...ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN THE TWENTIETH AND TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ABSTRACT Culture is the medium by which organization expresses itself to its employees or members. The core of the culture is formed by the values which are not visible but are shared by people even when membership in group changes. Shared values and norms focus employees’ attention on organizational priorities and guide their behavior and decision making. The paper starts with defining the core concepts or the key words in the introduction phase, and the four organizational culture has been allocated as per its usage on the past and the present i.e. in the twentieth century and the twenty-first century. Further, the article has tried to identify the implications on the Nepalese context which shows how the organizational culture of Nepalese business houses compared to the global scenario. Also, the paper has tried to identify the problems that are faced while following the organizational culture and during the shift from one culture to the other. Lastly, the paper ends with a conclusion which is also a recommendation. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Types of Culture INTRODUCTION Organizational culture includes an organization's expectations, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations. It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, and written and unwritten rules...
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...ISSN 1392-2785 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS. 2009. No 1 (61) COMMERCE OF ENGINEERING DECISIONS Organizational Culture Types as Predictors of Corporate Social Responsibility* Ülle Übius, Ruth Alas Estonian Business School, Estonia, Tallinn 10114, Lauteri 3 The purpose of this paper is to investigate connections between corporate social responsibility and organizational culture types. The survey was conducted in Estonian, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Czech, Finnish, German and Slovakian electric-electronic machine, retail store and machine-building enterprises. The main aim of the study is to find connections between corporate social responsibility and different organizational culture types. According to Cameron and Quinn (1998), culture defines the core values, assumptions, interpretations and approaches that characterise an organization. Competing Values Framework is extremely useful in helping to organize and interpret a wide variety of organizational phenomena. The four dominant culture types – hierarchy, market, clan and adhocracy emerge from the framework. According to Strautmanis (2007), social responsibility is part of organizational culture and a value in the organizational culture environment. Development of social responsibility is a change in values orientation, whose task is shaping the attitudes, transformation of the personal position so that it matches individual and public interests. Different organizations have framed different definitions about corporate social responsibility...
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...Cambridge Studies 6 Why Do Change Management Strategies Fail? ---Illustrations with case studies Xiongwei SONG∗ Department of Politics, University of Sheffield ABSTRACT: Change management is crucial to the survival and development of organizations, the more effectively you deal with change, the more likely you are to thrive. However there are a large number of failures of change management. Organizational change itself is a considerably complex activity; any tiny mistake in change management could lead to the failure of organizational change. Consequently this paper is impossible to encompass all factors that could result in the failure of change management. This paper attempts to explain why change management strategies fail from four perspectives (leadership, culture, people issues and quick response) that are major factors to determine whether change management is successful or not. INTRODUCTION Change for organizations both large and small, whether in the private, public or voluntary sectors has been inevitable for the past decades or so. Such trends of organizational change are increasing in frequency, pace, complexity and turbulence under current situation, and there appears to be no sign of abatement. The concrete purposes of change management for different organizations are probably not the same, but the ethos of change management is the same, that is, making the organizations more effective, efficient, and responsive to the turbulent environment changes. Through...
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...Organizational Culture Analysis Organizational culture is the shared meaning and values held by associates in their organization. It members create and maintain a shared sense of reality (Baack, 2012). This reality shapes the values they share and understand. Different organizations have different organizational realties. This is because of the actions performed by the associates of an organization are interpreted differently depending on the organization (Baack, 2012). Different organizations use different symbols. Common symbols in the workplace are physical, behavior, and verbal symbols (Baack, 2012). Physical symbols are material objects such as logos, design, décor, and even buildings. Behavior symbols consist of rewards and punishments, rituals, traditions, ceremonies, and customs. Finally, verbal symbols are jargon, names and nicknames, stories, history, and metaphors. Organizational culture is the behavior of its associates with the organization and the meaning that people attach to those behaviors (Baack, 2012). Organizational culture includes the emotional and psychological climate which may involve employee morale, attitudes, and levels of productivity (Baack, 2012). Organizational culture includes all the symbols (action, routines, and conversations) and the meaning that people attach to them. Values inform associates of an organization on what is important to that specific organization. Values are derived from the core values of the organization...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE’S INFLUENCE ON WORK LIFE BALANCE This report was authored by Xeniya Kurmayeva 4307458, Marsel Kurmayev 3539829, Mais Zainalabidin 4140060, Saleem Rabbani 4531596 & Hesham Mubarak 4446902 Prepared for Dr. Mona Mustafa & Dr. Payyazhi Jayashree for TBS 903 Submitted on the 29th of April 2014 Executive Summary In organizations as well as at home, work life balance is becoming a very important issue. As such, the premise behind our research was to examine whether or not a link exists between organizational culture and work life balance. In essence, we were looking to see if organizational culture affected work life balance. Moreover, research on this relationship is limited and it was difficult to find previous literature on the subject. We considered an UAE based bus assembly firm named Hafilat to test our hypothesis that work life balance could be affected by organizational culture. Our findings supported the argument that organizational culture can affect a firm’s provision of work life balance. It was only because of Hafilat’s empathic and internally centric organization culture, along with their flexible organizational structure that allowed them to provide work life balance opportunities to their employees. Furthermore, the top-down approach to work life balance has allowed Hafilat to implement a unique yet effective work life balance initiative. Their use of an unofficial work life balance policy was unorthodox and proved...
