...Q1: Darwin's Origin consisted of two parts. The first described observations in support of common descent, the second a mechanism to explain how it was the case. Provide examples of the observations Darwin used (1 page). ‘On the origin of species by means of natural selection : or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life’ by Charles Darwin (1860) was the first book to put forward the scientific theory that populations evolve over a period of generations by the process of natural selection. The first part of the book described observations in support of common descent. One such observation is that of the homologous structures possessed by a wide variety of animals. Darwin used the fact that lizards, bats, whales, birds, frogs cats and even humans all contain a pent dactyl limb to support his theory that all life is descended from one common ancestor. As he says himself , “What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?”(Darwin 1860) Another observation of common descent from the first part of Darwin’s book is that of convergence of form. This is the presence of similar biological traits in members of different species. Darwin illustrated this using the example of the finches. He observed a variety of forms encountered...
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...Taressa Toto October 3, 2016 Ela III - Period 4 Origin Myths Essay “When Grizzlies Walked Upright” and “The Navajo Origin Legend” show similarities, but also many differences throughout their stories. Both tell you their different aspects as to what they believe happened at the time of the creation. The symbol of wind also plays a big part when telling about the main ideas. What the two find important in culture and humanity is their biggest difference. “When Grizzlies Walked Upright” and “The Navajo Origin Legend” are able to be compared because they are all about the first creation of humans. In “When Grizzlies Walked Upright,” on page 25 you read the quote “When she became a young woman, her and the oldest grizzly bear were married. In...
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...Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" Charles Darwin in his book, On the Origin of Species, presents us with a theory of natural selection. This theory is his attempt at an explanation on how the world and its species came to be the way that we know them now. Darwin writes on how through a process of millions of years, through the effects of man and the effects of nature, species have had a trial and error experiment ongoing. It is through these trials that the natural world has developed beneficial anomalies that at times seem too great to be the work of chance. Darwin writes on how a species will adapt to its surrounding given enough time. When an animal gains a genetic edge over its competitors, be they of the same species or of another genus altogether, the animal has increased its chance of either procreation or adaptation. When this animal has this beneficial variance, the advantage becomes his and because of this, the trait is then passed on to the animals offspring. The theory of natural selection is not limited to inheritable and beneficial variations of a species. It also relies a great deal on the population growth and death of a species. For a species to continue to exist it must make sure of a few things. It must first produce more offspring than survive. If this is not done then the species is obviously going to die off. It is also important for the species to propagate at such a rate as to allow for variance, for it is variance the worms considering...
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...The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring. Darwin's theory is fairly simple and has five main essential points: (1) variation exists in natural populations, (2) many more offspring are born each season than can possibly survive to maturity, (3) as a result, there is a struggle for existence, (4) characteristics beneficial in the struggle for existence will tend to become more common in the population, changing the characteristics of a species, (5)...
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...Thérèse Raquin was published in 1867 shortly after Charles Darwin’s Origin of the species was published in 1859 and translated into French in 1862. Darwin’s book looked at the theory of natural selection and its effects on the animal kingdom. It looked into ideas such as natural selection, the struggle for existence, inherited traits and survival of the fittest, all of these subjects can also been found in Émile Zola’s ‘Thérès Raquin’, Zola applied these theories not just to society as a whole but to a specific family. Zola is thought to be one of the greatest naturalist writers. He was keen on the idea that fictional writing could be much like a science that could be used to study human passions and psychology and hoped to develop a ‘scientific literature’, one that could be seen by looking at science through a microscope. The preface to the second edition is used by Zola to speak to the reader directly and to give them some guidance and understanding about the intention of the book. He states ‘In a word, I wanted only one thing: given a powerful man and a dissatisfied women, to search out the beast in them, and nothing but the beast, plunge them into a violent drama and meticulously note the feelings and actions of these two beings’. Here he clearly says that humans are much like animals, with their predatory instincts and he puts this couple together, almost like an experiment to see how they react together and what happens next. Zola seemed to be captivated by physiology...
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...Charles Darwin’s scientific literature book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, was published in 1859. However, in 1872, the title was changed to The Origin of Species (cite). Although it is popularized that Darwin’s book directly showcases his theory of evolution, religious and social aspects created a biased look towards his discoveries. On the contrary, his work ultimately overshadowed the superficial understanding and proved logic in the scientific discussion of evolution. Darwin asserted that species evolved from one another, rather than through the creation of God, through the process of natural selection. His intention for his book was to persuade...
