...Child health is also influenced by parents/guardians because through the choices which are undertaken health is affected. The parent/guardian’s choice to smoke has a negative impact upon children’s health, because it may result in children having breathing problems, chest infections or allergies. The child’s mental health suffers, as 73% of children worry about a parent/guardian who may die due to smoking. From the choices which parents/guardians make, to smoke, children are twice as likely to develop this habit (NHS). The Royal College of Physicians report (RCP), Passive Smoking and Children (2010), confirms that in the UK one of the main causes of infant morbidity and mortality is due to inhaling second hand smoke within the home. Parents/guardians that choose to smoke have an effect on those around them, not only children, but expectant mothers inhaling second hand smoke can cause harm to the unborn child. As proven, effects caused by smoking can result in: miscarriages, stillbirths and neonatal mortalities, furthermore a mothers breast milk quality is reduced (Cortvriend, 2008). Reviewing these facts, The Smoke Control Act (2007) was constructed to assure children, and expectant mothers are less likely to be affected by passive smoking, on the other hand ASH (Action on Smoking and Health) (2011) report comments that this may cause increased smoking within the home, thus impacting negatively on children. The report does question though, as yet that there is no concrete evidence...
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...University of Dhaka How does Overcrowding Affect Human Being? Department of Marketing Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka “Leopards” Group Profile: SL NO | NAME | ID | 1 | S. M. Fahim Uddin | 20 | 2 | Ariful Islam | 92 | 3 | Shima Akter | 104 | 4 | Imran Hossain | 156 | 5 | Md. Tareq Hossain | 178 | Definition of overcrowding: According to the World Health Organization, overcrowding refers to the situation in which more people are living within a single dwelling than there is space for, so that movement is restricted, privacy secluded, hygiene impossible, rest and sleep difficult. The terms crowding and overcrowding are often used interchangeably to refer to the same condition. The effects on quality of life due to crowding may be due to children sharing a bed or bedroom, increased physical contact, lack of sleep, lack of privacy, poor hygiene practices and an inability to care adequately for sick household members. While population density is an objective measure of number of people living per unit area, overcrowding refers to people's psychological response to density. But, definitions of crowding used in statistical reporting and for administrative purposes are based on density measures and do not usually incorporate people’s perceptions of crowding. The social and psychological effects of overcrowding: The social and psychological effects of overcrowding can be summarized as follows: Health effects: Overcrowding poses serious direct and...
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...explores prison overcrowding and the negative effects it has on inmates. Prison overcrowding causes the inmates to become more aggressive, results in lack of resources, and lastly, it creates an unsanitary environment for staff and inmates. The inmates are idle for extensive periods of time and being confined to tight living quarters, all this restrained energy may lead to an increase in violence on the staff and other inmates. Prison Overcrowding: The Effect It Has On Prison Inmates According to the 2009 Bureau of Justice Statistics, they were 7,225,800 offenders under correctional supervision at the end of 2009. Correctional supervision refers to adults supervised in the community on probation or parole and those incarcerated in state or federal prisons and local jails (Glaze, 2010). Prison overcrowding has become a major concern in recent years and is considered one of the biggest problems faced by the American prison system. It causes harmful effects and consequences for the inmates and prison staff and it is an unpleasant and uncomfortable situation for everyone and is considered a current crisis in America. Overcrowding does not only affect the inmates and the prison staff, but it also affects our economy, the American people, and our lives. Prison overcrowding has several major effects on the daily environment of inmates such as an increase, in violence, lack of resources, and health and sanitary issues. Increase in Violence The first major effect of prison overcrowding...