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...Organizational Culture in the Workplace Organizational Culture in the Workplace PSYCH-570/Organizational Psychology March 18, 2012 Organizational Culture in the Workplace Organizational culture is as important to the public sector as it is to the private sector in business organizations. In a fast changing environment and continuing insights into organizational effectiveness, organizations, are seriously rethinking what and how they can best delineate and accomplish their goals and objectives (Peters & Waterman, 1982). Peters and Waterman (1982) suggest when goals are elucidated; there is a necessity to pontificate the type of culture that is needed to accelerate the goals and objectives and to guarantee that implemented changes are successful. The intention of this paper is to analyze the effects of organizational culture on organizational development and change. To allow one to grasp the concept of organizational culture Team A will give the description of Southwest Airlines, including the organization’s philosophy, mission, vision, values, and structure, an analysis of the relationship between the design and Southwest Airlines and its organizational culture, and the effects of organizational culture on Southwest Airlines workforce will be reviewed. An evaluation of the effects of change within Southwest Airlines will also be discussed. Description of Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines is an airline that provides many services in different destinations...
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...NO:____________________________________________________ PROGRAMME: Edexcel BTEC Level 7 Professional Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership UNIT NO/TITLE: Unit 04 / Developing Corporate Culture ASSIGNMENT NO: Individual Report Credit Value: 05 Learning Outcomes: 1.0 Understand how the characteristics of corporate culture affect the achievement of organizational objectives 2.0 Be able to propose organizational values that will influence corporate climate 3.0 Be able to develop strategies to communicate with stakeholders of an organisation who belong to different cultural groups Issue Date: December 6th 2013 Due Date: January 5th 2014 Submission Date: Assessor’s Name: PROGRAMME: Edexcel BTEC Level 7 Professional Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership UNIT NO/TITLE: Unit 04 / Developing Corporate Culture ASSIGNMENT NO: Individual Report Credit Value: 05 Learning Outcomes: 4.0 Understand how the characteristics of corporate culture affect the achievement of organizational objectives 5.0 Be able to propose organizational values that will influence corporate climate 6.0 Be able to develop strategies to communicate with stakeholders of an organisation who belong to different cultural groups Issue Date: December 6th 2013 Due Date: January 5th 2014 Submission Date: Assessor’s Name: Assessor Comments: Assessor: Signature: Date: ____/____/______ Assessor Comments: ...
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...Subculture. In the context of organizational culture, the expression “top management” is unique “in that it describes a hierarchical level and a distinct subculture” (Trice & Beyer, 2003, p.15). Moreover, this subculture is unique from all the others found in a typical work environment, because top managers exert a disproportionate amount of influence within an organization and form a group with an extremely high degree of homogeneity. Top management is a unique subculture in an organization mainly because of this subculture’s disproportionate amount of influence. Typically, this group includes only an organization’s president, vice president, CEO, chief financial officer, and, in some cases, directors. However, the members of this group are the highest paid members of an organization and are also given the most authority. This group “exerts extensive and intensive influence over the ways others think and act in an organization” (Trice & Beyer, 2003,p.17). As a subculture, top management is also unique because of its extremely high degree of homogeneity. All subcultures attract like-minded individuals, but top management’s practice of “managerial cloning” (Kanter, 1987; as cited in Trice & Beyer, 2003, p.17) ensures that top managers resemble each other very closely because top managers tend to hire mirror images of themselves. Top managers usually have business-related degrees, are concerned mainly with economic issues, and come from middle and upper-middle-class...
