...structural units were cells. Then in 1670s, decades after, Dutch merchant named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made careful observations of microscopic organisms. Leeuwenhoek’s microscope that was created by him are composed of one lens. On 1674, Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria, and he called them animalcules. Until his death in 1723, Leeuwenhoek revealed the microscopic world to scientist of the day and is regarded as one of the first to provide accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi and bacteria. After he died, the microbiology did not develop rapidly because microscopes were rare, but on those years Francesco Redi disputed the theory of spontaneous generation, that microorganism arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth. But in the late 1800s of the development of microbiology, scientists seized the opportunity to further develop the germ theory disease as introduced by Pasteur and proved by Koch. Many microbial disease been discovered during that period leading to the decreasing of human population on that time. After the World War II, antibiotics were introduced to medicine. In the 1940s, electron microscope was developed and perfected and followed by development of vaccine. Then until now, microbes were used into many fields of human beings, including the development of pharmaceutical products, the use of quality controls methods in food and dairy products, the control of disease-causing microorganism in consumable waters, and industrial. Microbes and its properties...
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...INTRODUCTION Farming is the ancient and the most common profession in Bangladesh. Most of the people of Bangladesh live in village and most of the villagers (62% manpower in agriculture1) are involved in farming. One of the main reasons of having common interest to farming is: the land is very fertile and most of the part of Bangladesh is plain. Another interesting thing is Bangladeshi people naturally good in farming. Agricultural sector is the single largest contributor to GDP. The crop sub-sector dominates the agriculture sector contributing about 72% of total production. Fisheries, livestock and forestry sub-sectors are 10.33%, 0.11% and 7.33% Respectively. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY These research objectives regarding our assignment are – ➢ To know about agriculture. ➢ To know about the Agriculture in Bangladesh ➢ To describe the Paddy Rice Sector in Bangladesh ➢ To know, Paddy Rice Production Cost in Bangladesh ➢ To find out estimates of Boro Rice in Bangladesh, 2010-2012. ➢ To describe the cost of Boro Rice Production during the April-June 2009 Harvesting Season ➢ To measure cost of Production of Boro Paddy in Comilla, 2013 ➢ To Measure cost and Return of HYV Boro Paddy in Comilla District ➢ To find out Problems of Agriculture in Bangladesh ➢ To reveal Opportunities of Agriculture in Bangladesh ➢ Recommend some necessary steps to solve the existing problems. METHODOLOGY Assigned report topic is “Measuring the cost of...
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...an acronym for segmentation, targeting and positioning which is a proven market strategy commonly utilized to improve the sales of a firm’s products or services. However, please note that the pericope of this paper will focus primarily on the positioning concept of the aforementioned STP marketing strategy. Top Two Products Nest-Collective was founded in 2007 as a business profiled as a member of the food and beverage industry. The primary mission of this company is to provide the best baby and toddler food on the market. The company plans to achieve this aforementioned goal and objective by providing organic processed food instead of chemical processed food that is prepared and available in the market. Nest-Collective has partnered with two other companies that specialize in the processing of organic baby and toddler foods. These two companies are Plum Organics and Revolution Foods who have over fifty years of experience in the processing of safe and healthy foods for babies and toddlers. Nest-Collective top two products are baby cereal which is fiber fortified and toddler meals which have absolutely no sugar or...
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...A major piece of evidence that global warming is a manmade phenomena is that just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 7,000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives. Ninety-seven percent of climate scientists agree that climate-warming trends over the past century are very likely due to human activities green house gases such as fossil fuel (petrol is carbon based) burn and contribute to the green house gases, which keeps the heat in Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide (CO2) acts as a blanket, trapping heat and warming the planet 72% of the totally emitted greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2), 18% Methane and 9% Nitrous oxide (NOx)-- so this backs up that the fossil fuel is major contributing more than greenhouse gases The emissions of CO2 have been dramatically increased within the last 50 years and are still increasing by almost 3% each year, see graph below: * Carbon dioxide (CO2). A minor but very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is released through natural processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions and through human activities such as deforestation, land use changes, and burning fossil fuels...
