...Level of Development and Level of Detail came into play with the advancement of computers and BIM technology. As the AEC industry began move towards using computer renditions for design and analysis, it became necessary to define the certainty with which drawings could be trusted. The detailing of elements changes throughout the duration of a project, so it is important for the team to be able to recognize what level of detail is provided and how trustworthy it is. For this reason, different levels of development were created to allow for a standardized system of analyzing drawings and details. Level of Development vs. Level of Detail The level of Development (LOD) enables construction teams to specify and distinguish the content and reliability of Building Information Models at various stages of the design and construction process with high levels of clarity and reliability. The LOD describes the minimum dimensional, spatial, quantitative, and qualitative data included in a Model Element to support the authorized uses associated with such LOD. Since each Model Element develops at a different rate, the Level of Development (LOD) framework allows the project team to understand the progression of a Model Element from conceptual idea to precise final definition and description. The LOD of a given Model Element informs other Project Participants how developed the information is expected to be. This allows participants to extent to decipher which that information can be relied...
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...VOCABULABY New words | Part of speech | Definition | Making sentences | Intervention | n | The act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens | The intervention of Union helps to prevent the conflict between Pakistan and Iran | Dubious | adj | Feeling doubt or not feeling certain | I'm dubious about his promises to change his ways. | Inextricably | adv | If two or more things are inextricably linked etc, they are very closely related and affect each other | His name was inextricably linked with the environmental movement. | Assiduous | adj | Showing hard work, care and attention to detail | The Government has been assiduous in the fight against inflation. | Augment | v | To increase the size or value of something by adding something to it | He would have to find work to augment his income. | Inferior | adj | Not good, or not as good as someone or something else | These products are inferior to those we bought last year. | Relegate | v | To put something into a lower or less important rank or position | She resigned when she was relegated to a desk job. | Debilitate | v | To make someone or something physically weak | Progress has been debilitated by a refusal to share ideas. | Prescribe | v | To say what medical treatment someone should have | The drug is often prescribed for ulcers. | Taint | v | To spoil something, especially food or blood, by adding a harmful substance, or...
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...Detailed Job Description Job title: (insert job title) Reporting to: (insert supervisor’s title) Salary: (insert salary per hour, per annum or total package including base salary, superannuation, commissions or benefits) Hours: (insert average number of hours per week or type of employment such as casual, full-time) Location: (insert the location of the position and any travel required) Purpose of the position (Insert a short paragraph which describes the overall purpose of this position and how it contributes to the goals or function of the business. Include the authority level, for example, “manager” or “support staff”) Responsibilities & duties Responsibility 1 – (insert responsibility or duty of the position including frequency or duration of work, effort and skill required, complexity of tasks and equipment required) Work standard: (insert what aspect of the responsibility will be reviewed to determine if the job is being done correctly, for example, time frame, or number of completed tasks per week) Responsibility 2 – for example, “to manage the daily operations of the office including organising mail, couriers, catering and travel. Staff need to be able to use MS EXCEL confidently, to arrange global travel and to work on their own.” Work standard – for example, “at the end of each working week, all catering events for the following week must be finalised.” Responsibility 3 – (insert additional items as needed) Work standard – (insert additional items as...
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...that you follow your supervisors direction at all times. The only exception to this would be if you were directed to perform a task that was unethical, illegal, or unsafe. In the future if you fail to follow any company policy you will be subject to disciplinary action up to and including possible termination. Sincerely, Robert R. Smith Supervisor John E. Adams Employee My signature does not necessarily indicate that I am in agreement with the above statements; however, it does indicate that I was informed of the contents of this letter. Sample Employee Conduct Policy Every individual is expected to execute their assigned duties as directed during on duty time. Insuring quality in everything we do requires attention to detail and working quickly or carelessly has a negative impact on every aspect of our business. It is also critical to our success that every individual will respect and cooperate with other staff members, customers, and supervisors when performing their assigned duties. In the event there is ever a conflict it is the responsibility of everyone to bring that to the attention of their supervisor for resolution and will not engage with any...