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...“On Origins” Neveen Hirmiz Prof. Cary S. Tagasaki Word Count: 612 209641051 06/02/14 "On Origins" It is the world's longest and most massive structure built by man, its name The Great Wall of China. As early as the Qin Dynasty we see these tamped- earth structures representing a defensive fortification for the people of China. Since then, future generations have altered the Wall’s image, both physically and ideologically, through the cultural interplay between material reconstruction and historical reinvention. It is this process that Carlos Rojas believes most significantly defines the Wall’s identity, and is directly responsible for the preservation of the physical structure itself. Carlos Rojas suggests that it is important to consider the historical context of the Wall to appreciate its various meaning throughout history. He refers to the different Chinese anniversaries being commemorated, in which they all helped to shape the culture, society, and politics of modern China. At the same, the different ways in which the anniversaries are observed demonstrates the role of contemporary concerns in shaping a vision of the past. Over many generations, ideas are developed about forming the wall, in that different representations of the Wall add to the body of tradition, in which it allows for its historical longevity. Rojan states, the way that the Wall is commonly perceived today is largely influenced by recent attempts to...
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...discriminate against an employee, because of their national origin. According to Renzaho, Romios, Crock, Sunderland, 2013, “Worldwide immigration has increased throughout the past century and considerably so in the past decade. The workforce and client base are becoming increasingly diverse in terms of ethnicity and culture, (pg 262).” The Bobum Corp (2011) website, “The successful delivery of a business model in a multicultural setting is often hampered by a host of factors, including chiefly language and non-verbal communication barriers between provider and clients.” There can not be a lack of respect and/or awareness of cultural traditions and beliefs in the provider-client relationship and interpersonal as well as institutional stereotyping and prejudice. There is an increasing need for refresher training when in a multicultural environment or workplace setting. One must take care to not discriminate in any way against of person for having a language barrier or cultural difference than oneself. The differences we see and feel can be used a learning opportunities. As we have emersion training opportunities in our corporation we will see our communication practices become natural and part of our normal routines. We must be able to communicate effectively verbally and non-verbally and respect the traditional practices and beliefs of our clients in order to be successful in our business. The national origin of an employee should never be a driving factor in the way...
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...Sprachgeschichte Hauptseminar: English Etymology Master Module (8 ECTS) Dozentin: Prof. Dr. Gabriele Knappe Summer Semester 2014 Origin Unknown and the word key Touhid Ahmed Chowdhury Matrikelnummer: 1762055 European Joint Master’s Degree in English and American Studies (2) Pestalozzi Straße 9/C- 3401, 96052 Bamberg Telefon: 01521 852 5560 Email: noyon.sust@gmail.com 18th August 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ………………………………………… 01 2. Etymology: Origin Unknown ……………………… 02 3. Words with known origin/ undisputed origin ……... 04 4. Theories for Etymology of Origin Unknown ……… 06 5. A case study on word Key ………………………….. 08 6. Conclusion …………………………………………... 12 References Declaration 1. Introduction Etymology can be defined as the systematic study of the birth, historical perspective, and time-to-time changes in the forms and implications of words (Ross, 1962). The study of the etymology of the English language words is an interesting and useful area. But, there are many English words in the dictionaries end up with no specific etymology for them. Thousands of words in English etymological dictionaries are included with statement such as ‘of unknown origin’, ‘origin uncertain’, ‘obscure origin’, ‘ulterior etymology unknown’. Numerous studies and research have done on some of these types of words in English etymology. The issue of ‘origin unknown’ words in English etymology incites curiosity of finding an existing and acceptable etymology for them. According...
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...THE ORIGINS OF ICE SKATES By Nam Catzel Investigation into the Origins of Ice Skates and their evolution ORIGINS OF ICE SKATES INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE ORIGINS OF ICE SKATES Executive Summary There is much debate in the field of history; conjecture and interpretation of facts are often misinterpreted due to the lack of evidence. The origin of ice skates is subject to much of these misconceptions. Though there have been many interesting and intriguing finds in this area, the origins are still debated. The true origins of ice skates is unknown; however there are many theories to who invented it, five cultures if not more believe that they have a claim to the invention. This project will illustrate known ideas about the origins of ice skates, revealing common and uncommon theories, as well as display the evolution of the ice skate in terms of design and the technologies used at each specific era. The influences and uses surrounding several styles of ice skate is identified and explained. The physics behind ice skating is analyzed to provide a context to why skating was invented. To conclude, an analysis of future possibilities and prediction of the direction evolution of the ice skate will take. “History is mere interpretation and conjecture.” Nam Catzel 1 ORIGINS OF ICE SKATES INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE ORIGINS OF ICE SKATES Table of Contents Executive Summary..............................................................................
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...have, you certainly are not alone. Charles Darwin spent much of his life trying to answer that question. In 1859, when Darwin published his book The Theory of Origin he gave us one of the most widely accepted theories on how life developed on earth. His findings changed science forever and still has lasting effects today. Verlyn Klinkenborg New York Times essay Darwin at 200: The Ongoing Force of His Unconventional Idea illustrates many of the reasons why Darwin was such an important and revolutionary person. Charles Darwin’s essay Natural Selection was ahead of its time when it was published in the 19th century. Darwin discussed animals and the traits that are passed on from generation to generation. Through his observations Charles Darwin came to the conclusion that animals compete for resources and that the animal with the most desirable trait will be more likely to survive and pass on their genes. He also stated that because of this, it helps explain all of the variation within each different species of living things. Darwin also discussed that his theory of Natural Selection doesn’t only apply to animals but also to plants. He observed that only plants that had the best ways to distribute their pollen would be able to reproduce. Charles Darwin’s ideas still live on over 150 years after his publication of The Origins of Species. In Verlyn Klinkenborg New York Times essay Darwin at 200: The Ongoing Force of His Unconventional Idea he discussed how revolutionary Darwin’s observations...
