...Introduction The public relations of an organization is like the air in the tires of a taxi. Nobody is really concerned about or notices the air in the tires until there is a puncture or a blow out. It is the taxi driver who should check and maintain the correct tire pressure. Public relations are the functions that provide benefits to the organization and its strategy and marketing functions. Organizational functions are those distinct advantages that a good PR campaign provides to an organization such as brand building, creating public awareness, providing feedback, etc. Public Relations Public relations are a constantly evolving and dynamic profession. It has come a long way from its image as a glamorous but anyone can do it job. In fact, as little as 20 years ago, it was highly recommended that to enter the profession, one needed nothing more than secretarial training. But public relations have grown beyond this image. Today, public relations are a sophisticated industry that needs individuals who are confident in their abilities and skills and are aware that they are well suited to a highly demanding profession. Today’s public relations practitioners have a range of tertiary qualifications and constantly try to improve and expand their knowledge and skills. “ Public relations specialists handle organizational functions such as media, community, consumer, industry, and governmental relations; political campaigns; interest-group representation; conflict mediation; and...
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...This article is written by simon zadek, CEO of the U.K.-based institute AccountAbility. The brief idea about of this article which we have got into is that companies do not become model citizens over a night as when it comes to social responsibility. The writer has written in this article that the company has not always followed its own advice when it comes to social responsibilities which have led Nike the global poster child for corporate ethical fecklessness. His every move was being analyzed and every problem discovered was being publicized as a proof of organization’s irresponsibility. Simon says a company’s roles through these two dimensions i.e. organizational and societal learning ultimately leads it to civil learning. He further describes that every organization learns in a unique way and pass through five stages. This whole article somehow revolves around these five stages that simon has mentioned. He suggests every organization to navigate through these stages in order to make their organization a good corporate citizen. He describes that in defensive stage most companies face unexpected criticism from civil activists, media and stakeholders while the company’s responses authorized by legal teams and tend to involve denials of accusations. As in the complaint stage he writes a corporate policy must be observed either in such ways that are visible to critics on the other hand it creates value by protecting company’s reputation. At the managerial the company realizes...
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...Sumantra Ghosal. Human Resource Management (HRM) Meaning: HRM is a process of making the efficient and effective use of Human Resources so that the set goals are achieved. Definition: “Personnel management or say Human Resource Management is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of the procurement, development, compensation, integration, maintenance and separation of human resources to the end that individual, organizational and social objectives are accomplished.” –Flippo. Differences b/w Personnel Management and Human Resource Management Dimensions | PM | HRM | Nature of relations | Pluralist | Unitarist or Neo-Unitarist | Perception of conflict | Conflict is institutionalized | Conflict is Pathological | Contract | Emphasis on compliance | Beyond contract-commitment | Role of procedures | Rules dominated | Culture and values dominated | Planning perspective | Ad hoc, reactive | Integrated, pro active | Acceptability of Unions | Acceptable | Not desirable | Level of trust | Low | High | Key relation | Labor Management | Customer | Management’s Role | Transactional | Transformational | Basis of job design |...
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...stakeholder is understood to be any actor with an explicit or implicit interest in the activities of the company. Actors that typically fall under this category are e.g. employees, owners, customers, the government and surrounding communities. As evidenced by the examples, the concept of stakeholder entails a wide array of internally divergent actors. According to the article stakeholder relation management can be viewed from two distinct vantage points. The first approach views stakeholder relation management as a strategic vehicle for furthering underlying aims of the company. The alternative approach views stakeholder relations management as an intrinsic value that should be furthered as a product of its own merits. The issue of effectively managing stakeholder relations has in recent years gained much more prominence and astute companies are in many cases turning to it as a means to increase customer retention/loyalty and thereby positively impact shareholder value. This kind of an approach would allude to the strategic view as the more prevalent vantage point for approaching stakeholder relations management. While a strategic approach might be perceived as inferior to an intrinsic value approach I would like to argue that it is the end rather than the means that ultimately matters. Irrespective of whether actions are pursued based on their value or as vehicles for an ulterior value, the results and implications can be equally profound. For example the Finnish paper...
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...points in their careers, public relations (PR) practitioners are likely to face decisions that are ethical in nature. Such decisions reflect a range of ethical dilemmas between, for example, truth vs. loyalty, justice vs. mercy, short-term vs. long-term consequences, and the individual vs. the collective (Kidder 1995, p. 18; Stacks & Wright 1989, pp. 53-67). Public relations practitioners, by nature of their position and job responsibilities, are often in a crossroad of a range of competing interests. Often, the tension may be between the practitioner’s own values and the culture of the organization. In other cases, it may be a conflict between the practitioner’s professional code of ethics and organizational norms and expectations. In yet other circumstances, they may be faced with competing interests between the organization and its various publics. At the very least, practitioners will frequently confront contradictions between business demands for economic performance and public expectations for ethical conduct. Concerns over these competing responsibilities and the ethical dilemmas they produce for public relations are the subject of this essay. In it, a range of challenges faced by public relations practitioners related to issues of ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are explored. It is argued that CSR has, in many respects, altered the expectations and demands placed on the profession. As a profession, public relations have a long and contested relationship...
