...The organic movements origin can be scheduled to the beginning of the 20th century (Carolan, 2012; Holt & Reed, 2006). however its broader application and global popularity merely emerged within the past 30 years, which was mainly caused by the gaining awareness about that with increasingly intensified agriculture – which was induced by the ‘Green Revolution’ and necessary due to the continuously growing demand for food – remarkable damage to the environment was caused and despite its intensification still struggles to supply the growing world population adequately with food (Conford, 2001; Holt & Reed, 2006). This is an up-to-date issue which has to be taken care of and there is obviously need for improvement in regard to environmental and...
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...be a heating event, 3) there must be a reservoir rock, and 3) there must be trapping mechanism. The source rock must contain abundant organic matter. The organic material liquefies during the heating event, converting to hydrocarbon in the process. The first hydrocarbons to form are called Kerogen, which consists of carbon (69–80%), hydrogen (7-11%), Nitrogen (1.25-2.5%), Sulfur (1-8%) and Oxygen (9-17%). Kerogen becomes crude oil when the oxygen and nitrogen are removed in some manner. The Petroleum System consists of a mature source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of these elements and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved. The formation of hydrocarbon liquids from an organic rich source rock with kerogen and bitumen to accumulates as oil or gas. Generation depends on: the presence of organic matter rich enough to yield hydrocarbons, adequate temperature, and sufficient time to bring the source rock to maturity. Pressure and the presence of bacteria and catalysts also affect generation. Generation is a critical phase in the development of a petroleum system. Petroleum Generation:- A source rock is one rich in organic matter which heated sufficiently, will generate oil or gas. Rocks of marine origin tend to be oil prone. During the oil generation process, and simultaneous with the increase of the hydrocarbon/noncarbonate carbon ratio...
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...CONSERVATISM Key concepts 1) Hierarchy and organic society * The term ‘organic society’ refers to a belief, which became entrenched in traditional conservative thought in the latter part of the 19th century. * It was a reaction against the rise of liberal individualism. * It proposes that society is more than merely a collection of individuals, but it is a single entity. * We are connected to each other through our humanity and common membership of community. * Organic society is seen as a reality, which is superior to our own, individual interests. * The ideal organic society – where goals and aspirations of individuals coincide with the goals of the whole society. 1980s – Margaret Thatcher famously challenged this remarking that there “is no such thing as society”, implying that the goals of individuals are superior to those of society as a whole. * Traditional conservatives believe that there is a ‘natural’ order into which each individual fits. * It is normal and natural that society should be divided by a number of strata. * The very rigid feudal system had long since disappeared, but there remained a belief that some kind of class system was inevitable. * Hierarchy like this supports organic society in that it creates an order and stability, which the individualistic society lacks. * Different parts of the hierarchy have different roles that complement each other. * This implies inequality, but an ordered inequality, and one in which...
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...All about Sedimentary Rocks Zakk Wylde SCI/245 January 30, 2011 Stephen Hallin The changing plate interactions and shifting plate junctures, helps us to understand the sedimentary basins. Although plate tectonics is mostly about the horizontal movements of the lithosphere, it also involves large vertical movements which accounts for changes of the crust thickness. Thick sedimentation has to have an initial depression or progressive subsidence to proceed; the auxiliary vertical movements are what mostly control the sedimentary basins (how they evolve). Geographic changes related to the governing horizontal movements also affect patterns of sedimentation strongly. Therefore, sedimentation can be viewed as the result of a succession of discrete plate tectonic settings, and plate interactions whose effects blend into a continuum of development. Sedimentary rocks are composed from deposits of material worn away from pre-existing rocks. “The word sedimentary comes from the Latin word sedimentum, which means settling. They come from the cementation of sediments that result from the erosion of older rocks. The characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is their stratification or layering. Examples of sedimentary rock include; chalk, coal, limestone, sandstone...
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...hippie subculture was originally a youth movement that arose in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread to other countries around the world. 2. The word 'hippie' came from hipster, and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York City's Greenwich Village and San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district. 3. The origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain, though by the 1940s both had become part of African American jive slang and meant "sophisticated; currently fashionable; fully up-to-date". 4. The Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. 5. Hippies created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and some used drugs such as cannabis, LSD, and magic mushrooms to explore altered states of consciousness. 6. Hippie fashions and values had a major effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature, and the arts. 7. Since the 1960s, many aspects of hippie culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. 8. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, and Eastern philosophy and spiritual concepts have reached a larger audience. 9. The hippie legacy can be observed in contemporary culture in myriad forms, including health food, music festivals, contemporary sexual mores, and even the cyberspace revolution. Origin 1. A July 1967 Time Magazine study on hippie...
