...the facility for a different imaging modality. The decision at the time was not completely left up to me, but was my responsibility to present which modality I thought would benefit the company and our patients the most, and how the best options to move forward with overseeing this project. The facility offered various imaging services such as a positional stand up MRI, nuclear imaging, ultrasounds, and high quality x-rays. The new project was to fill the additional imaging room with a service based on my analysis. The options that I had were to bring in a new device to see a different set of patients, or to accommodate the high demand of MRI’s our facility saw each day and purchase another MRI machine to enable the business to complete twice as many MRI exams. Over the course of three months I conducted various studies within the market to come to a final conclusion of the type of modality to purchase. The best option would be to be able to offer CT scans, and ultimately purchase a CT...
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...feeding purposes. After 14 days of fluid injection through the IV Mr. Drake was slowly back to normal. PART 2. 1. Meningitis is swelling of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord. There are different types of meningitis, but most are caused by viruses or bacteria. Viral meningitis can make you very sick but it often doesn’t have lingering effects. Bacterial meningitis is more serious. It progresses rapidly and can cause permanent damage or even become life-threatening. CT scans of the head may reveal swelling or inflammation. These tests can also help your doctor look for infection in other areas of the body that may be associated with meningitis. Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). The definitive diagnosis of meningitis requires an analysis of your cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is collected during a procedure known as a spinal tap. In people with meningitis, the CSF fluid often shows a low sugar (glucose) level along with an increased white blood cell count and increased protein. CSF analysis may also help your doctor identify the exact bacterium that causing meningitis. 2. Memory: repeating statements and questions over and over, not...
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...Patient history Doctors often begin their examination of a patient suspected of having dementia by asking questions about the patient's history. For example, they may ask how and when symptoms developed and about the patient's overall medical condition. They also may try to evaluate the patient's emotional state, although patients with dementia often may be unaware of or in denial about how their disease is affecting them. Family members also may deny the existence of the disease because they do not want to accept the diagnosis and because, at least in the beginning, AD and other forms of dementia can resemble normal aging. Therefore additional steps are necessary to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of dementia. Physical examination A physical examination can help rule out treatable causes of dementia and identify signs of stroke or other disorders that can contribute to dementia. It can also identify signs of other illnesses, such as heart disease or kidney failure, that can overlap with dementia. If a patient is taking medications that may be causing or contributing to his or her symptoms, the doctor may suggest stopping or replacing some medications to see if the symptoms go away. Neurological evaluations Doctors will perform a neurological examination, looking at balance, sensory function, reflexes, and other functions, to identify signs of conditions - for example movement disorders or stroke - that may affect the patient's diagnosis or are treatable with drugs. Cognitive...
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...collaboration with major healthcare corporations such as General Electric (“GE”) Healthcare. IQMS’ purpose has been to design, construct, and service best-in-class turnkey cyclotron facilities for healthcare systems and academic institutions worldwide; their vison – how they “see” they can accomplish this mission – has been to partner with cyclotron manufacturers such as GE and Siemens. Cyclotron facilities produce contrast media drugs known as FDGs (FluoroDeoxyGlucose) that are injected into patients to detect and diagnosis serious medical conditions. The most common usage is for PET studies, which are diagnostic procedures to determine the extent to which cancer may have spread within a patient’s body. IQMS has partnered with a variety of cyclotron equipment manufacturers accounting for 80% of the 65 projects IQMS has completed in over 30 countries worldwide since 2007. IQMS’ core expertise includes: PET/SPECT Radiopharmaceutical contrast media injection production Equipment selection, procurement and installation, start-Up and qualification with integrated multivendor warranty and service solutions FDA and equivalent regulatory consulting services Project management Company organization: IQMS is an extremely efficient operation, currently employing 18 employees worldwide and working with select subcontractors for its different projects. Most employees are based in the company’s Miami headquarters, which houses the majority of the back office operations, including finance...
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...collaboration with major healthcare corporations such as General Electric (“GE”) Healthcare. IQMS’ purpose has been to design, construct, and service best-in-class turnkey cyclotron facilities for healthcare systems and academic institutions worldwide; their vison – how they “see” they can accomplish this mission – has been to partner with cyclotron manufacturers such as GE and Siemens. Cyclotron facilities produce contrast media drugs known as FDGs (FluoroDeoxyGlucose) that are injected into patients to detect and diagnosis serious medical conditions. The most common usage is for PET studies, which are diagnostic procedures to determine the extent to which cancer may have spread within a patient’s body. IQMS has partnered with a variety of cyclotron equipment manufacturers accounting for 80% of the 65 projects IQMS has completed in over 30 countries worldwide since 2007. IQMS’ core expertise includes: PET/SPECT Radiopharmaceutical contrast media injection production Equipment selection, procurement and installation, start-Up and qualification with integrated multivendor warranty and service solutions FDA and equivalent regulatory consulting services Project management Company organization: IQMS is an extremely efficient operation, currently employing 18 employees worldwide and working with select subcontractors for its different projects. Most employees are based in the company’s Miami headquarters, which houses the majority of the back office operations, including finance...