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...to buy her produce from the farmer's market instead of the grocery store. D) Jeremy generally recycles his old newspapers and cardboard boxes. E) All of the above are examples of consumer behavior. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Application Objective: 1.1: Understand what consumer behavior is and the different types of consumers 3) When Bill orders five movie tickets online for himself and his friends for a Friday night showing of the latest action thriller, he is acting as a(n) A) organizational consumer B) team consumer C) non-profit consumer D) market consumer E) personal consumer Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Application Objective: 1.1: Understand what consumer behavior is and the different types of consumers 4) The term "consumer behavior" describes two different kinds of consumers: ________ and ________ consumers. A) non-profit; government B) non-profit; for profit C) personal; organizational D) government; private E) organizational; private Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Concept Objective: 1.1:...
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...Public Relations Defined MKT/438 Public Relations August 11, 2013 Richard Dool Define Public Relations Companies large and small hire Public Relations or PR professionals to bring awareness of their products or services. Public relations, is defined by many different sources in many different ways. The purpose of Public Relations differs from one company to the next, depending on organizational size, the particular product or service they may be drawing interests towards, their are a number of reasons why Public Relations is defined so many different ways. Public Relations: The Profession and the Practice Public Relations: The Profession and the Practice, Chapter 1: The Nature of Public Relations, defines Public Relations as, “Public relations is a leadership and management function that helps achieve organizational objectives, define philosophy, and facilitate organizational change. Public relations practitioners communicate with all relevant internal and external publics to develop positive relationships and to create consistency between organizational goals and societal expectations. Public relations practitioners develop, execute, and evaluate organizational programs that promote the exchange of influence and understanding among an organization’s constituent parts and publics” (Baskin, Heiman, Lattimore, & Toth, 2007). Even as defined by this text this is a continually working definition, meaning it will continue to change as the need of...
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...of also forums, blogs, picture sharing, video sharing, message boards, RSS, podcasts, search engine marketing, other networking sites and microblogging sites (Wright and Hinson 2009). However people usually think of Facebook and Twitter when it comes to social media but there are many types of social media such as LinkedIn, Blogs, microblogging and online news. (Wright and Hinson 2009) 2.1.2 Social media impacts in PR practices Those who practice public relations have believed to have grown in terms of its precision and trustworthiness by using social media and other developing media (Gordon 2010). Furthermore, they agreed to a certain extend that these new media will turn to be an overseer for traditional news media that will impact corporate and organizational transparency and ethical culture. New media will outrun traditional media and turning to a key of the future (Gordon 2010). Blogs is one of the important tools in Public Relations Practices. Blogs popularity has increased reason being Public Relations Pratitioners are able to express themselves as it gives the liberation from...
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...Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. The variety of economic and political systems in Europe 3 3. The institution European Union. 7 4. The impact of the EU on its member states. 11 5. Lobbying in the EU. 13 6. Conclusion 17 References 17 Appendices 17 1. Introduction On January 1st. 2007, the European Union (EU) has completed its last enlargement round till now by accepting Romania and Bulgaria as full members. The union now counts 27 member states, incorporating an enormous number of more than half a billion inhabitants. Obviously, each member largely effects and is affected by the European Union. The research interest of this paper is therefore to shed light on the construct European Union, by exploring the relationship between the European Union, its member states and constituents. The topic will be approached by first examining the varieties and interrelations of political and economic systems in major European countries. In a second step, the organizations and the governance of the European Union will be discussed, leading to the analysis of the EU impact on its member states. The third part is an analysis of the expression of interest in the EU. Finally, main arguments will be summarized to arrive at a conclusion. 2. The variety of economic and political systems in Europe The legitimation of a community like the European Union is inevitably linked to the existence...
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...1. The evolution of management thought has followed societal trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The nineteenth century works of Charles Babbage and Robert Owen were concerned with the early factory system as well making social progress. The classical school and bureaucratic school of the early twentieth century were the first efforts to generate a comprehensive theory of management. This school included Max Weber and Henri Fayol. Fayol was the father of the administrative management school. He had a profound affect on much of administrative theory during the early part of the twentieth century. Frederick Taylor, the engineer, established the scientific method of management. The behavioral school made a profound influence on management theory. It is a revolutionary period of management theory. It includes the Nobel prize winning critic of the early proverbs of administration, Herbert Simon, as well as the landmark Hawthorne Experiment ushering in the human relations branch of the bureaucratic method. The behavioral school also includes the first female organizational theorist, Mary Parker Follet. A major result of the behavioral school is the demise and repudiation of the classical school of management. The human relations school of management is extremely important in dealing with the concept of employee motivation. Herbert Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs theory while Douglas McGregor developed Theory X and Y. The behavioral research school applies much...
