...Pablo Escobar was the most dangerous and most wealthy criminal in history smuggling more than 80 percent of cocaine into the US. He started out selling cigarettes, fake lottery tickets, and stealing cars. Then he began to sell and smuggle marijuana but then quickly switched to cocaine. With the location of Columbia, it would be a short trip to Argentina and the United States, making it easy for transportation. Escobar murdered Fabio Restrepo, the head of the Medellin drug cartel at the time, and quickly moved in. He began to start trading cocaine because it was very valuable and was widely used illegally. At the height of Escobar's power, he made an amazing amount of money every day. More than $70 million a day. Over his career, his net worth is estimated to be over three billion....
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...One of the most famous psychologists, Sigmund Freud first wrote a paper in 1884 praising what he considered a miracle drug called cocaine, while others in different countries were discovering cocaine as an anesthetic. After cocaine leaves proved to travel poorly, Parke Davis, a chemist dramatically altered the drug industry by creating semi-refined cocaine on site by 1885. (Karch) America adapted to cocaine, by 1985 cocaine was sold everyone, such as drug stores, salons, etc. In fact, there was a drug manufacturer who sold cocaine in 15 different forms such as cigarettes, inhalants, crystals, and more. Cocaine was not only being used directly but it was being put in different drinks and foods. A famous wine called “Vin Mariani” was imported from France it had a mixture of wine and coca leaves. The most famous...
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...Capitalism: an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a few markets. This unique system allows for a merchant to market just about any product to the masses dependent on a public opinion of the commodity, legality, availability, and profitability. Some commodities, although carrying high demand are regulated heavily and sometimes even ban from the market place for reasons pertaining to public safety. Others, however, showing to be a health hazard are still allowed to remain on the market. This definition is according to Merriam-Webster.com. This paper will focus on the economics of cannabis and how by its decriminalization, or legalization, it can be a profitable commodity in the marketplace by the following. Providing an overview of cannabis and how political games have caused an unearned negative public opinion on the commodity. Listing arguments that support the claim that by legalizing this commodity not only crime rates in general, but violent crime rates, will drop noticeably if not substantially providing a savings in the cost of enforcing and prosecuting such crimes. And, that by decriminalization, the federal government can regulate this commodity much like alcohol and tobacco providing new sources of tax revenue. A History of Cannabis The best way to understand the public image...
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...Territorios de diferencia: Lugar, movimientos, vida, redes Arturo Escobar Departamento de Antropología Universidad de Carolina del Norte, Chapel Hill Territorios de diferencia: Lugar, movimientos, vida, redes Arturo Escobar Departamento de Antropología Universidad de Carolina del Norte, Chapel Hill © Envión Editores 2010. © Del autor Primera edición en ingles: Duke University Press. 2008 Titulo original: Territories of Difference. Place, Movements, Life, Redes. Primera edición en español Envión editores octubre de 2010 Traducción: Eduardo Restrepo Arte de la cubierta: Parte superior basada en un grabado producido por el programa Gente Entintada y Parlante, Tumaco, a comienzos de los noventa. Parte inferior, basada en una ilustración tomada de Los sistemas productivos de la comunidad negra del río Valle, Bahía Solano, Chocó, por Carlos Tapia, Rocío Polanco, y Claudia Leal, 1997. Mapas: Claudia Leal y Santiago Muñoz, Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá Diseño y Digramación: Enrique Ocampo C. © Copy Left. Esta publicación puede ser reproducida total o parcialmente, siempre y cuando se cite fuente y sea utilizada con fines académicos y no lucrativos. Las opiniones expresadas son responsabilidad de los autores. ISBN: 978-958-99438-3-0 Impreso por Samava Impresiones, Popayán, Colombia. Contenido Prefacio Agradecimientos Introducción: regiones y lugares en la era global Lugares y regiones en la era de...
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...DEVELOPING THE INTERNET: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PUBLIC POLICY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE* Sandra L. Suárez Department of Political Science Temple University Gladfelter Hall Philadelphia, PA 19122 (215) 204-1468 ssuarez@nimbus.temple.edu and Mauro F. Guillén The Wharton School and Department of Sociology University of Pennsylvania 2016 Steinberg Hall-Dietrich Hall Philadelphia, PA 19104-6370 215-573-6267 guillen@wharton.upenn.edu November 2000 Version * This research has been funded by Temple University (Suárez) and the Wharton eBusiness Initiative, WeBI (Guillén). 2 DEVELOPING THE INTERNET: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PUBLIC POLICY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Abstract The internet has not diffused uniformly throughout the world. Data on 142 countries indicate that, aside from the levels of economic and infrastructural development, cross-national differences have to do with whether the legal system fosters entrepreneurship, and with whether institutional and political conditions are stable, and democracy is the form of government. Competition and privatization policies in the area of telecommunications do not have consistent effects. After examining international patterns of diffusion for the world as a whole, differences between two matched pairs of countries are systematically compared: Ireland and Singapore, and Argentina and Spain. Patterns of entrepreneurship and public policy in each country are shown to have differed systematically, with distinctive consequences...
