...ORGANIZATION THEORY – OTHER THEORIES ➢ Neoclassical Perspective – Experts believe that management exists in a social system wherein human factors have roles to perform. Employees can play crucial roles in the decision-making process. In addition, Human Relations and Behavioral Science have become two important approaches of neoclassical theories. o Human Relations Theory / Hawthorne Studies – Spearheaded by Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1932 at the Hawthorne Plant of Western Electric Company, the team concluded that the business organization also includes social and psychological factors. It considered organization as a social process where feelings, sentiments and attitudes were given due importance. Mayo and Roethlisberger of Harvard Business School postulated that efficiency and productivity could increase if the attitudes of employees were well regarded. ▪ Individual workers cannot be treated in isolation, but must be seen as members of a group. ▪ The need to belong to a group and have status within is more important than monetary incentives or good physical working conditions. ▪ Informal/Unofficial groups at work exercise a strong influence over the behavior of workers ▪ Supervisors and managers deed to be aware of these social needs and cater for them if workers are to collaborate with the official organization rather than work against it. o Behavioral Science Theory – Experts...
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...trying to integrate technology into their work processes. Today, technology has become a necessity in a company and it has been viewed often as an improvement in the efficiency of the workplace by companies. However, there has been a number of different views as to how technology will impact the organizations, the management and the employees. Modern and critical perspectives will be taken to provide different insights on how technology is been viewed and understand. Since critical theory perspective is focused on challenging the modern theory perspective, we will be able to have a greater depth of understanding on technology environmental relationships. The modernist theory emphasize on the need for power and control for profit maximization. The critical theory on the other hand, provide a social perspective on how technology has an impact to the workers and the working environment. In this essay, we will take a look at how the development of technology is perceived differently by different factors namely the modernist and critical perspectives. Modernist Theory Modern theory perspective believes in objectivism and that objective truths are vital in the management of an organization (Green & Crother, 2004). Modernist seeks truths that are objective and honest. First and foremost, employing the use of electronic technologies such as surveillance can enlarge the...
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...1. Define organization. Do you think that it is correct to assert that organizations enable human beings to accomplish more that smaller human associations, such as families, tribes, and groups? Why or why not? a) An organization is a social unit or group that has been put together with the soul purpose to maintain or obtain certain specific goals that are set forth. b) Yes I believe is that organizations are able to accomplish more than smaller organizations because of the diversity that is inherent with these organizations that is not present in most smaller organizations. In an organization you can replace members to form a better union of ideas and actions, which is something than can not be done in a family or other smaller grouping of people. I cannot count how many times I have thought that my group of friends, or even my family, would be better off and able to be a better group as a whole if only we could replace certain members that did not belong. 2. Differentiate between organizational theory and organizational behavior. Which of the two is the most useful to understand from the perspective of managers? Why? a) Organizational theory attempts to explain or predict how an organization achieves it's goal and ambitions. While one the other hand, organizational behavior is more focused on the study of individual behavior, actions, and attitudes of the individuals within an organization. Theory takes a wide ranging view of an organizations while behavior focuses...
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...Organization Theory Name Instructor Course Date 1.0 Title………………………………………………………………………………………2 1.1 Organization theory………………………………………………………………………4 1.2 Strategies of the new firm…………………………………………………………….4 2.0 Organizational structure………………………………………………………………….4 2.1 Organization culture……………………………………………………………………...5 2.2 Missions, visions and values……………………………………………………………..5 2.3 Data……………………………………………………………………………………....5 Organization Theory In this case merging takes place when the two separate hospitals come together. Here one hospital acquires the other through purchase or agreement. Differentiation is the main reasons that PRMC and BRMC may opt to come together. It helps in reducing risk in the market. Acquisition will enable PRMC to spread its risk through diversification. Another reason is to gain financial upper hand in the market since the hospital is operating at loses. These are mostly done by firms that are almost closing or becoming bankrupt. When firms merge, they enjoy the benefits of tax reduction. Economies of scale are another reason why PRMC and BRMC merged. This involves operation costs which are reduced when two firms merge. Both hospitals benefit in their operations. Merging takes place when two separate entities come together. Here one hospital acquires the other through purchase (Collins & Porras, 1996). Merging helped PRMC to reduce risk in the market. Acquisition enables a company to spread its risk through diversification. Another...