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...The Connection between National Culture and Organizational Culture Kyb Fugfugosh San Francisco State University IBUS 681 (01) Date 12/10/2012 2 The Connection between National and Organizational Culture The term “culture” is generally ascribed to societies in a country, or ethnic and regional clusters within a nation, but can also be assigned to organizations, institutions, and family. Social organizations, whether national cultures, or institutional cultures develop because members’ behavior is not arbitrary, and can sometimes be anticipated and calculated. Organizations are bound by culture, which includes the individual behaviors of members and the collective purpose of the organization. In his frequently referenced book, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (1984), Geert Hofstede provided a methodology for the cross-cultural studies of nations, and the organizations that develop based on cultural values. Cultural concepts, as they relate to organizational studies, are borrowed from anthropology, in which views vary, and there is no consensus. Therefore the application of the “cultural perspective” to organizational studies also varies, and is based on assumptions about the nature of both “culture” and “organizations” (Smircich, 1983). Pettigrew (1979) advocated the use of cultural concepts borrowed from sociology and anthropology in the examination of organizational behavior. He advanced “longitudinalprocessual” studies of organizations...
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...Title of Assignment: A critical review of two articles relating to aspects of contemporary organizational design 1) M Orlitzky, F L Schmidt & S L Payne, Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis, in Organization Studies, 2003; 24; 403-441 2) E J Walton, The Persistence of Bureaucracy – A Meta-Analysis of Weber’s Model of Bureaucratic Control, in Organization Studies, 2005; 26; 569-600 Organisational Design is concerned with constructing and changing an organisation’s structure to achieve the organisation’s goals. In order to understand organisation, we have to look at the two dimensions; structural and contextual. Structural dimensions provide labels like formalization, specialization, hierarchy of authority, centralization, professionalism and personnel ratios, to describe the internal characteristics of an organisation, and they create a basis for measuring and comparing organisation. Whereas contextual dimensions, they characterize the whole organisation, including its size, technology, environment and goals, and also describe the organisational setting that influences and shapes the structural dimensions. For some time, researchers have studied the relationship between a firm’s corporate financial performance (CFP) and its corporate social performance (CSP). Although many studies indicated that CSP is a determinant of CFP, other aspects of some research have been inconsistent. Some studies are criticized for using unrealizable CSP measures;...
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...of care to their patients. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009, which is part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) (aka “stimulus package”), was signed into law with an unambiguous purpose of incentivizing providers to adopt EHR systems. The HITECH Act requires that providers adopt EHRs and use them in an eloquent way, meaning using certain EHR functionalities associated with error reduction and cost containment. Some advantages of technology in our society today regards clinical, organizational, and societal outcomes. Clinical outcomes consist of enhancements in the value of care, a decrease in medical mistakes, and other advances in the number of patients that describe the relevance of care. Organizational outcomes involve matters as financial and operational performance, as well as gratification between patients and staff that use EHRs. Finally, societal outcomes consist of enhance research and attaining better-quality population health. Outcomes have often augmented income, obviated costs, and other benefits that are less palpable, like amended legal and regulatory...
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...providing care, support and protection to users of health and social care services: 3 LO 2: 4 2.1 Implementation of policies, legislation, regulations and codes of practice that is relevant to own work in health and social care: 4 2.2 Local Policies and Procedures can be developed in accordance with national and policy requirements: 5 2.3 Impact of policy, legislation, regulation, and codes of practice on organizational policy and practice: 6 LO3: 6 2.1 Theories that underpin health and social care practice: 6 Behaviorist Theory 6 Cognitive Theory 7 Social Theory 7 Psychodynamic Theory 7 Humanistic Theory 7 2.1 How social processes Impact on users of Social care services: 8 3.3 Effectiveness of inter-professional working. 8 LO4: 9 2.1 Own role, responsibilities, accountabilities and duties in the context of working with those within and outside the health and social care workplace: 9 2.1 Own contribution to the development and implementation of health and social care organizational policy:...
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...schema for studying PR The duties of the PR Profession 1. Responsible for assimilating & communicating information 2. Span the boundaries 3. Relate the needs & interests of publics 4. Maintain effective relationships w/ the media 5. Arrange company representative and have direct contact w/ various publics 6. Write speeches and edit publications 7. Produce & distribute films, videos & other print collaterals 8. Manage fund raising campaign & community activities 9. Develop & maintain new media Elements of PR 1. Counseling – Giving advice to management 2. Research – Determing attitudes & behavior 3. Media Relations – Working w/ mass media to seek publicity 4. Publicity/Publication – Dissemintating planned messages 5. Employee/Member relations – Responding to concerns 6. Community Relations – Planning activities w/ a community 7. Public Affairs – Developing effective involvement in public policy 8. Government Affairs – Relating directly w/ legislatures & regulatory agencies 9. Issues Management – Identifying & addressing issues of public...
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