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...Executive Summary I'll Be Denim is an organic denim clothing line headquartered in Los Angeles that currently focuses exclusively on locally producing a slim fit, straight fit, and regular fit line of jeans for men and women. Founded by Elena Horowitz, a retail industry veteran with experiences at JCrew, the Gap, and Levi’s, and James Foster, a serial entrepreneur, the duo is out to bring socially conscious fashion to the masses. Currently selling online and through partnerships with a handful of local boutiques in LA, the company is projecting to sell upwards of $400,000 in year 1 and reaching $750,000 in 3 years. Plans for expansion include setting up distribution and manufacturing relationships in New York, another fashion centric goldmine where the company aims to gain greater market penetration. With an emphasis on environmentally responsible fashion, I’ll Be Denim will also be starting a jeans recycling program where consumers will be able to ship or drop off old pairs of jeans and have them used in the manufacturing process for new ones. Industry research has found that US consumers own on average 7 pairs of jeans and stick to one brand based one one important variable, fit. Given that statistic the company’s designs center around providing the best fit, with a tagline of “denim so good, you’ll never take your clothes off”. To further take advantage of this insight, I’ll Be Denim will be launching a custom tailor option where users will be able to request custom...
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...The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Bhutan: A feasibility study of a new rice farming system with special reference to location specific trials and yield performance of different varieties Karma Lhendup Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan, Email: lhenkarma@yahoo.com 1. Introduction Rice is one of the most important staple food crops for the people of Bhutan. Different varieties of rice, both local and introduced, are cultivated in a wide range of elevations, from subtropical lowlands (150 m) in the south up to elevations as high as 2600 masl in the north (Table 1). The present productivity of rice, less than 3 t/ha, cultivated on 46,585 acres out of the 69,414 acres of irrigated land has not been able to attain food sufficiency level in the country (MoA, 2004). The constant land degradation plus expansion of development activities taking place on the extremely limited area of arable land for agriculture (7.8% of the total land area of 39,911 km2) has detracted from cultivable land for rice, and productivity is constrained by a lack of farmer education on rice planting and rice ecosystems, further complicating achievement of the country’s goal of food security for all. As a result, a huge amount of rice is imported from India to meet the increasing food demand in the country, with population growth still increasing by 3.1% per annum (http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/countries/bhutan/print1.stm). The prevalence of small-scale and marginal farms, with...
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...Oil and natural gas touch our lives in countless ways every day. Together, they supply more than 60 percent of our nation’s energy. They fuel our cars, heat our homes and cook our food. But did you know that oil and natural gas also help generate the electricity that powers our daily lives? Or that crude oil supplies the building blocks for everything from dent-resistant car fenders to soft drink bottles to camping equipment? Explore this section to learn more about oil and natural gas, how they are produced and how they become the products you count on. You'll also find useful tips on how to conserve energy and use oil and natural gas products in ways that protect you, your family and our environment. Wells to Consumer Interactive Diagram This interactive diagram that shows the journey of oil and natural gas from Exploration and Production to the final products that benefit consumers. Exploration and Production Access to oil and natural gas resources is critical to supplying the energy needs of American consumers, business and homeowners. Transporting Oil and Natural Gas Supply and demand are rarely concentrated in the same place. Transportation therefore is vital to ensuring the reliable and affordable flow of petroleum we all count on to fuel our cars, heat our homes and improve the quality of our lives. Fuels and Refining America's refiners are a strategic asset for the United States, and maintaining a viable domestic refining industry is critical to the nation's...