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...sales increase by 18.4 percent. It indicates that overall retail sales in 2015 may rise by around two percent across the continent. Observing the UK alone, offline sales are set to decrease by 1.9 percent but overall retail will increase by 3.5 percent, according to Terrelonge, Z (2015). Even though, the use of online transactions for shopping become increasingly popular in this era; the electronic commerce also has two types of risks. First is product risk, the consumers need to examine a product before purchasing. Another type of risk is security risk, there appears to be a significant risk because all of the payment transactions are conducted over the internet and the consumers have to provide the personal information, such as payment details, phone number, email address and shipping address, which it may have a chance to become prey of cyber criminals. Therefore, this is a critical issue to consider for consumers when accessing a transaction online (Bhatnagar & Ghose, 2004). Though almost all recognize that a problem exists,...
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...TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 1, NO. 8, AUGUST 2014 1 Keylogging-resistant Visual Authentication Protocols DaeHun Nyang, Member, IEEE, Aziz Mohaisen, Member, IEEE, Jeonil Kang, Member, IEEE, Abstract—The design of secure authentication protocols is quite challenging, considering that various kinds of root kits reside in PCs (Personal Computers) to observe user’s behavior and to make PCs untrusted devices. Involving human in authentication protocols, while promising, is not easy because of their limited capability of computation and memorization. Therefore, relying on users to enhance security necessarily degrades the usability. On the other hand, relaxing assumptions and rigorous security design to improve the user experience can lead to security breaches that can harm the users’ trust. In this paper, we demonstrate how careful visualization design can enhance not only the security but also the usability of authentication. To that end, we propose two visual authentication protocols: one is a one-time-password protocol, and the other is a password-based authentication protocol. Through rigorous analysis, we verify that our protocols are immune to many of the challenging authentication attacks applicable in the literature. Furthermore, using an extensive case study on a prototype of our protocols, we highlight the potential of our approach for real-world deployment: we were able to achieve a high level of usability while satisfying stringent security requirements. Index...
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...authorized user without any third parties. 4.2.1. Data Forward Data can be forwarded to the authorized user by using QR code, which is a two-dimensional code and can be scanned by smart phones. There are several authentication mechanisms available such as static password, one time verification system, etc. Earlier, static password was used by cloud providers which caused lack of confidence in the data. In order to avoid this security issue, the owner has to change the password routinely. But it will be hard to remember every password often. In order to overcome this security issue, they use one time verification system. OTP provides more security because it generates a password for each and every login. OTP is generated for every session, which has only a short lifetime. Due to some network problems, OTP may get delay to reach the user which results in the expiry of OTP. These issues can be avoided by using QR code, which is more convenient to use. It is a multi-factor authentication for...
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...State Bank of India launches ‘Virtual Card’ for online transactionsThe Business LinePublished on April 23, 2012 | Mumbai, April 22: State Bank of India has launched a ‘virtual' electronic debit card for e-commerce transactions. The ‘State Bank Virtual' card can be created by a customer using the bank's Internet Banking facility with transaction rights.The product allows the user to create a virtual card for any online transaction and the customer is not required to share the details of the principal account on the merchant Web site, said the bank in a statement.The new product is a convenient and secure gateway to online payment for SBI's Internet banking users. Among the features of the virtual card are: no charges on creation of the card and the customer can create any number of cards at the same time. The card is created for each online transaction and is valid for a maximum of 48 hours.There is no transfer of balance from the principal account inasmuch as only a lien is marked on the account. The minimum amount with which the card can be loaded with is Rs 100. Transfer of balance takes place only when the customer does the actual transaction online. | From E-Group, Banking-NewsSBI launches virtual debit cardState Bank Virtual Card to curb online fraudsLalatendu MishraThe Mail TodayPublished on April 23, 2012 | Mumbai, April 22: For people who are scared of using their debit and credit cards or Internet banking for online shopping due to fear of fraud , the State Bank of...