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...Prison Overcrowding in the US Name: Institutional Affiliation: Prison Overcrowding in the US Introduction Prison overcrowding in the US is a serious problem that has remained elusive for many decades. The problem of prison overcrowding emerged since the invention of prison as correctional facilities in the 19th century and until now; it is still troubling the authorities. Overcrowding in modern prisons is multidimensional problem. Various reasons are blamed for the challenge but they significantly differ from one nation to the other. Causes of prison overcrowding are not limited to the bounds of criminal justice but stretch to other facets of authorities including social welfare plans, availability and ease of access to health services, formal education and job opportunities. Debates on how to handle this issue on political platforms is an enough illustration of the problems political leaders undergo in looking for a lasting solution challenged by increased pressure from court orders and rigorous financial crisis. It is therefore evident that it is much easier to have overcrowded prisons than it is to develop and implement effective and efficient ways to manage overcrowding in prisons. Overcrowding in prisons is a broad problem that is centered on issues of policies and crime research. These issues involve criminal sentencing, the role of correctional facilities and sentences, accommodation of prisoners with access to health care and rehabilitation services and causes of crimes...
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...delusions or hallucinations as a result. More common effects in terms of mental health however are increased risk of anxiety and depression. Of course, a decent proportion of offenders had pre-existing psychological disorders before their incarceration, but it's likely that the conditions within prison have both increased depression and triggered it in a significant number of cases. It has been suggested that recent overcrowding in prisons is a major influence on suicide rates in prisons. This is likely as prisoners are more crowded in a confined space, meaning interactions with fellow prisoners are more likely. Such interactions could increase the stress levels of prisoners as they may grow uncertain about the intentions of other prisoners and it may affect their own intentions. In a study conducted by Dooley, the suicide rates of prisoners in England and Wales were reviewed. It was found that out of 442 unnatural deaths that had occurred, 300 had been given a verdict of suicide. Dooley attributed the factor of overcrowding in prisons to the suicide rates, concluding prisoners’ stress levels are increased and therefore become depressed and are more likely to have suicidal thoughts. This study shows a correlation link between overcrowding in prisons and the suicide rates of prisoners. Evaluate the usefulness of research into the psychological effects of imprisonment. (15) Firstly the usefulness of research into the effects of imprisonment on inmates is questioned due to situational...
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...An Overview of Federal Prisons Stephen Hayden CRJ 101: Intro to Criminal Justice Post University 4/19/15 Abstract Federal Prisons in the United States have evolved since 1930. The United States Federal Prisons range in security levels to house inmates that have been incarcerated on a federal level. Based upon the security level in a facility, inmates are given more freedom and have lower staff to inmate ratios. Inmates are required to work so long as their health is cleared, and some prisons offer inmate labor that can contribute to them returning to society. Prisoners are required to have their basic needs met while housed in a federal correction facility, which includes education, health care, and religious demeanor. While federal prisons are trying to maintain standards they face issues such as overcrowding, which can largely effect how the facilities are ran. Recommendations to overcome overcrowding and better facilitate a prisoners release to society will be provided. History of Prisons in the United States “Pursuant to Pub. L. No. 71-218, 46 Stat. 325 (1930), the Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice and charged with the "management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions." This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 Federal prisons in operation at the time.” (Federal Bureau of Prisons, n.d.). Since correctional facilities were mandated they have grown and evolved to this current day, and still...
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...THE EFFECTS OF OVERCROWDING IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM MICHELLE POWELL MSN –BL 510: NURSING PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS DEVELOPMENT MAY 20, 2012 PROFESSOR NKECHI ILEKA The Emergency department provides an extraordinary important public service mission by providing emergency care 24 hours a day, 365 days per year without discrimination by social or economic status (Derlet, Richards & Kravitz, 2001). One of the key foundations of EDs is to provide immediate access and stabilization for those patients with medical emergencies (Derlet et al, 2001). The Emergency Department has always been there available to help, unfortunately the basic tenet is now being challenged, and the general public may no longer be able to rely on EDs for quality and timely emergency care, placing the people at risk (Favotich & Hirsch, 2003). According to the Emergency Nurses Association all people are entitled to timely and appropriate access to safe and effective health care. This paper will discuss the problem of overcrowding in the Emergency Room and strategies that the Nurse leader may do to help control overcrowding. Overcrowding in the emergency department (ED) is the most serious issue confronting EDs in the developed world (Favotich & Hirsch, 2003). Overcrowding is a situation “in which the demand for emergency services exceeds the ability of department to provide quality care with acceptable time frames (Joint...