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...Biogeochemical Cycling and Introductory Microbial Ecology The physical environment: Microorganisms are influenced by biogeochemical cycling, and also by their immediate physical environment. This includes soil, water, deep marine environment, plant, or animal host. The Microenvironment and niche: A microenvironment is the specific physical location of a microorganism. It is a very small, specific area, distinguished from its immediate surroundings. These factors include the amount out light exposure, the degree of moisture, and the range of temperatures. An example: The side of a tree that is shaded from sunlight is a microenvironment that typically supports a somewhat different community of organisms than is found on the side that receives regular light. Niche: A niche is a way of life of a species. Each species has a separate, unique niche. In the microenvironment, the flux of required electron donors and acceptors, and nutrients to the actual location of the microorganism can be limited, but at the same time, waste products may not be able to diffuse away from the microorganism at rates sufficient to avoid growth inhibition by high waste product concentration. These fluxes and gradients create a unique niche. A unique niche includes the microorganism, its physical habitat, the time of resource use, and the resources available for microbial growth and function. Microorganisms can create their own microenvironments and niches. Example: Microorganisms in the interior...
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...structure of the soil and finally reduces plant nutrients. 7. Erosion: This helps in washing away of soil nutrients from one place to another, and may occur under the influence of heavy rain or wind storm. Erosion Soil is a natural body consisting of layers of primarily mineral constituents, which differ from the parent materials in their texture, structure, consistence, color, chemical, biological and other physical characteristics. Plants and crops need soil to live and grow on; they are important for the environment, animals, and human beings as they release oxygen into the environment during photosynthesis, and are sources of food for omnivores, and herbivores. Therefore, soil erosion, which is the deterioration of soil by the physical movement of soil particles from a given site, can damage the environment; destroy the human beings and animals’ food sources. In...
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...Sustainable Design Case Study on Fashion designer, Stella McCartney. • Stella McCartney would always touch on an element of a sustainable or eco collection in everything she did. • In her lingerie collection, she had a part of the collection that was organic, or with her Adidas collaboration again there were organic materials or recycled materials in the bags or shoes, and every part of her design at some stage comes into contact with that. • She wanted to isolate the collection and in itself make it completely sustainable .She stated she wanted to bring all those elements together and show the importance that it had within the brand. • The designer felt using conventional dyes was an efficient use of resources and had damaging consequences. Though she had to resort to using them in some of her collections she felt it was important to create high quality products for the consumer and not lose its desirability yet also try to be responsible in thinking how to source materials. • She usually sourced organic fabrics. • Some challenges she did face were playing by the rules and being limited. There were less colours, fabrics and different quality attributes she wasn't used to. • She agreed that "80 per cent of a product’s environmental impact is decided at the design stage". • She refrains from using fur or leather in her designs and she exemplified in the reason in the quote, "In the fashion world I think that most designers know fur is wrong. More and more of them also know about...
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...Melissa Ruiz Biology Review Rasmussen College 10/07/2011 1. Describe the interdependency of structure and function in the human body. Physiology depends on anatomy; anatomy is study of the structures in the body, physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. In other words, without structure there is no function. Physiology depends on anatomy, the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy. Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always reflects structure. For example, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the thin membranes of the lungs but not across the skin. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, page 3) 2. Describe the three patterns of chemical reactions. Synthesis reaction is when atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. It always involves bond formation and can be represented as A+B→AB. This is the basis of constructive activities in body cells. Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule. Decomposition reaction occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. It can be represented as AB→A+B. Decomposition reactions are the reverse of synthesis reactions. This underlies all degradative processes in body cells. Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units. Exchange reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken, which...
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...science of social phenomena." Others, using more words, add but little, as for example, " Sociology is the name applied to a somewhat inchoate mass of materials which embodies our knowledge about society." Other definitions somewhat more definite, yet unsatisfactory in many ways, are, " the science of social process " and " the science of social relation." Better than these are, " Sociology is the study of men considered as affecting and as affected by association," or, " the study of human association, including whatever conduces to it or modifies it." Of the formal definitions that have been given by scientific men, none is more comprehensive than that of Professor Giddings, which follows : " Sociology is an attempt to account for the origin, growth, structure, and activities of society by the operation of physical, vital, and psychical causes working together in a process of evolution." While it is difficult to give a brief comprehensive definition of sociology that will prove entirely satisfactory through all of the changes of a developing science, Professor Giddings's definition is of great service to one who wishes a clear understanding and a precise view of the nature and purposes of the science. An adequate knowledge of the true nature and...
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...Biology Summary Of December The 21ST. Feeding: Is the capacity LO have to take solid food (as animals do), digest it first and absorb it later (like Fungi do) or built up for themselves -Photosynthesis- (like plants do). (p. 293) Breathing: Is the capacity LO have to take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. The Exchange of Gases: Locomotion: Is the capacity most single-celled creatures and animals have to move about as a whole. Fungi and Plants, move with some parts of their bodies. Respiration: (Glucose + 6O2 + 6H2O + Energy) Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to break-down food to obtain energy. Most need oxygen. (p. 19) Excretion: Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to respire and other chemical changes in the cells that produce waste products such as Carbon Dioxide. Irritability: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli; it is usually used to refer to anger or frustration. Adaptability: Is a necessary skill for leaders to develop in order to respond effectively to this change. Growing: Is the capacity Bacteria and Single-celled creatures have to increase in size. Many-celled organism increase the numbers of cells in their bodies change their body shape and size. (p. 306) Reproduction: ...