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...FACTORS WHICH ARE INFLUENCING THE CONSUMPTION OF BIO PRODUCTS S. POPOVICI, V. POPOVICI, L. DUGULEANA Abstract: The consumption of ecological products is an expensive “fashion” on internatonal market. However the production and the processing of the row BIO materials represents an complex problem, which demands solutions. Romanian BIO products market has a favorabile image, even though the consumption reprezents only 1% from total consumtion. 90% of the raw materials are exported. Unfortunately, the products exported are returning to Romania, processed, with 4-5 times higher prices. The direction for a clean and healthier style of life is designed. Its evolution will decide the future. Key words: BIO, Organic, Ecologic, Control, Certified Quality, Health, enviroment protection, factors of influencing the consumption of BIO consumption. 1. The Concept of Bio Product “Bon est bio, mais c’est quoi le Bio? Natural, good, beautiful and without pesticides....Bio is good, but what is Bio? [4] On world market today, the phenomenon of consuming BIO products today is “on fashion”. In fact, it is a matter of going back to natural without toxic additives to our bodies and to the environment. In order to “improve the quality of life”, new technologies has been released to increase the food resources and the soil production. Unfortunately, without thinking long term, the body has been bombarded by substances which are heavy to our metabolism...
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...from non-living things. 2. Organic Chemistry, branch of chemistry in which carbon compounds and their reactions are studied. A wide variety of classes of substances—such as drugs, vitamins, plastics, natural and synthetic fibers, as well as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—consist of organic molecules. Study of all substance containing carbon in combination of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. 3. Analytical chemistry is the science of separating complex materials into simpler ones and detecting and measuring the constituents. 4. Physical chemistry is fundamental to all chemistry and deals with the application of physical laws to chemical systems and chemical change. Concerned with theories and experiments that describes the behaviour of chemicals. 5. Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms and life processes. Cell: Compound 1. Protein 2. Carbohydrates - sugar 3. Nucleic acid – DNA, RNA 4. Lipids – fats SCIENTIFIC METHOD * A logical approach to the solution of the problem. STEPS: 1. Identify the problem 2. Gathering Information 3. Formulate hypothesis 4. Experimentation 5. Re-evaluate result 6. Draw to conclusion MATTER = * Pure substance * Mixtures * PURE SUBSTANCE = homogeneous material consisting of one particular kind of matter. E.g. Sugar, water, charcoal, chalk. * Elements * Compound Elements = * Metal * Non- metal * Metalloid Compound = * Organic * Inorganic * MIXTURES...
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...Don't discard banana peels; they are valuable as plant fertilizer. Bananas are packed with nutrients, and that includes their peels. Though you won't want to eat them yourself, your plants benefit from the nutrients as the peels decay. Plants need nutrients need to thrive. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are required in the highest amounts, and nutrients such as calcium, manganese, sodium and sulfur are necessary in lower amounts. While various levels of these nutrients occur naturally, some soils can use a boost. Adding banana peels around prized plants is a widespread gardening practice that can improve your soil. Sponsored Link Expat Health Insurance Free Quotes Instantly Online Save Now on Best Cover for Expats www.nowcompare.com/Expats ------------------------------------------------- Potassium Dried banana peels are 42 percent potassium, more than most other organic substances, such as manure at 0.5 percent, wood ash at 10 percent and cantaloupe rinds at 12 percent. Potassium promotes the movement of water and nutrients between cells. It also strengthens stems and protects plants from disease. Because the plant is healthier, it might flower more. After the plant blooms, potassium can improve the quality and size of any fruit or nuts. ------------------------------------------------- Phosphorus Banana peels are 3.25 percent phosphorus, one of the other major nutrients that plants need to grow. Phosphorus helps rooting, improves winter hardiness and speeds...
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...INTRODUCTION TO SANITATION Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g., sanitary sewers, sewage treatment, surface runoff management, solid waste management, excreta management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry toilets, urine-diverting dry toilets, septic tanks), or even simply by personal hygiene practices (e.g., hand washing with soap, behavior change). Providing sanitation to people requires a systems approach, rather than only focussing on the toilet or wastewater treatment plant itself. The experience of the user, waste collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, waste treatment, and reuse or disposal all need to be thoroughly considered. DEFINATION OF SANITATION The World Health Organization explains sanitation as follows: "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage...