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...law. After The Three Strike Law was put into action, it have been millions of people persecuted because of it. Even though The Three Strikes Law cause overcrowding , The Three strikes law has been a great rule that is beneficial for the this country because it causes a deterring effect , it protect communities, and help the economy. The Three Strike Law is law that can benefit the United States in a positive way, and one of the unique advantages the Law have is that it help keep communities safe. This rule help keep communities protected because it allow felons to stay in jail longer. If criminals stay in jail for...
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...Prison Overcrowding In today’s society, crime happens nearly every 5 seconds. Depending on the type of crime determines where an individual is placed either in jail or prison. This leads to an ongoing problem today, prison overcrowding. Prison overcrowding is when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners in the place. Prison Overcrowding has many dangers that can lead to major destruction to society and those captivated behind bars The dangers of overcrowded prison, is that it can become very toxic for both prisoners and guards. Overcrowded conditions contribute to stronger inmate misconduct, more competition for prison services such as educational or vocational training programs and a lack...
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...Prison overcrowding, also called "prison crowding," is a matter of great contention and concern in current criminal justice public policy debates in both Canada and the United States. Coming to public attention as a social problem most recently in the United States in the late 1970s, prison overcrowding has coincided with the unprecedented growth in the nation's prison population over the past several decades. Because of the "war on drugs" and mandatory sentencing, the United States has become the world's foremost jailer. With just 5 percent of the world's population, the United States has 25 percent of its prisoners, approximately 2.4 million, a number that steadily increases by about 3 percent each year. In 2006, federal prisons were operating at 37 percent above capacity. The criminal justice system responded to what some jurisdictions call the "crisis" of prison overcrowding through diversion strategies, relying more heavily on jails for the overflow of prisoners, doubling up prisoners in one cell (also called double bunking), hotly debated early release strategies, and an increasing reliance on private (for-profit) prisons, to name a few. However, policy focus on capacity issues sometimes detracts from the actual conditions of privacy, security, and manageability (including meeting basic needs for nutrition, health, and sanitation) within prisons. In 2006, the Vera Institute of Justice's Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons held public hearings, which...
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...Administrator Challenges Paper Eric A. Carter CJA/454 Instructor: Ryn Fenner Corrections is believed by many people that work in its field of correctional officers to be the most challenging and frustrating component of criminal justice. There is the challenge of managing the inmates daily as well as the frustrations of inevitable mismanagement at attempting to accomplish multiple goals. New challenges present themselves every day. In a very real sense, employees in a correctional system are doing time the same as the inmates are doing time. It's easy to conduct a trial and sentence somebody (Alighieri, 2004). What corrections find more difficult is what to do with these inmates after they have been sentenced for five, ten and life in prison. Much of corrections is completed is a big range because of its endless amount of prisoners that are sentenced to prison each day. An issue that also occurs in corrections is the cost of operating a correctional facility. To operate a prison each year it can cost approximately thirty billion dollars. This includes correctional officer workers, administrations that work in the correctional facility. Housing, feeding, and clothing an inmate can start from twenty thousand dollars a year and the number can grow to almost thirty thousand, all of the funds are provided from tax payers. Therefore with all of these numbers in place to pay workers and take care...
