...Discovered on September the 19th 1991, Otzi the Iceman is Europe’s oldest preserved mummy, living around the time of 3,300 BCE. Discovered in a deep, cold place in the Otzal Alps, Otzi had been discovered by 2 hikers, where Otzi was in a melting glacier. One theory suggests that Otzi had hiked up to the mountains after battling in conflict, where Otzi tried to find some rest, but hypothermia had found him instead. With Otzi was some magnificent equipment and high quality clothing that represent his time, a hide coat, loincloth, bearskin cap, leggings, shoes, belt, pouch, axe, dagger, bow, quiver, arrows, backpack, net, containers and a first aid kit. Clothing like the hide coat, loin cloth, bearskin cap, leggings and shoes (the oldest kind in the world) represent Otzi’s good quality life, where Otzi was prepared, warm and had a vast knowledge of survival. Equipment like the copper bladed axe, a bow, quiver and arrow, backpack, net and first aid kit indicate Otzi’s handiwork, lifestyle and weapons ready for survival and conflict. About two feet long, the copper axe was made from a portion of the trunk of a yew tree, with the handle coming from the trunk, and the shaft came from the branch, and the copper blade fitted in by a leather binding, allowing maximum durability. The Iceman’s dagger and sheath (made by the inner bark of a lime tree) was around 5 inches long, with its flint blade resembling an arrowhead, connecting to the wooden handle. However, the handle was split...
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...summarise the findings based on historical evidence and theories to explore the mystery of Otzi the Iceman. The iceman is one of the oldest mummies in the world and is also a ‘wet mummy’ which means humidity is retained in individual cells and as such the body tissue is elastic and therefore suitable for performing scientific investigations. The iceman is also a natural mummy having had no burial rites or any other intervention. There is mystery around the death of the iceman and also controversy when he was first found as to whether he was discovered on Austrian or Italian soil. It is very unique that a Neolithic man has been found preserved along with much of his clothing and possessions intact. Location of Discovery Otzi...
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...Otzi the Iceman was a great scientific discovery. The discovery of “The Iceman” opened up huge gate to the past. In doing so it created many question. What was he doing in Alps Mountains? How long ago did he die? And What killed him? Scientists studded him for years looking for the answers. These questions were all answered to the best of their abilities. He died 5,000 years ago and had with him a copper axe; which dates the Neolithic age 5,000 years farther than scientist first thought the Neolithic age took place. That question was answered to its fullest. But, why he was is the in Alps Mountains and how he died were all answered in a way that everyone thought was correct. The arrow in the back does give some suspicion that he was murdered. The theories that most of the scientist gave were either he was killed in some sort of clan war, or he was murdered by...
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...Anthropologists believe that humans have been tattooing themselves for thousands of years, since at least 3250 B.C., says Marilyn Scallan in the article, “Ancient Ink: Iceman Otzi has Worlds Oldest Tattoos.” The first record of a tattooed human is Otzi, also known as the iceman (Scallan). According to Scallan, he was found buried along the border between Austria and Italy, in the possession of 61 tattoos. The article, “Looking at the World’s Tattoos” by the Smithsonian Magazine, writes that the art of tattooing has been practiced throughout the entire world at some time, from the native Americans, to Japan, India, New Guinea, and Europe. For over 2000 years, the many tribes and people living in Polynesia have had tattooing as an important cultural...
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...Have you ever heard of man by the name of Otzi or the Iceman? If you didn’t already know, Otzi was an ancient man found frozen in Hauslabjoch in the Otzal Alps. He was found by two hikers and ever since then Otzi has been tested or researched on and people have also made interesting theories of how he died. Some scientists that did research on the Iceman have discovered he had many health issues, such as lyme disease and was missing his twelve pair of ribs. Archaeologists have tried to figure out what exactly was his occupation, was he a shepherd, a huntsman, or a leader? To this day they are still trying to figure a murder mystery from nineteen ninety one! Otzi was found on September nineteenth, nineteen ninety one by a husband and wife...
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...a corpse that is 5, 3000 year old. The find of Otzi shocked many scientist and archaeologist because it was an extraordinary find and scientists were shocked at that his body has been unharmed for numerous amounts of years and no animal has eaten on the remains of the corpse. There are many theories which conclude to the why the iceman has been preserved all these years. Scientists believe that Otzi was covered by layer of ice after his death because his body has not been disturbed; therefore...