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...Leadership Theories and Styles IAAP 2009 Administrative Professionals Week Event April 28, 2009 Development of Leadership Theory Development of Leadership Theory • Until approximately 1930, there was not much academic interest in the area of leadership academic interest in the area of leadership • Fredrick Taylor –Scientific Management (time/motion Fredrick Taylor Scientific Management (time/motion studies of productivity) (late 1800’s) • Max Weber –(writing on bureaucracy) a leader possessed power by virtue of his position (1922) • Mary Parker Follett – participatory management in power with as opposed to power over (1926) “power with” as opposed to “power over” (1926) Luther Gulick Notes on Organization ‐‐ 1937 • Work of the Executive Work of the Executive • POSDCORB – Planning – Organizing – Staffing – Directing – Coordinating g – Reporting – Budgeting g g Leadership a new definition Leadership – a new definition • Chester Barnard – 1938 new definition of leadership The ability of a superior to influence the behavior of subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action. (Barnard 1938) Power French and Raven (1960) Power – French and Raven (1960) • Legitimate power – comes solely from the position the g p y p superior holds in an organization • Reward power – comes by means of promotion, salary increases and interesting assignments i di t ti i t • Expert power – comes from the leader possessing superior knowledge of the matter under discussion...
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...Adhocracy allows organizations to operate in a more flexible manner. This flexibility can work well in fast-changing industries where organizations that can identify and act on new opportunities the fastest have a competitive advantage. Adhocracy may also work best with smaller organizations where managers are still able to comprehend and direct the organization when necessary. On the other hand, adhocracy may become chaotic or inefficient in large organizations where, for example, work may be duplicated by several teams. Poorly defined working roles may prove ineffective where team members are unaware of the scope of their roles, and thus desired or necessary work is not carried out. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/adhocracy.asp#ixzz2Dxb4zHsW Bureaucracy and Adhocracy The main aim of any organisation is to reach certain predetermined goals. In an attempt to survive and obtain this goals effectively, certain decisions must be made as to what type of structure the organisation will posses which will entail guidance for individuals associated with the group as per their duties and day to day activities. Ultimately determining how efficiently the desired goals will be acquired. Questions this structure will need to confront will include the amount of specialisation in areas of work and responsibility, the levels of management and their consequent size, the grouping of departments together for functionality of expertise, and the kind of integrative mechanism...
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...http://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/organizational-behavior-articles 1 An Explanation of Swot Analysis And Why Your Business Needs It. SWOT analysis or 'position' analysis is a crucial exercise that all businesses should undertake at regular intervals, whether they are new or old. By: Elizabeth Cromwell Published Date: 06-28-2010 SWOT analysis or 'position' analysis is a crucial exercise that all businesses should undertake at regular intervals, whether they are new or old. It is basically a critical appraisal of the Strengths and Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in relation to the internal and environmental factors affecting a business. SWOT very simply stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, and the easiest form of SWOT analysis is to take a sheet of paper or Excel spreadsheet and head four columns with these four categories. Once you have done this you can begin to list things under each heading; giving you an honest in-depth analysis of your business. By undertaking a SWOT analysis a business will be able to prepare much better short and long term plans. It will also allow them to identify gaps between their actual and desired performance and aid them in closing these gaps. It is however important that you are completely honest when it comes to the negative parts of your examination for the SWOT to be an effective tool. Let us have a look at the...
