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Oral Language

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ORAL LANGUAGE MATRIX-
This matric provides the stages of oral language development, a description of the behaviors associated with each stage, examples of utterances associated with each stage and strategies to support the development of each stage. It must be emphasized that children reach these stages at different ages.

Oral Language Stages | Description of Stages | Utterances | Supporting Strategies | 1) Sounds- The child makes mainly crying sounds from 0-2 months | The child uses crying as a language. Crying is used as a signal for food, sleep, discomfort, need to be cuddled and so on | WahWa wa waEeh eeh eehAah, aah, aah | The parent or teacher can speak to the child and try to discern the needs. Are you hungry? Baby is tired and wants to sleep. I know you need changing, and so on. | 2) Sounds- Gurgling and cooing – 3-4 months | The child emits sounds that represent vowel sounds but there is no consistent pattern to the sound vocalizations | Ah ah eeeeOh oh ohUuh, | The parent or teacher should use recognizable words with the child as this provides a good model. “Yes, baby likes his rattle.” | 3) Babbling 4-6 months | In addition to vowel like sounds, the child begins to make consonant like sounds. However some consonant sounds are made earlier than others. For example the child says the “b” sound and the “d” sound, before the “m” sound. The child also recognizes voices and turns head. | Ba ba ba baDa da da daMa ma ma | The parent or teacher will use recognizable words to represent the sounds the child is attempting to make. | 4) More sophisticated babbling 7-12 months | The child has gained more control over the sound and the intonation of the major language, so that the sounds are very similar to speech. | Daddy, daddy, daddy,Bubble, bubble, bubble, | Parent or caregiver or teacher will provide suitable models by reading story books and speaking to the child using recognizable words | 5) holo-phrases or one-word stage – 10 - 15 months | At this stage the child uses invented speech. Often this type of speech is called idiomorphs. The child knows about twenty-five words, however the pronunciation is usually made up of invented speech. The child also points to make him/herself understood. | Blankey (for blanket)Wawa (for water) Ba (ball)Me, mine, milk,Gat (Cat), doggy,Truck, bye-bye, mine, mine | Parent or caregiver or teacher will provide suitable models by reading story- books and speaking to the child using recognizable words. | 6) Two-word sentences12- 18 months | The child says the name for common objects. Child– repeats words over and over (Echolailia)Can recognize prepositions in, on, under. | My truck, My ball, Mommy gone, all gone, | Parents should use complete sentences to provide correct models for children. Use language that is appropriate for use with an adult | 7) Telegraphic speech 18-24 months | The child uses language very concisely. Rather than using adjectives and adverbs, and so on, sentences are made up of basic elements like the noun and the verb. | Food goneWant water | Parents might follow and use telegraphic speech but this should not be done. Parents should use complete sentences to provide correct models for children. Use language that is appropriate for use with an adult. | 8)Joined- Sentences- Beginning of oral fluency 2-3 years | The child can use pronouns I, you and me. The child begins to speak in sentences and can use two sentences that express related ideas. Knows about 1, 000 words. Knows nursery rhymes and can sing songs. The child is beginning to learn the rules of grammar. The child can carry on a conversation. However, the child uses egocentric language and can’t recognize any other point of view but his/her own. | Child: Mommy can I go out to play?Mommy: Not now.Child: Me and Akanni want to play. Why can’t I go? I want to go out now, now. Right now. | Parents should use complete sentences to provide correct models for children. Use language that is appropriate for use with an adult. Lots of reading of story books and poems is advisable. | 9) Over- generalization - 4-5 years | Child has a large vocabulary. Child can tell stories. Can use complete sentences using nouns and verbs. The child uses “ed” endings, ‘s’, “ing” and the article ‘the”. However, the child over generalizes. If a child learns that “s” added to a noun makes it plural, he does this all the time even when there are exceptions to the rule. | I have two “foots.”The “mans” are picking up the trash. | This stage will pass as the child matures and learns more about grammar. The parent or teacher can model the correct sentence for the child. |

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