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...E-BANKING E-BANKING Group 14 Section3 Group 14 Section3 Table of Contents ABSTRACT 4 INTRODUCTION 4 BRIEF HISTORY OF E-BANKING IN INDIA 5 HOW DOES IT WORK? 5 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 Need for E-banking: 7 Advantages and Benefits of E-Banking: 7 Drawbacks: 8 E-banking in Rural India 9 Online Trading 10 Traditional Trading Vs Online Trading 10 Online Bill Payment 11 Frauds 12 Phishing 12 Trojan Horse 13 Preventive measures 13 OTP 13 Hardware Tokens 13 Smart Card and USB Tokens 13 RECOMMENDATION 14 Access Control 14 Firewalls 14 Isolation of Dial up Services 14 Security Log (audit Trail) 14 Back up & Recovery 14 Approval for I-banking 14 FUTURE SCENARIO 15 Cyber Crime 15 Real Time Gross Settlement System (RGTS) 15 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 16 Mobile Banking: 17 Direct Benefit Transfer 21 ABSTRACT With rapid advances in technology, changing according to modern times has become a prerequisite to survive in this highly competitive world. As people are becoming increasingly aware of the consequences of their financial decisions, their needs and expectations have rose to high levels. Banking institutions are facing competition not only from each other but also from non-bank financial intermediaries as well as from alternative sources of financing. Almost everything is available to the customer at his/her doorstep and is just a click away. All this cannot be done with the facility of online...
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...Information about company STYLE Company has been founded more than 10 years ago. It deals in manufacturing and selling women’s clothing for the middle-class market and nowadays takes one of the leading positions in women’s clothing market. The company is developing dynamically and has established itself as a manufacture of high quality fashion. Style Company has its own clothing manufacturing. In 2004 the newest sewing equipment was purchased and put into operation, industrial and office premises were reconstructed, which has been delivered the technology and production standards at European level. Style cooperates with leading European manufactures of fabrics and accessories. It has a number of representative offices in regions such as Moscow and Central District, Rostov-na-Donu, Belgorod. In addition, the company carries out export sales to Belarus, Ukraine, Baltic States, Kazakhstan and Serbia. The garments are produced from high quality European fabrics. Style Women’s collections include a wide range of outwear and business clothes. Much attention in company is paid to the analysis of the clothing and textiles’ market, as well as fashion trends, allowing company to create products that best meet the expectations and demands of customers. Professional designers and constructors are working on the creating of fashion. Style collections have a great demand among consumers due to the robust concept of value for money. The Head Office is situated in Saint-Petersburg, where...
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...mechanisms that have been adopted. However, there has been loop holes in various techniques, and a OTP is difficult to be cracked. In this technique, a plaintext is considered, which is paired with a corresponding character of the secret key. Interesting point here is that the secret key is random in nature. Once the operation is completed, the resulting text will be a cipher text and is unbreakable. Question 5 Solution: The zero-day attacks are nothing but weaknesses of software that are undisclosed or on the verge of getting disclosed to the end users. These weaknesses are significantly exploited by various attackers in order to affect the normal functioning of a network or a computer system. It gets the name Zero-day attack because under the above said circumstances, the author will not be able to do anything about the attacks that take place because of the weakness in the software and will end up being a sitting duck. Question 6 Solution: ARP Cache Poisoning is a vital aspect in communication of hosts in a network. The Address Resolution Protocol is used to earn the MAC/Physical address of the destination host by broadcasting ARP requests to all the hosts in the network. Now, an attacker may intervene in the on-goings and will send unauthorised ARP requests to the destination host. The destination host will see this attacker as a legitimate host in the network and will share its details with the attacker. Thus the ARP Cache is poisoned. Whereas in DNS Cache poisoning, a DNS server...
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...ABSTRACT This report deals with “internet banking” Its scope, advantages and background ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all we owe dear Almighty Allah who gave us strength, knowledge and tenacity to undertake and successfully complete the report. For help in preparation of this report we also extend our gratitude to, Sir Khalid Jamil Ansari who was very cooperative, benevolent and relent throughout. In the absence of his guide lines which were very help full without it we won’t be able to prepare such a report which now is shaped as an ostensible report. Initially this report writing assignment was appeared as an arduous hindrance but the confidence he showed and the way he motivate us develop perk in us and we are finally able to complete this initially abstruse looking assignment. 1. INTRODUCTION Web Banking or Internet Banking is a term used to describe banking transactions that are performed via a secured Internet application. Web Banking transactions include such things as paying bills, transferring funds, viewing account statements and paying down loans and mortgages. Although Web Banking has been popular among young Internet-savvy people for many years, its popularity is expected to grow rapidly as Internet usage grows internationally and people discover the many advantages that it provides. Web-Banking.org provides an overview of Internet Banking. It discusses conventional and virtual banks, e-banking services, Internet security and the cost/benefit considerations...