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...Topic - Why is the study of different theories of motivation important to managers? Introduction To be motivated means to be moved to do something. Motivation is anything that inspires one to do something. The motivation for me to wake up early morning is to make it to the university in time. Motivation may be defined as psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behaviour in an organization, a person's level of effort and a person's level of persistence in the face of obstacles. Managers motivate their employees. Most companies are looking into ways to improve efficiency, productivity, and quality. The question is how to make employees work more productively? This is a question of utmost importance to any manager. The answer to this question is very complex and critical. I will address this question by using various journals, research paper and books. There are several theories which manager may employ in order to motivate the employee. This paper will discuss about various types of motivation theories. It further examines which motivation theory should be applied by a manager in a particular situation in order to motivate employees. It will explain how it is dependent on the size of the organization, environment in which the organization is placed and the economic condition of the nation in which organization is. Motivation Motivation can be divided into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic (Guzzo, 1979). Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to...
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...Compare, Contrast and Discuss Mechanistic vs. Organic Structures Vance Conyers Organizational Theory 360A 28 September 2012 Organization structure is “The formal system of task and authority relationships that control how people coordinate their actions and use resources to achieve goals”. (Jones 8) The structure that an organization forms can determine its ultimate success of failure. It sets the foundation for how the organization will function, make decisions, and respond to change. The two types of structures an organization can use are mechanic and organic. Mechanistic and organic structures both have advantages and disadvantages, and neither one is a perfect solution. Depending on the product, tasks to create the product, and people to create the product, make the decision very challenging. In most cases, elements of both types are implemented to ensure a successful business. The executive management is responsible for formulating the right mix in order to achieve success. They use organizational design to process information to select the best options. Every aspect of this decision will play out from how much power middle managers have, to the scope of responsibility direct supervisors encompass. The type of organization directly affects the culture and moral of employees. Implementation of the wrong type or mix of structure can cause mismanagement of resources (both human and physical), a toxic culture, and ultimately a failed institution. The mechanistic structure...
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...Nursing theory is a set of concepts that are used to define a phenomenon. It guides the nursing profession by defining the goals of nursing in an organization. I have picked Jean Watson’s Theory of Nursing: Human Science and Human Care. Her innovative nursing ideas and core principles for patient care in the hospitals and their communities have steered the nursing profession into providing optimal and holistic care for their patients. In 1988, Jean Watson's "Nursing: Human Science and Human Care" theory had created a new holistic care approach for the nursing discipline. This evolving new nursing approach rapidly became an interdisciplinary field of study that had relevance to all human service professions. Her Ten Caritas Processes includes: practicing loving-kindness with self and others; being authentically present; cultivating one's own spiritual practice f; being sensitive to the expression of positive and negative feelings of self and others; developing trusting-caring relationships; using scientific problem-solving methods for care decision making; engaging in a genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being; creating healing environments; assisting with basic physical, emotional, and spiritual needs; opening to mystery and allowing miracles to enter (George, 2010). These caritas acknowledge the unity of life and connections that move in the circle of caring- from individual, to others, to the community, to the world, and to the universe....
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...of the Theory of Organization In this reading, organization is defined by Selznick as “a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons.” Usually, an organization can be viewed either as an economy, or an adaptive social structure. For Selznick, to view the organization as an economy is scientific and measurable, while an adaptive social structure leans toward the non-exact behavioral sciences. He thus advocated the wide adoption of ‘structural-functional analysis’ as the basis of theory and method of analysis of organization, which addresses the composite of mechanical structures and individual personalities that make up the cooperating, structured system of organization. The three major ideas in his theory of organization based on this reading are: organizations as cooperative, adaptive social systems; the conflict of personal and organizational goals and needs; and controlling conflict for the good of the organization. Finally, he talks about co-optation, which is a method of protecting the organization and its mission by inviting threatening elements into the policy making process. From my perspective, Selznick seems to overemphasize the rational structures and mechanistic processes of organizational activities. What is clear in examining this reading is the idea that a well-functioning organization has to proceed in unison-as a whole unit rather than as individual parts attempting to meet individuals’ goals. The whole organization functions...