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...organisational culture and ethics in an organisation. By Student’s Name University name Date Abstract An ethical climate is part of the whole organizational climate and means the mutual perceptions of how ethical issues should be dealt with and what ethically right behavior. Olson defines ethical climate as the personal perceptions of the institute that affects behavior and attitudes and functions as a reference for the action of employee’s (Collins & Porras, 2000, p, 83). Attention to healthcare and nursing ethics has come up due to a heightened awareness of the effects and complexity of ethical issues in health care environs. Ethical climate can affect the beliefs and behavior of employees when challenging patient care difficulties are debated and resolved in work settings. Numerous studies have revealed the power of hospital ethical climates on job satisfaction, stress, turnover intentions, and ethics. Thus, it seems imperative to come up with valid measures so as to raise the standards of the ethical climate in health care institutions. Ethical climate survey Various self-assessment questionnaires have been established to determine the ethical climate in hospitals and health care settings. The most extensively used assessments are the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS) prepared in the United States by Olson (Kent, 2002, p.78). HECS recognizes five subscales in the ethical climate of hospitals and has good psychometric properties. Different cultures and countries...
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...Management Organizational Behavior Prof. Agatep Hope Individual Assignment HE YUTIAN (Stephen) Content Page Page1----------Introduction of Apple Page2--------- Organizational culture, design, structure Page3--------- Management of conflict and motivation of employees & Conclusion Page4------- Recommendation& Referencing List If there is a survey about which business you believe is the most valuable and has most revolutionary influence on the society last ten years, it must be true that most of the people will choose Apple. From some professional evaluation about Apple, it describes Apple as an enterprise which has ability to take over the world one bite at a time and is already doing it. As of July 2011, Apple is the largest publicly traded company in the world by market capitalization with 357 retail stores in ten countries and 60,400 permanent full-time employees and 2,900 temporary full-time employees around the world. (Profile: Apple Inc, n.d.)At the same time, its revenue and profit is more than Google and Microsoft combined, and its annual revenue is totaled $65 billion in 2010 and is growing to $108 billion in 2011 miraculously. (Harry Wilson, 2012) Apple not only is one of the most successful enterprises in the world nowadays, but also already is a creative, miraculous and revolutionary company which is founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976 during its starting stage. (Cyrus Farivar...
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...I. Organizational Culture “An organizational culture is the internal environment of an organization including the shared beliefs and values that influence the behavior of organizational members” (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2005). What are some of the observable characteristics of the culture of an organization? Such recognizable aspects include the stories, rituals, and other symbols that talk about the organization’s culture and operations, e.g., heroic organizational accomplishments, standardized activities done to influence members, and other rituals and cultural symbols that transmit cultural meaning. Other observable aspects are the rules and roles that culture specifies such as the many types of appropriate actions (rules) and the status of its members in the social system (roles). The organization and its members have a common shared meaning and cultural aspects and perceptions that others outside of the organization may not see (Schermerhorn, et. al., 2004). II. Organizational Behavior BusinessDictionary.com defines organizational behavior as the “actions and attitudes of individuals and groups toward one another and towards the organization as a whole, and its effect on the organization’s functioning and performance” (BusinessDictionary.com). One notices the observable aspects of organizational behavior with the way employees greet each other in the workplace, the way they smile and talk to each other, the way they react to their superiors...