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...INTRODUCTION As described in the chapter 1, the banking industry around the world has been changing very rapidly since the early 1970s. The industry has experienced a substantial change in competitive conditions as a result of a number of factors. Therefore, what makes an excellence bank strategy? What strategy as it applies to banking? Is it because of new competitors entering the financial services market made new approaches to servicing corporate clients? There are a lot of questions comes into our mind but we will answer all the questions later. For your information, banks potray themselves as a “One Stop Financial Services Centre”. Banks no longer remain in their traditional service market because they are now more aggressive in providing a full menu of services that will cater for its customer’s needs. Therefore, what is the type of services that bank provide for their customers that make them satisfied with the speed efficiency and cost involved? Then, as described in the chapter 2, we can conclude that the main goal of any financial service organization is to create for itself a “sustainable competitive advantage” in the market place. So, in order to do this, it has to generate products, services or ideas that offer superior value for its customers that is not easily imitated by competitors. Financial services especially banks should used 4Ps which is price, product, place and promotion for their marketing tools for influencing customers. Therefore, in this assignment...
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...Equity Research June 16, 2016 BSE Sensex: 26726 INDIA Aviation Flying high amid good times Reason for Report: Sector thematic and initiating coverage InterGlobe Aviation (Rs1,011 – BUY) Target price Rs1,268 SpiceJet (Rs66 – HOLD) Target price Rs64 Jet Airways (Rs561 – ADD) Target price Rs621 Research Analysts: Ansuman Deb ansuman.deb@icicisecurities.com +91 22 6637 7312 India’s aviation sector is set to undergo a strong growth period, which should benefit all the incumbent players, particularly on a benign crude price outlook. Our supply-demand model for domestic air traffic implies 14% growth in passengers as evidenced from firm aircraft orders and latest delivery schedules. With yield management becoming the singular strategy lever for Indian Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs), cost structures assume high importance and structural asymmetries will decide the competitive edge for the airlines. However, much of these asymmetries in cost structure are inherited from the fleet strategy adopted by various airlines, hence normally have a long-lasting impact on their balance sheets. High operating leverage proves fatal in a cyclical downturn where balance sheet strength is vital. At the comfort of hindsight, bulk orders have benefitted IndiGo with valuable incentives, which have given it the structural advantage of lower rentals, while single fleet focus and strong balance sheet have lent IndiGo asymmetrical advantages on maintenance costs, redelivery expenses and supplementary rentals...
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...Federal Agency for Education Federal State Educational Institute of Higher Professional Education “Plekhanov Russian University of Economics” Department of finance Chair of finance and prices, higher mathematics Complex interdisciplinary coursework on disciplines "Finance", "Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics" Theme "Analysis of the use of certain forms of non-cash payments in Russia" Submitted by: student of 2201 group full-time form of study Financial department Adamia T.T. Scientific advisers: Candidate of Economics, Senior lecturer Fediunin A.S. Candidate of Economics, Senior lecturer Shved E.V. Moscow-2015 Content Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Theoretical and legal basis for the use of non-cash payments4 1.1. Сoncept, mean and principles of non-cash payments in the Russian Federation4 1.2. Classification and instruments of cashless payments5 1.3. New banking technologies of cashless payments 10 Chapter 2. Analysis of non-cash payments on the basis of using credit cards12 2.1. Analysis of the credit card market of top Russian banks 12 2.2. The advantages and disadvantages of using credit cards17 Conclusion 19 Endnotes20 Bibliography21 Appendix 23 Introduction Throughout human history and in the present conditions, in particular, money is an inherent part of business life. All transactions related to the production of goods and services, are completed by cash payment. Moreover...
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