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...Western Leadership Theory in Malaysian Organization Western Leadership Theory in Malaysian’s Organizations Leadership in Hospitality Industry, HTH 765 Introduction Malaysia is a developing country with variety of cultures. These cultures have a substantial influence on the people’s belief, attitude and behaviour. The world today is seeing more businesses going global to seize a wider market opportunities. Many companies from other countries have also been investing in Malaysia each day. However, the flowing entrees of these multinational companies do not diminish the Malaysians’ cultural values. Therefore, managers from the foreign or even local companies have to be able to adapt and operate effectively in different cultures. This assignment paper will discuss further about the leadership theory that has been developed by the westerns towards the people in Malaysia. The question is whether they can adopt the western leadership theory in Malaysian cultural values? Or is it possible to practise a one-size fits all theory? Background Culture is among the influences to the attitudes and behaviour of individuals. It is defined as a collective mental programming of the people in an environment. It evolves from an instinctive behaviour to learn. Patterns of this behaviour may be acquired and transmitted from one generation to another, and finally developed into a system of things and events (Hofstede, 1980). Leadership is seen as 'the ability to influence people and...
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...appears to as the most significant, psychology and sociology are also fundamental to understanding, motivating, and developing both individuals and groups. The Social psychology and anthropology are helpful in understanding how to handle change and diversity among teams and groups (Stanley, 2012). As it was stated previously, each discipline has an essential role to play and is vital to the success of the manager, mainly in part to the fact that a manager has many roles to fulfill and each discipline addresses a different function and field of study. Personally, I believe that today’s health service organizations are greatly impacted by a combination of all of the schools of organization theories. However, I do feel that open systems theory which encompasses the resource dependence theory does have the greatest significance. As seen in the 1990s, and continued today, the open systems theory is evident through actions such as the procurement of primary care physicians, medical groups, or specialists (Burns, Bradley...
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...Western Leadership Theory in Malaysian’s Organizations Leadership in Hospitality Industry, HTH 765 Introduction Malaysia is a developing country with variety of cultures. These cultures have a substantial influence on the people’s belief, attitude and behaviour. The world today is seeing more businesses going global to seize a wider market opportunities. Many companies from other countries have also been investing in Malaysia each day. However, the flowing entrees of these multinational companies do not diminish the Malaysians’ cultural values. Therefore, managers from the foreign or even local companies have to be able to adapt and operate effectively in different cultures. This assignment paper will discuss further about the leadership theory that has been developed by the westerns towards the people in Malaysia. The question is whether they can adopt the western leadership theory in Malaysian cultural values? Or is it possible to practise a one-size fits all theory? Background Culture is among the influences to the attitudes and behaviour of individuals. It is defined as a collective mental programming of the people in an environment. It evolves from an instinctive behaviour to learn. Patterns of this behaviour may be acquired and transmitted from one generation to another, and finally developed into a system of things and events (Hofstede, 1980). Leadership is seen as 'the ability to influence people and get them to do what the leader has envisioned' (Abdullah...
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...An Ethical Theory Applied to Business Organizations The object of this essay is to establish whether there is an ethical theory that can be successfully applied to business organizations. In order to answer this question, it is necessary first to define the major ethical theories, which are utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics, before determining whether there are any other options. After that, the ethical needs, problems and limitations of work organizations will have to be examined so that the different theories can be evaluated in this context. It will also be important to draw a distinction between the terms “accurate” and “useful” as these actually result in two different questions the answer to which need not necessarily be the same. Another essential part of this discussion is the more general question why there should be ethics in work organizations in the first place, and to what extent ethical behavior is feasible in the business world. Hopefully this will provide a framework within which the answer to the essay question can be included. To begin with, the “traditional” approaches to solving moral problems will be defined, namely those of act-utilitarianism and deontology. These are traditional not because they have existed longer than virtue ethics, but because for a long time they have been the approaches most commonly used as a basis for trying to solve ethical problems. After looking at these two moral theories, the approach of virtue ethics regarding...
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