...ORAL LANGUAGE MATRIX- This matric provides the stages of oral language development, a description of the behaviors associated with each stage, examples of utterances associated with each stage and strategies to support the development of each stage. It must be emphasized that children reach these stages at different ages. Oral Language Stages | Description of Stages | Utterances | Supporting Strategies | 1) Sounds- The child makes mainly crying sounds from 0-2 months | The child uses crying as a language. Crying is used as a signal for food, sleep, discomfort, need to be cuddled and so on | WahWa wa waEeh eeh eehAah, aah, aah | The parent or teacher can speak to the child and try to discern the needs. Are you hungry? Baby is tired and wants to sleep. I know you need changing, and so on. | 2) Sounds- Gurgling and cooing – 3-4 months | The child emits sounds that represent vowel sounds but there is no consistent pattern to the sound vocalizations | Ah ah eeeeOh oh ohUuh, | The parent or teacher should use recognizable words with the child as this provides a good model. “Yes, baby likes his rattle.” | 3) Babbling 4-6 months | In addition to vowel like sounds, the child begins to make consonant like sounds. However some consonant sounds are made earlier than others. For example the child says the “b” sound and the “d” sound, before the “m” sound. The child also recognizes voices and turns head. | Ba ba ba baDa da da daMa ma ma | The...
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...------------------------------------------------- Oral Language: Introduction Oral language is about speaking. This section describes what happens when people talk. For most of the time, we take oral language for granted. Young children appear to learn to speak without the intervention of parents or teachers. It just seems to happen naturally. When something goes wrong with speech - through deafness, strokes, accidents - we begin to realise what a complex achievement it is. Someone learning or teaching English as a second language will also be conscious of the complexities of oral language. In writing this section, we were very aware of the unsuitability of the written medium for discussing spoken language. It is much easier to describe syntax and morphology because these appear in the written form of the language, which is what books are designed for. Writing involves no sound; the symbols are taken in by the eye. When we speak, however, we are using organised sounds that are taken in by the ear. It is very much harder, therefore, to convey spoken language because understanding depends on being able to hear different sounds, rhythms, and patterns of intonation. The examples need to be heard rather than seen. This part of the book can deal with only some of the concepts and information about speech and suggest other elements to look for. A videotape, entitled Oral Language, accompanies this book. We were also aware that for most teachers, the study of oral language is completely new territory....
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...Supporting oral language: 1. Each class teacher introduces 5 terms and provides help for essential stage to acquire new vocabulary • Encouraging interaction in the newly provided scientific terms and learning how to read them. • Divide Words in prefixes and suffixes and use word walls or t charts for that. • Reading some of the chapter paragraphs to implement the use of new words in written sentences. • Provide active participation through shifting, so all students in turn participate and learn the linguistics of words. 2. Teacher uses the important content from each lesson and incorporates it in a number of spoken and written activities, like: • Listening to how the students speak while answering activity questions and re-adjust their pronunciation. • Role model presentations to show how students can present scientific topics to each other. • Use Narrated video for scientific experiments or topics that contains a lot of terminologies with highlighting the keywords. • Use word games at end of the chapters which readily encourages spelling check and oral interaction of words. • Using summary and article writing after partnering and reflection which in turns promote sentences structures development and oral interaction. • Paraphrase any nonadjustable oral communication and show facial expressions for any misunderstood parts. Teacher assessment to oral proficiency level: Teacher can assess the student progress in oral language to decide the student’s...
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...Introducing the essay: The variety of language, whether it can be seen or heard, diverse or standard, all play a critical role in a child’s life. Language makes the world go around, evidently by communicating with each other, hence why it is central to everything. Every member of society, including an infant, primary student, teenager, or adult all use their own language that is apparent to them. Through Auslan, Braille, oral language and written language, every member of society communicates through their own language, as well as variation, Discourse, gender, and/or social class. Thesis statement: Language is central to everything; whether you are an infant, a teenager, or an adult, language is used in many different ways, including variations...
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...To identify skills in literacy and oral language the student will need to be able speak at a volume that all can hear and write at a level appropriate age level skill for that student. Students should develop or have developed appropriate volume level to speak at. To have the ability to pronounce words and have the ability to use the tongue and lips to produce speech sounds. Students should speak in a controlled tempo this means they should be able to talk at a pace that is easy to understand not to fast as people will have trouble understand or to slow where people get bored of listening. Students should have an appropriate vocabulary when understanding when listening, reading, speaking and how to communicate effectively. Writing help develop strengthen fine motor skill, and when students are writing they need to have developed skills that support the thinking process on coherence and...