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... One of the most incredible mysteries and a government’s cultural treasure was the discovery of Itzi. Another name the press has given him is the iceman because of where he was found. He was discovered high up on the Europeans Alps where he traveled 11,000 feet. It was later figured out he is 5,300 years old through carbon dating. This makes him the oldest human body found intact. His discovery is incredible because it opened a new window into the past and life that was before the birth of Christ as well as the pyramids. After about 10 years of the discovery evidence suggested something violent happened seeing as how an arrowhead was found imbedded in his back as well as valuable stuff around him was not taken. The film focuses on finding out who might have murdered the iceman and why. Along with these questions was what his last meal was, his copper axe, and the DNA this man carried. All these factors seemed to tie in with who he was and how he might have gotten in the situation that eventually led to his demise. After radiologist Paul Gostner got some suspicions he had a CT scan taken and that is when he realized there was an arrowhead in his back and this was quite a surprise. This brings an entire group of researchers back to the body once again to figure out who killed Itzi and why. About two dozen researchers meet at Bolzano Museum to try to extract the arrowhead. Researcher Dr. Egarter Vigl will be joining Anthropologist Albert Zink who is leading the procedure. In order...
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...Although our country still remains conservative as compared to the West, the prevalence of Skin Art here in the Philippines is still unstoppable. Filipinos of the latest generations have gradually started opening up to embrace a whole new subculture---a subculture that is more experimental with art, music and sports. Crews and crews of Graffiti artists as well as Skaters are flourishing, Local bands are reaching new heights, and of course, the Industry of Tattooing is growing by the minute. The word tattoo was said to have two major derivations. From the Polynesian word “Ta” which means “to strike something” and from the Tahitian word “Tatau” which means “to mark something”. Archaeologists across the globe have unearthed preserved corpses and mummies that are tattooed. These mummies are said to have lived thousands of years ago, and most of the bodies bore tattoos that signify their cultures, ranks and beliefs. According to research, tattooing has been in activity to many countries such as Japan, Egypt, China, Polynesia, New Zealand, Indonesia, India, Thailand, Africa, Ancient Greece and Rome, America, England, France, and the Middle East thousands of years ago. It is arguably claimed that tattooing has existed since 12,000 years BC and it is as diverse as the people who wear them. The purpose of tattooing varies from culture to culture and its place on the time line. Tattoos have served as rites of passage, marks of status or rank,...
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... Tattooing has been around since 12000BC of the ancient Egyptians. The styles and processes have changed drastically since then. This passage concludes information on how the styles changed over time and how people look upon the groups of people with them. The idea on tattoos have been changed from 12000BC to this present day, some people believe they heal you and some believe it’s to indicate criminals and people who committed crimes and felonies (A Brief History of Tattoos). The history of tattoos has dated back to 12000BC and longer but no physical evidence can prove this theory. There is however physical prove of tattooing in the ancient Egyptians times. Mummies have been found with preserved patterns on their skin during their mummification process long ago. Around 1000BC the Chinese placed tattoos on their people not for the recognition of their class in society, but to identify the criminals and who to avoid for the local people. Usually the tattoos would be placed on their face for everyone to see, this practice lasted for some time, between 1644 and 1912. Not all Chinese with tattoos were criminals though, it just depended on the style of art and where it was placed that you could who was and wasn’t. Japanese copied the tattooing criminals process from between 1720 to 1870. This practice replaced a more harsh punishment like removing the criminal’s nose, and ears. But instead of marking the offenders face the marked rings around their arm and for every crime a ring would...
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...Cultural Anthropology 1. Anthropologists define culture as all the learned behaviours, beliefs, attitudes, values and ideals of a particular society or population. 2. All cultures share common characteristics such as politics, economics, family, communication, recreation, war, knowledge, beliefs and material culture. 3. Nature: the influence of inherited biological characteristics on human behaviour. Nurture: the process of training and influencing a child through learning. 4. Arapesh: * Children were treated warmly and that both men and women participated actively in child care * Both genders grew up to view the world in a trusting way * Aggression was not acceptable Mundagumor: * Both girls and boys were treated harshly and left to fend for themselves * Women and men grew up to be hostile and aggressive * Gentle individuals were seen as maladjusted Tchambuli: * Women were tough while men were passive * Men looked after the children and the household * Girls were trained in handicrafts and were absorbed into women’s way of life * Boys were given no training for their future roles * Adult women later formed a cohesive group * Boys were excluded from major ceremonies Mead concluded that most of the personality traits we associate with “masculinity” and “femininity” are the result of early learning, not heredity. Therefore, nurture rather than nature was determining human behaviour. 5. 1) Most of...
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...Gavin explains what exactly a tattoo is and goes into more depth on the risks, procedures for both getting and removing a tattoo, and the care process after the tattoo is finished. Gavin writes, “a tattoo is a puncture wound, made deep in the skin, that's filled with ink. It's made by penetrating into the skin with a needle and injecting ink into the area, usually creating some sort of design.” Tattoos are usually viewed in a negative light, however, Dr. Gavin helps shine light on the subject by writing the truth about tattoos and explaining how a tattoo is actually done. Tattooing was recorded to begin around the European Copper Age, in Italy on a man by the name of Ötzi the Iceman, in 3500-3100 B.C. Based on an article by Jarrett A. Lobell and Eric A. Powell, entitled “Ancient Tattoos,” Lobell and Powell write, “Ötzi [was] covered in more than 50 tattoos...