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...Brain imaging techniques Introduction to brain imaging techniques and other methods A number of techniques are available to investigate the question of how and where in the brain particular perceptual and cognitive processes occur. Tasks or tests can be devised that place varying levels of demand on the cognitive, sensory or motor capacities of the participant being tested. Performance of these tasks is then correlated with physiological measurements, and on the basis of these results, we may go on to ascribe functions to areas of the brain. Whilst there is a growing fascination with imaging techniques in the popular media (e.g. ‘This is your brain on politics’), it’s important to bear in mind that each technique has limitations that often don’t get picked up on by newspaper editors who themselves have little-to-no experience using them. The most often overlooked limitation is the issue of ‘reverse inference’ – just because cognition X (e.g. using one’s memory) is associated with brain activation Y (e.g. activation in the prefrontal cortex), that doesn’t mean that if a participant displays activation Y, they are necessary engaging in cognition X. Below we highlight some key neuropsychological and neuroscientific techniques, and a few of their limitations. There are also a number of great blogs that deal with issues relating to neuroscience, particularly in the popular press (e.g. Bad Science, The Neurocritic, [citation needed]). Testing brain damaged subjects (Neuropsychology) ...
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...For example, fluorine-18 compounds are used to access brain degeneration and cognitive function, being useful in psychological diagnostics. Computed tomography (CT), PET and SPECT is commonly used for diagnostic treatment. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emitted computed tomography (SPECT) are used for scans by distributing radioactive tracer molecules to produce a 3D image by emitting gamma rays within the body. Since exposure is low and only given in the least amount of radiotracers, it is safe and useful for examinations. A radioisotope used for diagnosis must emit gamma rays of sufficient energy to escape from the body and must have a half-life short enough for it to decay away soon after imaging is completed and doses administered for diagnostic treatment are well below the level of radiation toxicity. This process is much simpler and the risks are highly low, while more invasive procedures such as exploratory surgery and biopsy can be averted. The average radiation...
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...Analysis of Current Pancreatic Cancer Screening Methods & Future Recommendations ABSTRACT PAGE Objective Background Results Conclusion (1) what the objectives of the study were; :) (2) how the study was done; --- (3) what results were obtained; (4) and the significance of the results. Treatment for pancreatic cancer is often no longer viable (practical) by the time the condition can be diagnosed. This is due to the lack of effective screening methods to detect the tumor or cyst in its earliest curable stages. The ability to successfully detect pancreatic cancer is highly dependent on an effective screening method with high sensitivity and specificity that can detect the tumor or cyst early in its development. In the United States, many of the current methods are too costly, too invasive, unavailable for widespread use, and lack high sensitivity and specificity. There is a strong need to find a more promising screening method that is inexpensive, noninvasive, available for widespread use, and maintains high sensitivity and specificity. The immediate objective of this research project was to evaluate the current screening methods and make a recommendation for a future screening strategy with strong potential to detect the cancer in its earliest stages while improving the sensitivity and maintaining high specificity. The first step in the investigation process was to identify a high-risk population for pancreatic cancer. Then, current screening methods were...
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...FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN Definition: - Fever higher than 38.3C on several occasions - Duration of fever at least three weeks - Uncertain diagnosis after one week of study in hospital or - Temp >38.5 - Duration > 2 weeks - Undiagnosed Etiology 1. Noninfectious inflammatory disease - Adult Still’s disease: daily fevers, arthritis, evanescent rash - Giant cell arteritis: headache, loss of vision, symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica, fever, anemia, high ESR, jaw claudication - Polyarteritis nodosa - Takayasu’s arteritis - Wegener’s - Mixed cryoglobulinemia - Venous thrombosis and thromboembolism - Hematoma - Hyperthyroid, acute thyroiditis - Pheochromocytoma, adrenal insufficiency - Alcoholic hepatitis: fever, hepatomegaly, jaundice, anorexia, 2. Infection - Tuberculosis: most common infection in FUO, PPD positive in 90% of FUO infective endocarditis - Rare infections: leptospirosis, psittacosis, tularemia, melioidosis, secondary syphilis, disseminated gonoccocemia, chronic meningococcemia, visceral leishmaniasis, whipples disease, yersiniosis 3. Malignancy - Lymphoma, especially NHL - Leukemia - Renal cell carcinoma: microscopic hematuria, - Hepatocellular carcinoma - Myelodysplastic syndromes - Multiple myeloma - Atrial myxomas: arthralgia, emboli, hyperglobulinemia 4. Miscellaneous - Drug fever: stimulate an allergic or idiosyncratic reaction, affecting thermoregulation (sulfonamides, penicillins, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, antimalarials...