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...Managing Justly Across Cultures: The Problem of Fairness in International Business Rolf D. Dixon (Corresponding author) Weber State University 3802 University Circle, Ogden, Utah 84408, USA Tel: +1-(801)-626-7542 E-mail: rddixon@weber.edu Cam Caldwell University of Georgia G-2 Brooks Hall, Athens, GA 30602-6256, USA Tel: +1-(318)-446-0129 E-mail: camcaldw@uga.edu Apichai Chatchutimakorn College of Business, McNeese State University Kayla Gradney College of Business, McNeese State University Kochakan Rattanametangkul McNeese State University katekochakan@yahoo.com Received: September 14, 2010 Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between organizational justice and the factors that characterize cultural differences. This paper begins by briefly summarizing the nature of organizational justice and by identifying how justice is perceived. Hofstede’s five factors of cultural dimension model, which he developed in his seminal 1980 research on national cultures, is utilized to present characteristics of cultural differences. Ten propositions are then offered which relate to organizational justice and differences in cultural perspectives. These propositions suggest specific management approaches that organizational leaders can adopt to be more effective in dealing with employees from respective cultures. This paper concludes by identifying the importance of understanding the relationship between organizational justice and national culture and suggests research...
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...The Connection between National Culture and Organizational Culture Kyb Fugfugosh San Francisco State University IBUS 681 (01) Date 12/10/2012 2 The Connection between National and Organizational Culture The term “culture” is generally ascribed to societies in a country, or ethnic and regional clusters within a nation, but can also be assigned to organizations, institutions, and family. Social organizations, whether national cultures, or institutional cultures develop because members’ behavior is not arbitrary, and can sometimes be anticipated and calculated. Organizations are bound by culture, which includes the individual behaviors of members and the collective purpose of the organization. In his frequently referenced book, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (1984), Geert Hofstede provided a methodology for the cross-cultural studies of nations, and the organizations that develop based on cultural values. Cultural concepts, as they relate to organizational studies, are borrowed from anthropology, in which views vary, and there is no consensus. Therefore the application of the “cultural perspective” to organizational studies also varies, and is based on assumptions about the nature of both “culture” and “organizations” (Smircich, 1983). Pettigrew (1979) advocated the use of cultural concepts borrowed from sociology and anthropology in the examination of organizational behavior. He advanced “longitudinalprocessual” studies of organizations...
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...of Organizational Culture and Communication on Employee Engagement” Submitted by Swatee Sarangi Under the Guidance of: Dr. R.K. Srivastava, PhD Director General, Sterling Institute of Management Studies Professor Emeritus, K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research Research Guide, SNDT University Submitted to SNDT University For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Management Thesis Title : “Impact of Organizational Culture and Communication on Employee Engagement”. Name of the Candidate : Research Guide : Swatee Sarangi Dr. R.K. Srivastava Director General, Sterling Institute of Management Studies Professor Emeritus, K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research Research Guide, SNDT University Place of Research : K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research, Mumbai Registration No: Ref.No. Acad : RRC-26/2009-10/901 Signature of Candidate: Signature of Guide : TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to the Study 1.2 Employee Engagement 1.3 Drivers of Employee Engagement 1.4 Indian Banking Industry 1.4.1 Nationalization 1.4.2 Liberalization 1.4.3 Co-operative Banks 1.4.4 The Current Scenario 1.5 Opportunities and Challenges 1.6 Need of the Study 1.7 Key Concepts Explained in the Study 1.7.1 Organizational Culture 1.7.2 Organizational Communication 1.7.3 Employee Engagement 1.8 Benefits of the Study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Employee Engagement 2.2 Organizational Culture 2.3...
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...Anatomy of a merger: behavior of organizational factors and processes throughout the pre- duringpost-stages (part 1) Steven H. Appelbaum Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Joy Gandell Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Harry Yortis Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Shay Proper Montreal Stock Exchange, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Francois Jobin Kruger, Inc., Trois-Rivie Âres, Quebec, Canada Keywords Mergers and acquisitions, Organizational behaviour, Process efficiency, Managers Introduction Since the late 1980s, the total number of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has far surpassed the number that occurred throughout the 1960s. Whereas the M&As throughout the 1960s were mainly due to unions between conglomerates, the 1980s and 1990s has witnessed an increase in M&As between firms of different sizes and different industry types (Tetenbaum, 1999). The trend to engage in this type of vertical integration or diversification does not seem to show signs of diminishing in the near future. Yet, at best, the firm that initiates the merger usually only achieves normal economic profits while the value created rests almost solely with the firm that was approached (Barney, 1997). The primary purpose of merging and acquiring new firms is usually to improve overall performance (Lubatkin, 1983) by achieving synergy, or the more commonly described as the ``2 + 2 = 5'' effect (Cartwright and Cooper, 1993a; Hovers, 1971) between two business units that will increase...
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