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...The Greenhouse Effect Ashley 24/1/2013 The Greenhouse effect is a process that is naturally occurring on our planet. The reason it is a concern is many scientists believe the process is being changed because of our use of energy in the last 100 years or so. Most greenhouses look like a small glass house. Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up, much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the winter. The earth's atmosphere is all around us. It is the air that we breathe. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere behave much like the glass panes in a greenhouse. Sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, passing through the blanket of greenhouse gases. The greenhouse effect works in the following manner (i) Energy from the sun passes though the earth's atmosphere in the form of visible light (sun light). (ii) Some of the sun's energy turns to heat and warms the earth's air and land. (iii) The rest of the sun's energy becomes infrared radiation and is re-emitted into the atmosphere. (iv) Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of this infrared radiation and bounce it back to the earth again, warming the planet even more. Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide It is considered the most predominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas, as 60% of the anthropogenic...
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...Cannabis/Marijuana for Our Environment, Health and Ecology A Research Paper in English Submitted to: Mrs. Ma. Leonor M. Vertucio Submitted by: Mayuga, John Angel Ocino, Angel Joseph I. Introduction Our topic is about Cannabis, also known as marijuana (sometimes spelled "marihuana") among many other names, refers to any number of preparations of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or for medicinal purposes. According to the United Nations, cannabis "is the most widely used illicit substance in the world.“ The typical herbal form of cannabis consists of the flowers and subtending leaves and stalks of mature pistil late female plants. The resinous form of the drug is known as hashish (or merely as 'hash') The major psychoactive chemical compound in cannabis is Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (commonly abbreviated as THC). Cannabis contains more than 400 different chemical compounds, including at least 66 other cannabinoids (cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and tetrahydro cannabis varin (THCV), etc. which can result in different effects from those of THC alone. In modern times, the drug has been used for recreational, religious or spiritual, and medicinal purposes. We choose this topic to know and to inform our listeners that marijuana is a harmful plant...
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...4th Quarter 2010 | 25(4) THEME OVERVIEW: FUNDAMENTAL FORCES AFFECTING AGRIBUSINESS INDUSTRIES Kent Olson and Mike Boehlje JEL Classifications: Q13, L10, L22, M22, L80 Keywords: Agribusiness, Market Forces, Structural Change, Porter’s Five Forces Agribusiness industries are facing numerous challenges and opportunities resulting from various fundamental forces. An understanding of the forces that are shaping and shifting the competitive landscape is useful to not only understand the strategic positioning decisions of the firms in these industries, but also the dramatic structural changes that are occurring in the food production, processing and distribution sector. This series of articles discusses the fundamental forces creating change in the agribusiness industries, and how companies and decision-makers are being affected by, and adapting to, changes in these forces. We frame this discussion using the analytical concepts of value chains and Porter’s Five Forces. We describe the agribusiness value chain as two chains which become one at the consumer end (Figure 1). One value chain follows plants and plant products, and another chain follows animals and animal products. These two chains blend into one chain at the processing and retailing stages of the chain. We also view the value chain rather simply as four stages: (1) input suppliers; (2) producers; (3) processors and handlers; and (4) retailers. While the value chain could be viewed as specific for different products...
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...Establish and Manage Your Home Lawn The home lawn and turf areas surrounding churches, parks, and office buildings do more than just serve as pleasant green backdrops. The grass plants that make up the lawns serve as miniature air-conditioners and pollution-abatement centers. On a block of eight houses, the front lawns have the cooling effect of 70 tons of air-conditioning. The plants, in transpiring water to cool themselves, also cool the surrounding area. Roughly 50 percent of the heat striking a turf area is eliminated by transpiration. When the temperature of the sidewalk is 100 °F, the temperature of the adjacent turf remains near 75 °F. This cooling may last into the night, with studies showing a 13-degree cooling at 9 p.m. This air-conditioning is not free, however. An average 5,000-square-foot lawn transpires about 3,000 gallons of water on a hot summer day. If this water is not supplied by rain, it must be applied by some other means. Turfgrass also functions as a noise barrier. Studies at the Riverbank Acoustical Laboratory in Geneva, Illinois, found Kentucky bluegrass turf more sound-absorbent than a heavy carpet on a felt pad. One of the most significant byproducts of a living, green backdrop is its effect upon the atmosphere. A 250-square-foot lawn produces enough oxygen for a family of four. The average lawn traps significant amounts of carbon dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrates, and ozone, as well as particulate matter. A most important effect is the prevention of soil...
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