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...Many factors have shaped our knowledge of the Upper- Paleolithic age and beyond, we have even made discoveries that have changed everything we once thought we knew. Some of the most amazing discoveries were the findings of the Windover people, Kennewick, Cheddar, and Otzi. These findings have changed our perspectives of the Stone Age, and of how ancient peoples lived their lives. In Central Florida about 168 bodies were found in an ancient burial ground. The bodies were able to be preserved due to the peat- bottomed pond. Although these bodies are skeletons, they were so well- preserved that over half still contain brain matter. The discovery of these people changed our thought about how the ancient people lived. We once believed that the communities would get rid of the weak and ill people that could not contribute, but that is not so and the truth is quite opposite. A boy with Spina Bifida was discovered to have lived until the age of roughly 15. An exposed spinal chord would seem impossible to survive with, yet somehow (with little to no medicinal knowledge), these people kept him alive for all those years. A little girl was also found buried with her belongings such as a rattle which shows they wanted her to always have her favorite toys with her. These acts show that the Windover people were actually a very strong and caring community. We also used to believe that most ancient people were always on the move following their food, but these early Floridians were stable...
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...into the dermis layer of skin to change the pigment. Tattoos are known from the ancient times. The original meaning of tattoo were the ritual rites. In many cultures the only people who could wear tattoos were the Chiefs of the tribes. Only someone who killed an enemy and got his tattooed head could wear tattoos. The most popular way of tattooing that time was the facial tattooing called “Moko” which is still being used nowadays. ‘Moko’ facial tattoo History of tattooing The earliest record of tattoos was found in 1991 on the frozen remains of Ötzi the “Iceman” who was dated from the 4th to 5th millennium BC. His lower back, left wrist, right and left ankle, behind his left knee and foot were worked with several dots and lines, made by “rubbing powdered charcoal into vertical cuts”. These tattoos are thought to be made to reduce the pain, because their placement resembles acupuncture. Ötzi, the “Iceman”, 1991. Egypt was another place with a long large number of mummies found covered with tattoos – at first lines and dots, later images representing different gods. As much as Egyptians were expanding their empire, the art of tattooing spread as well to other civilizations like: Crete, Greece, Persia, Arabia, and finally around 2000 BC it spread to China. It is believed that Greeks were using tattoos for communication between spies, Romans marked criminals and slaves. Over the time Romans attitudes towards tattoos changed. While fighting with an...
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...History of tatto in the world Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice at least since Neolithic times. Ötzi the Iceman, dating from the fourth to fifth millennium BC, was found in the Ötz valley in the Alps and had some 57 carbon tattoos consisting of simple dots and lines on his lower spine, behind his left knee, and on his right ankle. These tattoos were thought to be a form of healing because of their placement which resembles acupuncture.[19] Other mummies bearing tattoos and dating from the end of the second millennium BC have been discovered, such as the Mummy of Amunet from ancient Egypt and the mummies at Pazyryk on the Ukok Plateau.[5] Pre-Christian Germanic, Celtic and other central and northern European tribes were often heavily tattooed, according to surviving accounts. The Picts were famously tattooed (or scarified) with elaborate, war-inspired black or dark blue woad (or possibly copper for the blue tone) designs. Julius Caesar described these tattoos in Book V of his Gallic Wars (54 BC). Various other cultures have had their own tattoo traditions, ranging from rubbing cuts and other wounds with ashes, to hand-pricking the skin to insert dyes. Tattooing in the Western world today has its origins in the maritime expeditions, throu the contact with amerindian tribes and Polynesia, by sixteenth - eighteenth century explorers. Especially the Polynesian practice became popular among European sailors, from them they took the Samoan word "tatau", to describe the actual...
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...what are the advances in complexity of bryophytes over algae regarding their morphology, habitat,asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Bryophytes: are plants that lack vascular tissue and require environmental water to reproduce. General characteristics of this group include: a waxy cuticle to slow down water loss and gametangia that protect developing gametes. The male gamatangium is called the antheridium which produces flagellated sperm. The female archegonium produces a single egg. Bryophytes need water to reproduce. They do not contain any vascular tissue for up right support. These plants usually form mats of horizontally growing tissue. The plant grips the ground with elongated cells called rhizoids. Photosynthesis occurs in the stem-like structures above the matted plant bodies. They undergo an alternation of generations with the haploid generation being the dominant form of this cycle. The sporophytes are generally smaller and depend on the gametophyte for water and protection. Algae The term algae embraces all photosynthetic protists. It refers to an aquatic, photosynthetic way of life, not an evolutionary kinship. Most algae live in water, but some are terrestrial. Most algae live near the surface of the water producing 30 to 50 percent of the earth's oxygen. Algae are classified on the basis of conservative characteristics such as the type of cell wall, flagella, photosynthetic pigments, and the form in which food is stored. They are single celled or live...
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