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...buying organic or natural products. People want to feel like they are doing their best they can to take care of themselves and the people they love. In recent years, the beauty industry has joined the wellness trend by selling products with terms like "organic," "natural" and even "chemical-free". The question is, what do these terms really mean? According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), a product to be labeled as "natural," it must contain no artificial ingredients or added color, and must be only minimally processed. In addition, USDA defined minimal processing as a food product that was processed in a way that does not fundamentally alter the product. Furthermore, they also defined a product to be labeled "organic," products that have not been treated with synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, and animals raised organically are not given hormones or drugs to promote more rapid growth. Also, genetically modified organisms are not used on any organic farms. For lighter definition, "natural" ingredients are derived, in whole or in part, from natural sources with no synthetic compounds while "organic" ingredients are supposed to contain only plant-sourced ingredients that are cultivated without the use of synthetic chemicals, irradiation, or pesticides (PAULA’S CHOICE SKIN CARE). As time goes by some industries use these ‘’organic’’ and ‘’natural’’ concepts to innovate products not only in food products but also in the cosmetic products. And some organic cosmetic...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Zoology Concept of Science • Frings and Frings - defined science as an organized body of knowledge that is gained and verified by exact observation and experimentation and organized by logical thinking. • Schafersman - defined science as a method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature. • Science is factual. • Science is not merely compiled. • Science is a way of asking questions about the natural world. • Guided by natural laws (physical & chemical). • Questions must be testable. Always open to new evidence. • Falsifiable. • It applies scientific and CRITICAL THINKING. When is scientific thinking applied? 1. When one uses the scientific method 2. When one investigate nature or the universe 3. Practice by all scientists 4. Not reserved solely for scientist, anyone can think like a scientist Fields of Science 1. Social Science – deals with human relationships 2. Abstract science – deals with abstract ideas 3. Natural sciences • Physical Science – deals with non-living entity • Biological Science – deals with the living entity The Scientific Method - The most important tool in search for truth - An organized method of gathering information based on observation and controlled testing of hypothesis 1. Observation and/or Review of Literature 2. Problem 3. Hypothesis Formulation 4. Testing of hypothesis 5. Conclusions or generalizations Theory Scientific fact/principle/law Theory – is...
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...1 KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION SYLLABUS FOR PROVINCIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICE COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION The Syllabus and standard for the Competitive Examination for the Provincial Management Service shall be as under : 1. The Examination shall include compulsory and optional subjects, and every candidate shall take all the compulsory subjects and opt for three of the optional subjects carrying 600 marks in all but not more than 200 marks from a single group. 2. A candidate shall answer the language papers in the language concerned. The question paper in Islamiat is to be answered in Urdu or English. All other papers must be answered in English. Violation of this instruction shall incur cancellation of the concerned paper(s) and consequently award of Zero. 3. The compulsory and optional subjects and maximum marks fixed for each subject shall be as below: Sr. No. 1 2 3 COMPULSORY SUBJECTS Subjects English (Précis & Composition) English Essay General Knowledge (a) Current Affairs 100 (b) Every Day Science 100 (c) Pakistan Affairs 100 Islamiat Viva Voce Total Maximum Marks 100 100 300 100 300 900 600 120 4 5 Qualifying marks in the aggregate of written papers: Qualifying marks in the Viva Voce: The non-Muslim candidates will have the option to take Islamiat as a compulsory subject or otherwise Pakistan Affairs (General Knowledge PaperIII) will be treated of 200 marks and counted in lieu of Islamiat. A candidate who fails to appear in any of the compulsory...
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...STRATHFIELD GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY FINAL PRELIMINARY EXAM 2005 Name: ………………………………… Teacher: ……………………………… INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS Part A: 15 Multiple Choice Questions (15 marks). Answer on the Multiple Choice page. Part B: Written Questions (60 marks). Answer all questions in the spaces provided. • Write using black or blue pen • Draw diagrams using pencil Total Marks: 75 EXAMINER’S INSTRUCTIONS All students to receive examination paper (12 pages) and Multiple Choice page. Reading time: 5 minutes Exam time: 2 hours Both papers are to be collected at the end of the exam and returned to the Science staff room. Thank you 1 Part A: 15 Multiple Choice Questions (15 marks). Answer on the Multiple Choice page. Allow about 30 minutes for this part. 1. The aim of a classification system in Biology is to group together organisms with: (A) similar ancestry (B) similar structures (C) similar environmental requirements (D) similar proteins 2. The main function of the organelle shown here is: (A) protein synthesis (B) transport of substances (C) photosynthesis (D) aerobic respiration 3. In Southern Africa small birds called oxpeckers accompany giraffes and feed on ticks and other parasites which colonise the giraffe's fur. Sometimes however, if the giraffe has a small wound the oxpeckers will keep the wound open so that they can directly drink the giraffe's blood This represents a change from: (A) parasitism to commensalism (B) mutualism to parasitism (C) commensalism...
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