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...Ventilation/perfusion scans: Ventilation/perfusion scans, sometimes called a VQ (V=Ventilation, Q=perfusion) scan, is a way of identifying mismatched areas of blood and air supply to the lungs. It is primarily used to detect a pulmonary embolus. The perfusion part of the study uses a radioisotope tagged to the blood which shows where in the lungs the blood is perfusing. If the scan shows up any area missing a supply on the scans this means there is a blockage which is not allowing the blood to perfuse that part of the organ. Myocardial perfusion imaging: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a form of functional cardiac imaging, used for the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. The underlying principle is that under conditions of stress, diseased myocardium receives less blood flow than normal myocardium. MPI is one of several types of cardiac stress test. A cardiac specific radiopharmaceutical is administered. E.g. 99mTc-tetrofosmin (Myoview, GE healthcare), 99mTc-sestamibi...
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...substances have been used for the different purposes depending on their suitability. One of the most informative imaging techniques available in medical diagnostics is positron emission tomography (PET). A positron-emitting radionuclide is introduced, usually by injection, and accumulates in the target tissue. As it decays it emits a positron, which promptly combines with a nearby electron resulting in the simultaneous emission of two identifiable gamma rays in opposite directions. These are detected by a PET camera and give very precise indications of their origin. It is a very powerful and significant tool which provides unique information on a wide variety of diseases from dementia to cardiovascular disease and cancer. Organ malfunction can be indicated if the isotope is either partially taken up in the organ (cold spot), or taken up in excess (hot spot). If a series of images is taken over a period of...
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...(10 pts) You have a glass lens with 1 flat surface and 1 convex surface with index of refraction of 1.5 (n=1.5). The convex surface has a radius of curvature of 13 cm. What is the focal length of the lens in centimeters? radius of curvature = 13 cm index of refraction = 1.5 focal length = F. (10 pts) Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph about PET. The class of isotopes injected prior to imaging a subject in PET arePositron emitting isotopes. The half-life of these molecules must be long enough to synthesize and distribute , and must be short enough to minimize dose and allow repeat scans. These isotopes decay by emitting positrons , which will collide with the molecules in the body and emit two gamma rays of 511 keV each that are 180 degrees apart. Citations "Body MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis." Body MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2014. "Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan." Definition. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2014. "What Is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?" Psych Central.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov....
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...putting information into memory.) the theory suggest the more elaborative the encoding the better the memory. Examples listed: if given a list of words to memorize, one way to try to encode would be structural ie (the font , phonemic characteristics, how the sound) The meaning of the words (semantic encoding) and self-referent encoding (which researchers have found to be the best) Objectives: One main objective of the experimenter was to see or determine what areas of the brain were activated when the processing task involved the self According to reading the left prefrontal cortex is the area associated with process of meaning. Right brain might be the area in the brain where the self is represented. Method of research: laboratory : pet scan Correlation: experimental: more elaborative encoding causes better memory, Method: Paricipants were eight-right handed participants( 4 males and 4 females) Procedure: research participants were presented with eight lists of personality traits that they were asked to encode using four encoding tasks( two lists for each tak) Self-task- judged how well the word described them, other task; how well it described a famous Canadian general task:...
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...Anatomy of Violence Paper December 2013 The Anatomy of Violence is a non-fiction book, written by Adrian Raine, which investigates and presents facts to prove a neurocriminology hypothesis. Adrian Raine conducted experiments, researched and studied the biological roots of violence. He inaugurated neurocriminology, a newer field that incorporates neuroscience methods with the intention of examining the causes of violent criminal acts. Raine analyzes criminal minds. He pieces together research, data, and experiments of psychology, neurology, and criminology in order to inform the public of this new notion which sheds a new light on why people are or become violent criminals. This book was very interesting, well-explained, an easy read and the author incorporated many scientific examples to back up his theories. Adrian Raine takes us on a scientific expedition and exposes brain malfunction to be the cause of violent criminal acts. Raine’s theories are interesting and definitely bring forth many important questions however, while reading, I found some of his concepts are difficult to fully envision for logical reasons. A number of his concepts give an overreaching impression and are a bit too broad. While Raine brings up many valid points, I found myself asking important questions while reading Anatomy of Violence. Does this new research and belief give criminals a “Get out of jail free” card? While reading this book, I asked myself, Will this new theory allow...
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...Carattere Scientifico Policlinico S. Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is a complication of celiac disease (CD). This tumor derives from the neoplastic transformation of aberrant intraepithelial T lymphocytes emerging in celiac patients unresponsive to a gluten-free diet. Poor adherence to a gluten-free diet, HLA-DQ2 homozygosity, and late diagnosis of CD are recognized as risk factors for malignant evolution of CD. Recurrence of diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, fever, and night sweating should alert physicians to this complication. The suspicion of EATL should lead to an extensive diagnostic workup in which magnetic resonance enteroclysis, positron emission tomography scan, and histologic identification of lesions represent the best options. Treatment includes high-dose chemotherapy preceded by surgical resection and followed by autologous stem cell transplantation, although biologic therapies seem to be promising. Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet remains the only way to prevent EATL. (Blood. 2012;119(11): 2458-2468) Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic gluten-sensitive enteropathy characterized by a high prevalence in the general population and an increased mortality.1,2 It is well known that the increased mortality is mainly the result of the complications of CD itself, represented by refractory CD (RCD) and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL).2 RCD is a form of CD that does not...
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