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...Performance is what makes the live hood of oral literature. It means that it is the live execution and realization of oral art. It also includes the responses of the audiences before whom the oral artist performs. It involves both the psychological and the physical being of the performer and his or her audiences (Bukenya and Nandwa, 1983). Performance is generally understood as the delivery or rendition of an item usually to an audience (Minuka, 1994). That means performance is the demarcation between the performer and his or her audience. It’s guided by certain tacit regulation to which every participant subscribes. There is an orderly sequence of events and the context of performance defined or recognized, that means there is a logical connection of words. (Lo-Liyong, 1972), defines Oral literature as the cultural information and values transmitted by the spoken word and received by the ear and responded to by the whole organism in societies where writing was (and still is) not yet the order of the day. Folktales, legends, beliefs, poems, proverbs, tales, council discussions are its forms.\ Oral literature allows for self expression, renewal, innovation and creativity. It gives understanding of our routs and ourselves, let say our culture, our thinking, our life style, our values and our whole philosophy of life is based on that culture where it has been transmitted from one generation to the next generation. Oral literature is the kind of literature which is spread...
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...“ Legends on the Net” In the article “ Legends on the net”, Jan Fernback examines a unique type of folklore – urban legends and their transformation into cyberspace. The author used two main arguments to support her contention. First, many characteristics of contemporary urban legends are inherited from oral folklore that existed long time ago before technology appeared. Second argument is as mediated urban legends gradually proliferate, cyberspace plays an important role for primary oral culture to survive and represents actual meaning of orality and literacy. According to the article, Professor Jan Brunvard had first coined the term “urban legends” since 1968. Urban legends are a unique type of folklore – traditional beliefs, stories and customs of community that had been passed through the generations by words of mouth. Familiar cultural mores, values and beliefs are presented in folklores. Urban legends inherit many similar characteristics from folklores. For example, they are popular stories concerning with humiliating, humorous, horrible and supernatural events that are transmitted from people to people via oral or written communication. Legends are anonymous because they arise spontaneously and are difficult to trace the origin of the stories. Urban legends are usually false however, they tell a type of truth. They unselfconsciously reflect the major concerns of individuals in societies. Urban legends somehow contain moralistic component and reinforce social...
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...|[pic] |Teacher Rubric: Oral presentations | ▪ This is a sample rubric for teachers to assess students’ oral presentations. The criteria are based on the standards for LOTE and Communication. ▪ This rubric is designed to be integrated into a scoring sheet. A complete grading sheet typically has a scoring system attached to performance descriptors, and space for comments. ▪ The criteria, performance levels and performance descriptors are suggestions only and can be altered to suit specific requirements. |Criteria |Below expected level |At expected level |Above expected level | |Introduction of topic |Topic introduced. |Topic introduced clearly, and purpose of talk was made |Topic introduced clearly and in an interesting way. | | | |clear. |Purpose of talk was made clear. Outline of points was | | | | |given....
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...INTRODUCTION Oral literature of folk literature refers to the heritage of imaginative verbal creations, stories, folk believes and songs of pre-literate societies have been evolved and passed on through the spoken word from one generation to the other. As a relatively new field of study. The African literature is a produce within an environment in the predominant of mode of communication is oral. African writers have also been falling back on the rich oral tradition of their people. The extent to see a writer uses the oral tradition is always often determined by his closeness to the Africa oral tradition. The influence of African oral tradition on African poetry helps to authenticate or establish the authencity of Africa literary tradition Orality in Modern African poetry manifest itself in a number of ways. It has to do with both the content as well as the form of African poetry. The most obvious prove that contemporary African poets are indebted to the indigenous poetic tradition of their people is in their interest in rehabilitating and excavating traditional poetic forms. For instance Wole Soyinka ‘IDANRE’ is best understood within the Ijala poetic traditions among the Yoruba culture. The poem in a sense is a form of Ijala as it celebrates Ogun- the god of Iron Kofi Awoonor also models his poem on the traditional poems of abuse among the Ewe of Ghana. Niyi Osundare has also admitted at many of his poems are written in form of ‘oriki’. Each of these poets has been...
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...contains the libido and stimulates a person to gain pleasure immediately. Next, the Ego is the thinking element of the personality, located in the conscience, preconscious and unconscious mind. Lastly, the Superego is the part of personality that is the moral judge. The Ego is responsible for keeping the three components of personality in equilibrium. Freud’s patients had memories of sexual feelings which he saw as important to personality development. Based on his patients’ childhood memories, Freud proposed a series of psychosexual stages. The psychosexual stages of personality development through which humans move in a static order determined by maturation are: oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency and, and the genital stage. (Newman & Newman, 2011) The first stage of psychosexual development is the Oral Stage and it occurs during the first year of life. The infant's mouth is the only focus of libidinal gratification derived from the pleasure of feeding from their mother's breast. The infant also gains...
