moderate those feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts....
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...Question 1 Calculate the Company’s Weighted Average Cost of Capital Bank Overdraft EAR = (1+i/n )^n - 1 (1 + 0.08/12) ^ 12 -1 = 0.0830 Cost of Bank overdraft: = EAR (1-t) = 0.830 (1-0.30) = 0.0581 Debentures Current market price = $309.29 Face value = $300.00 Annual coupon rate = 13.5% ( paid half yearly) Further flotation cost ( if any) = $1.50 (300* 13.5%) = 40.5/2 = 20.25 Present value of annuity = $20.25 Pmt = $20.25 MP= Pmt * 1 – ( 1)/ (1+i)^n i 20.25 * 1 – 1/ ( 1+ 0.00675)^ 14 0.0675 = $ 179.78 Discount back the face value to 0 = FV….. ( 1+i)^n = 300.00 = $120.21 (1+0.0675)^14 EAR = (1+6.4084%) ^ 2 -1 = .1323 Cost of debt = EAR ( 1- t ) .1323 ( 1-0.30) = 0.0926 Cost of Preference Shares (Keps) = Dividend Market Price 1.10 = 0.1358024 8.10 Dividend per share= 275000 = $1.10 250000 Cost of Ordinary Share Capital (Keos) = D 0 * ( 1+G) + G ...
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...that having an optimistic view of life situations results in positive outcomes. Where this is true in a way, there can still be negative outcomes as well. Optimism can be positive as long as it is not excessive or negative. Excessive optimism can have a harmful effect on the mind and body. There has been many tests done on people to find out the results of the effect of optimism physically and psychologically. According to the article that I researched about the effects of optimism on the body and mind suggested that most people whom have an optimistic attitude most likely engage themselves in positive healthy actions, such as: not drinking alcoholic beverages, exercising, not smoking, taking vitamins, drinking plenty of water, and many other benafical healthy actions. There have been studies on optimistic people having less chances of getting sick or having other medical problems compared to a pessimistic person, according to the Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior Management (2004). Studies have shown that while people are doing daily activities an optimistic person’s blood pressure does not elevate like a pessimists does. I am sure this result comes from one expecting the best and someone else anticipating the worst the whole time they are doing their daily things. There was another study that showed that a person with an optimistic view, recovered faster from an injury or surgery than someone with a pessimistic view. Although, if someone has an optimistic view and believes...
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...Critical Thinking and Decision Making Inessa Arutunyan Linda Iacoboni Anisha Lalwani Dan Sarbu MGT/350 November 7, 2011 James Chatterton Critical Thinking and Decision Making Critical thinking is thinking comprised with careful judgment. One gathers facts and evidence then analyzes the data to come to an objective conclusion. Decision-making is the process of arriving at an agreement through careful analysis without bias. When applying the process of critical thinking sound and solid decisions evolve. Several types of thinking can enhance or inhibit critical thinking when one is moving toward a decision. For example, emotional thinking or, sometimes referred to as emotional intelligence. Emotions are "a state of consciousness having to do with the arousal of feelings” (Webster’s New World Dictionary). Feelings can be pleasant or unpleasant that one can react to when in action or thinking. Intelligence is a measure of the amount a person can favorably (or unfavorably) apply sound judgment and reason to a situation while deciding their feelings to the situation (Elder, 1996). Critical thinking is the ability to advance ones thinking toward logic and the capacity to analytically reason. Emotions can cause a defect in critical thinking. Emotions are one’s internal gauge, letting one know how he or she is doing in any...
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...reports for your review/records: • Critical Tasks • Over Allocated Resources • Over Budget Tasks • Resource Usage Solution After the test subjects have been finalized the next task will be to prepare the product. This is a critical task that has been assigned to an over-allocated resource. This is a constraint that will lead to other risks in the scheduling, and since we are already behind schedule, we will base our remaining duration estimates on a worse-case scenario using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). This technique accounts for three different determined estimate criteria (Most Pessimistic (P), Most Optimistic (O), or Most Likely (M) – explained below) where a standard deviation variance will be used to weigh out the probability that the duration of a task will be efficient. The PERT criteria are defined below: • Most Pessimistic time - The longest determined...
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...in a data set that occurs most often. Values 1 sigma = 68.26% 2 sigma = 95.46% 3 sigma = 99.73% 6 sigma = 99.99% Control Limits = 3 sigma from mean Control Specifications = Defined by customer; looser than the control limits Order of Magnitude estimate = -25% to +75% Preliminary estimate = -15% to + 50% Budget estimate = -10% to +25% Definitive estimate = -5% to +10% Final estimate = 0% Float on the critical path = 0 days Pareto Diagram = 80/20 Time a PM spends communicating = 90% Crashing a project = Crash least expensive tasks on critical path. JIT inventory = 0% (or very close to 0%.) Minus 100 = (100) or -100 PERT PERT 3-point = (Pessimistic+(4*Most Likely)+Optimistic)/6 PERT σ = (Pessimistic - Optimistic) / 6 PERT Activity Variance = ((Pessimistic - Optimistic) / 6)^2 PERT Variance all activities = √sum((Pessimistic - Optimistic) / 6)^2 Network Diagram Activity Duration = EF - ES + 1 or Activity Duration = LF - LS + 1 Total Float = LS - ES or Total Float = LF – EF Free Float = ES of Following - ES of Present - DUR of Present EF = ES + duration - 1 ES = EF of predecessor + 1 LF = LS of successor - 1 LS = LF - duration + 1 Acronyms...
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...Optimism vs. Pessimism We all know that we have been around all types of people in our lives during different circumstances. There are people who look at all the good things in this world and there are people who always seem to be upset. Some people look at the bad things regardless of the things that they are doing. The people who look at good things are being optimistic and the ones that look at the bad are called pessimistic. These types of people approach life in work, school, and relationships in different ways. For example, an optimist is happy to have what they have accomplished in life, and a pessimist is upset or finds excuses about their life. We are around these types of people daily, but it’s up to us to decide whether we see our lives in an optimistic or pessimistic way. Everyone makes mistakes from time to time and fail in something. In the workplace optimist seem to find success even when something fails. We know that nobody is perfect, yet the effort you put into your job is what the outcome will be. For example, if you arrive on time every day to work and do a good job, it’s likely you will receive a raise when the time comes. On the other hand, a pessimist would be really upset if a mistake occurs. They spend their time complaining about how they failed and why they wouldn’t try to fix the problem. They always seem to find an excuse about something. School can be hard for many students, especially if they struggle through it. This makes it hard to develop...
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...argument. Although I have not read the whole book, we were assigned to read chapters 1, 2, 3, and 12 and by that I was supplied with enough information to construct my own opinion on his claims. Martin Seligman argues that learning to be optimistic can change your way of life and empower yourself through non-negative thinking and I agree because after reviewing everything that I’ve been though these past 5 years, I found that having a positive mindset has got me though some of the hardest times in my life. Summary: In Learned Optimism, Martin Seligman argues that how you explain events to yourself after they happen has a huge impact on your life. In chapter one, Seligman defines two different type of people, pessimists – people who believe in bad events are their own fault and the consequences of the event will last a long time and optimists – people who believe bad events are only temporary, the events are not their fault and can either be caused by bad luck or other people. He goes on to explain that after 25 years of research, he is sure that if we believe bad events are our fault, more of it will befall on us and that the point of his book is to teach us how to recognize out pessimistic tendencies, stop them, and practice an optimistic lifestyle. He believes that because of the negativity that surrounds a pessimist, they will be more likely to become sick, depressed, and less likely to accomplish their goals. He provides the example of a young woman he knew who was set...
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