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...Claire Greason Professor Buller Oral Communications 28 October 2014 Origin of the English Alphabet Keeping up with the latest fashion style is hard enough, imagine creating your own alphabet and trying to teach it to others in hopes they will catch on is even harder. That however is exactly what the Egyptians did. They turned there hieroglyphics cuneiform into letters that could said and written to one another. Paragraph 1: Where it originated from 4000 thousand years ago a sematic form of writing developed in Egypt between 1800-1900 BC. * Compared to other forms of writing like cuneiform that used wedge shapes or hieroglyphics which primarily used pictographic symbols The Phoenicians developed a widely used alphabet about 700 years later * 22 letters that were all consonants * This sematic language was used throughout the Mediterranean, including North Africa and South Europe The Greeks built on the Phoenician alphabet by adding vowels Around 750 BC * Adopted by the Latins who then combined it with Etruscan characters “F” and “S” * By the 3rd century the Roman alphabet looked very similar to the modern English but it still excluded the letters J, U, V and W Paragraph 2: Old and Middle English The history of writing began in Britain with the Anglo Saxons in the 5th century AD. * Anglo Saxons had ties with Scandinavia and other North Sea cultures and had a writing style call futhroc a runic language * New Runes (symbol/character)...
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...Origin of Surfing Imagine yourself sitting under the radiant sun overlooking the ocean’s surface as it forms friction pushing up against the blue waters forming such beautiful ocean swells. That is the beauty of a wave and the art of surfing begins. What is surfing? According to the Wikipedia website, by definition, is a surface water sport in which a person (surfer) encounters breaking waves on a surfboard. It is a well-known leisure cultural sport to the Hawaiian Islands. Many of the Locals do not believe surfing as just a sport but an outlet for a connection with the ocean and the adrenaline rush between the surfer with the waves and the board. I believe that the origin of surfing began in the Hawaiian Islands but the written history of surfing says otherwise. Before looking up how surfing originated, based on how everything evolved and migrated to Hawaii, I assumed that many of the activities we find in Hawaii are actually not authentic but found to be part of Hawaii’s lifestyle as we see today. I believe that many of the cultural things that are practiced in the Islands migrated from somewhere else and introduced to the Locals. Although it was introduced to the Locals, I think that because it was improved and specialized as the surfing we know today, I give credit to the Hawaiian Islands for the modern surfing people learn everyday. Just as the ukulele, which I thought originated from Hawaii was actually introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by Portuguese immigrants...
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...movement of the species toward greater self-awareness and strength. Shaw described this process in his play Man and Superman. Freud also utilized the concept in his libido theory. Horney interpreted the process as a psychic response to the intense societal pressures to succeed. A linkage of interdependence and progression of these ideas emerges as the world continues to evolve. What allowed dance forms such as ballet to develop at this time? Ballet is a formalized form of dance with its origins in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries. It quickly spread to the French court of Catherine de' Medici where it was developed even further. In the late 17th century Louis XIV founded the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera) within which emerged the first professional theatrical ballet company, the Paris Opera Ballet. Discuss the significance of Darwin and Darwinian theory on modern scientific thought. In short, it is horribly antiquated. If you read "Origin" you will see that Darwin fully expected someone to find the transitional fossil record linking man with beast. That has not and will not happened. Moreover, if you research Darwin's life, he disputed his own theory before he passed away. Finally, scientists today, while remarkably smart and advanced (thankfully), still overlook/dismiss the gap in the fossil record and extrapolate their answers from a false beginning. The scientific community for the most part, therefore, lacks a faith lest...
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...Charles Darwin. Darwin is best known for his contributions in science; his famous theory of evolution. He also contributed to the market and command economy with his belief, "survival of the fittest." Charles Darwin's contribution to science has been a very controversial one. He stated that each generation will improve adaptively over the preceding generations, and this gradual and continuous process is the source of the evolution of species. Natural selection is only part of Darwin's theory. He also introduced the concept that all related organisms are descended from common ancestors. His theory was first announced in 1858 in a paper. Darwin's complete theory was published in 1859, in On the Origin of Species. This book is often referred to as "the book that shook the world. The Origin sold out on the first day of publication and subsequently went through six editions. Charles Darwin also contributed to the Market economy with his belief "survival of the fittest." In a free enterprise system, it is believed that the best will survive while the less efficient will collapse if the market is allowed to work without government interference. In a market economy, since the government has very little control of the businesses, the companies must work their hardest and come out with good products that will outsell the ones of their competition. Social Darwinism basically means that the strong will control the weak. Social Darwinism comes from the laws of natural selection as Darwin...
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