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...Prison overcrowding is quickly becoming a major financial and controversial problem in the United States. There are now more than two-thirds of a million people in our country in jail or in prison, and soon there will be half a million in prison alone. With that being said, two-thirds are confined in less than 60 square feet of floor space. While prison conditions have improved considerably in many ways, the present correctional system is still struggling to deal with the same problems that the United States has experienced in the past. State and Federal prison overcrowding has continued to hurt United States correctional facilities because of increasing inmate population and the demand for lower corrections costs. These two factors have resulted in a growing shortage of living space for prisoners. Many correctional facilities are operating under hazardous conditions, which include operating past the maximum capacity. Overcrowding in prisons and inmate to inmate violence appears to be closely related as well as intolerable living conditions, which contribute to many of the problems in prisons, which seem to be unconstitutional. Violence including sexual assault, poor health and the spread of diseases among inmates, and several inmates in a cell that holds fewer people, with every inch of space occupied by a bunk or a person are a few of the unconstitutional problems going on in prisons today. Overcrowding is a serious problem as many can see, but there are many reasons for overcrowding...
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...Prison overcrowding and the effects it has on the quality of the housing and care for inmates has been a problem in the United States since the beginning of their existence. Particularly in inmates with physical or mental disabilities (Newman, Scott 549.). Many believe this overcrowding has led to less than adequate infirmary conditions, longer wait times, if any, for medical and psychiatric treatment and processing, leading to many civil lawsuits alleging abuses to the 8th Amendment. Although lowering prison populations theoretically seems like an easy fix solution, the reality is that law enforcement is not generally trained to assess medical or psychiatric situations. Additionally, more than half of the prison population is filled with inmates with some sort of mental or substance abuse disorder (Horne, Newman, 547). To help fix this problem it seems that Crisis intervention training should be taught to all law enforcement departments to help identify individuals suffering from mental illness versus a violent offender. This would help reduce the number of mentally ill patients being arrested, keeping the overall prison population down. In California, prisons have been at nearly...
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...such as asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, bronchitis, and rheumatic fever. There are three main aspect of housing: damp houses, overcrowding, and indoor secondhand smoking. First, a warm, comfortable and ventilated housing is beneficial for humans’ health and wellbeing while, non-ventilated housing can cause a variety of health issues. According to Public Health Agency (2013), asthma may aggravate in cold, damp houses. Regional Public Health (2012) states that damp rooms cause dust mites to increase, which exacerbate asthma. Additionally, dampness or moisture encourages mould growth. Consequently, mould can irritate the airways of the lungs (Regional Public Health, 2012). This issue of cold and damp houses may be due to a leakage, inadequate ventilation and ageing of the house. According to Douwes (2009), the increased chemical emissions from building materials and floor covers may be due to the excess moisture. Moreover, inadequate ventilation is one of the causes of dampness; other potential harmful indoor pollutants may increase due to poor ventilation (Douwes, 2009). Likewise, insulation in the damp house may be difficult. According to Auckland Regional Public Health Service (2004), the microorganism was likely to increase in a favourable environment due to the increase of condensation indoors from cold air. According to Regional Public Health (2012), around 30 percent of New Zealand homes have no insulation and 73 percent of rental homes have some mould. Additionally...
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...Running Head: OVERCROWDING OF PRISONS 1 Overcrowding of Prisons Don Bailey SOC 305 Crime & Society Ekaterina Gorislavsky 25 May, 2015 - 1 - [no notes on this page] Running Head: OVERCROWDING OF PRISONS 2 Abstract The correctional institutions are established to correct the behaviors by law breakers. Society believes that once an individual comes out of the correctional facility, he is a reformed person. In addition, these facilities are always expected to warn the law abiding citizens to deter them from committing a crime for fear of being in the correctional cells. However, the population in the correction facilities especially prisons is contrary to this expectation. Over time, there is increased number of offenders. This comprises of the new offenders and the repeat offenders. This causes overcrowding in the correctional facilities which is a challenge to the society. The focus of this problem is the social effect of overcrowding to the judicial system and ways of addressing the challenge. Overcrowding in correctional institutions Crime is punishable for three reasons namely retribution, prevention and deterrence. The main purpose of incarcerating offenders is to stop them from repeating previous crimes they committed. Appraising the current American system using these standards, the deterrence category has failed miserably, insufficient in prevention and providing unsatisfactory retribution through detention. Attempts to deter released criminals...
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