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...Personal Responsibility David Flor There are a couple of critical issues when it comes to the study of what a religious tradition says. The first is to make a distinction between the oral tradition and the written tradition. Many well-developed, world religions have an established canon of sacred texts, as well as an oral tradition. In some cases, this also has come to be written down. For instance, in Judaism, there is the tradition of the Oral Torah and the written Torah. The written Torah has become the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible as we know it. The Oral Torah has also been written down in established commentaries in the Talmud. However, many indigenous religions have not written down their oral traditions. In fact, there are still some indigenous people that do not have a written language, and so their entire religious tradition is passed down orally from generation to generation. These oral traditions are more difficult for scholars to study and to follow over time. es GEN/200 08/05/2013 Bernadette Porter-Drayden Personal Responsibility Personal responsibility is doing what is meant to be done and fulfill the commitments that are already made. It brings positive personal change into a person’s life and also transforms an individual into a more effective person who contributes to a more positive, energetic and dynamic organizational culture. When one fails to be personally responsible, the necessary effort falls to others. What this means to...
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...Colgate Mazbooth Daath rakhe surakshith The Colgate Rural Initiative, targeted at rural areas with a population between thirty and a hundred thousand people, aimed at disseminating information and spreading the message of oral hygiene to children and their families in schools and rural centres. To this effect, Colgate conducted dental check ups in along with various activities at schools. The dental check up camps were supervised by teams of dentists and organisers who interacted with over 1 lakh people teaching them the benefits of oral hygiene. Children were targeted through “infotainment” – activities that included interactive activities like essay writing and painting competitions centred around the “Spread a Smile” theme. Colgate, a company also tied up with ITC E-Choupal and Rotary to spread the message of dental care and oral hygiene to villages across India. The campaign successfully targeted over 156 villages in Uttar Pradesh in association with Project Disha and 36 villages in Maharashtra. In addition, dental camps were also conducted in the Dussera Mela at Kota. Dental checkups and school activities have succeeded in spreading the message of 'Zero Tooth Decay' to children and adults in around 433 villages and towns, bringing a brighter, bigger smile to rural India. This grass root initiative went a long way in helping Colgate touch base with consumers in the interiors. Abstract Promotion of brands in rural markets requires the special measures. Due to the...
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...Ong returned to Saint Louis University, where he would teach for the next 30 years. In 1955 he received his Ph.D. in English from Harvard University. In 1963 the French government honored Ong for his work on Ramus by dubbing Ong a knight, Chevalier de l'Ordre des Palmes académiques. In 1966-1967 Ong served on the 14-member White House Task Force on Education that reported to President Lyndon Johnson. In 1971 Ong was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In April and May 1974, he served as Lincoln Lecturer, presenting lectures in French in Cameroun, Zaire, and Senegal and in English in Nigeria. In 1967 Ong served as president of the Milton Society of America. In 1978 Ong served as elected president of the Modern Language Association of America. He was very active on the lecture circuit as well as in professional...
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...Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue? (Word count 2,749 excluding bibliography, references) Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development is based on the idea that parents play a pivotal role in the sexual and aggressive drives that form in the early years of their child’s development. Freud (Freud & Philips 2006) proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed stages - psychosexual stages. Each stage represents the fixation on a different area of the body and as a person grows physically, certain areas of their body become important as sources of potential frustration, pleasure or both. Freud referred to the instinct or drive which resulted in these fixations as the ‘libido’ and the areas of the body as the ‘erogenous zones’. Freud believed that life was built around a series of tensions and pleasures; believing also that all tension was due to the build-up of this libido, or sexual energy and that all pleasure came from its release (McLeod 2008). In describing human personality development as psychosexual Freud meant to convey that what develops is the way in which sexual energy accumulates and is released as we mature biologically. McLeod further explains that Freud used the term 'sexual' in a very general way to mean “all pleasurable actions and thoughts”. I believe this is a crucial point in helping understand what Freud was saying;...
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...SIKA Limited 1) Introduction 2) The Tooth Paste Industry • History Of Toothpaste • The Algerian Consumers 3) SIKA as a brand 4) Product Description 5) Executive summary 6) Situation analysis 7) Product mix 8) Target markets 9) Marketing strategies 10) Distribution Introduction The world's oldest-known formula for toothpaste, used more than 1,500 years before Colgate began marketing the first commercial brand in 1873, has been discovered on a piece of dusty papyrus in the basement of a Viennese museum. In faded black ink made of soot and gum Arabic mixed with water, an ancient Egyptian scribe has carefully described what he calls a "powder for white and perfect teeth". When mixed with saliva in the mouth, it forms a "clean tooth paste". According to the document, written in the fourth century AD, the ingredients needed for the perfect smile are one drachma of rock salt - a measure equal to one hundredth of an ounce - two drachmas of mint, one drachma of dried iris flower and 20 grains of pepper, all of them crushed and mixed together. The result is a pungent paste which one Austrian dentist who tried it said made his gums bleed but was a "big improvement" on some toothpaste formulae used as recently as a century ago. The discovery of the formula caused a sensation among Austria's normally sedate dentists when it was disclosed at a dental congress in Vienna. Dr Heinz Neuman, who attended the meeting where the recipe was...
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