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...LUIS MACHINEA Executive Secretary ALICIA BÁRCENA Deputy Executive Secretary Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean economic commission for latin america and the caribbean C E P A L Review NUMBER 85 APRIL 2005 SANTIAGO, CHILE OSCAR ALTIMIR Director REYNALDO BAJRAJ Deputy Director The CEPAL Review was founded in 1976 and is published three times a year by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, which has its headquarters in Santiago, Chile. The Review, however, has full editorial independence and follows the usual academic procedures and criteria, including the review of articles by independent external referees. The Review is distributed to universities, research institutes and other international organizations, as well as to individual subscribers, and is also consulted extensively on the Internet. The purpose of the Review is to contribute to the discussion of socio-economic development issues in the region by offering analytical and policy approaches and articles by economists and other social scientists working both within and outside the United Nations. Accordingly, the editorial board of the Review extends its readers an open invitation to submit for publication articles analysing various aspects of economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The opinions expressed in the signed articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organization...
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...Asian Criminology (2008) 3:61–73 DOI 10.1007/s11417-007-9040-1 Kidnap for Ransom in South East Asia The Case for a Regional Recording Standard Mohd Kassim Noor Mohamed Received: 27 July 2007 / Accepted: 5 November 2007 / Published online: 15 December 2007 # Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Kidnapping for ransom is not a new phenomenon. According to the Control Risk Group, an international risk consultancy, kidnappings of foreign nationals globally have increased by 275% over the past 10 years. High profile incidents such as the tourist kidnappings in 2000 by the Abu Sayyaf group, operating out of the troubled southern region of the Philippines, show that South East Asia has its own regionalised kidnapping hotspots. It is suspected that a high proportion of kidnappings are perpetrated by economically motivated crime groups but it is not possible to estimate with any degree of accuracy what percentage can be attributed to organised crime. This article will provide an overview of the problem, drawing upon existing literature available in the public domain. A typological discussion will show the critical differences between the various categories of kidnapping. The reliability of existing statistics, categorisation and recording of kidnapping for ransom will also be scrutinised, in particular for their variability across the region, to see whether this presents a barrier to a better understanding of the size and seriousness of the problem. As kidnapping for...
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...Contemplating Realities and Paradoxes in the Global War on Terror John B. Alexander, Ph.D. Introduction The approach of this monograph is to examine paradoxes encountered in the Global War on Terror (GWOT). The intent is to spark debate on disputatious issues. Clearly, many of the existing situations appear intractable given the emotional investment that has been made by the public, and exacerbated by political manipulation of elected officials. Also unavoidable are the fiscal constraints that are becoming increasingly binding. Examined in Section One are problematic premises related to the four fundamental approaches to countering terrorism; increased security, eliminating the terrorists, attacking the support infrastructure, and altering conditions that breed discontent. Despite trite, albeit politically popular, commentary proposing those methods, execution of those concepts is extremely difficult, often controversial, and sometimes counterproductive. Section Two of this monograph addresses several other policy decisions that generate problems that are difficult to resolve, but directly impact the forces involved. Among those topics are; roles of contractors, individual loyalties versus national interests, alliances of convenience, foreign response to our policy on preemption of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), the consequences of our stated objective of spreading democracy, the impact of U.S. presence in the Gulf region, and quandary associated with defining...
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...HISTORY AND THEORY STUDIES FIRST YEAR Terms 1 and 2 Course Lecturers: CHRISTOPHER PIERCE / BRETT STEELE (Term 1) Course Lecturer: PIER VITTORIO AURELI (Term 2) Course Tutor: MOLLIE CLAYPOOL Teaching Assistants: FABRIZIO BALLABIO SHUMI BOSE POL ESTEVE Course Structure The course runs for 3 hours per week on Tuesday mornings in Terms 1 and 2. There are four parallel seminar sessions. Each seminar session is divided into parts, discussion and submission development. Seminar 10.00-12.00 Mollie Claypool, Fabrizio Ballabio, Shumi Bose and Pol Esteve Lecture 12.00-13.00 Christopher Pierce, Brett Steele and Pier Vittorio Aureli Attendance Attendance is mandatory to both seminars and lectures. We expect students to attend all lectures and seminars. Attendance is tracked to both seminars and lectures and repeated absence has the potential to affect your final mark and the course tutor and undergraduate coordinator will be notified. Marking Marking framework adheres to a High Pass with Distinction, High Pass, Pass, Low Pass, Complete-toPass system. Poor attendance can affect this final mark. Course Materials Readings for each week are provided both online on the course website at aafirstyearhts.wordpress.com and on the course library bookshelf. Students are expected to read each assigned reading every week to be discussed in seminar. The password to access the course readings is “readings”. TERM 1: CANONICAL BUILDINGS, PROJECTS, TEXTS In this first term of...
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...ECONOMIA INFORMAL: Evolución reciente y perspectivas SARA OCHOA LEÓN CONTENIDO Resumen ejecutivo 2 Introducción 5 I. Desarrollo de la economía informal: contexto histórico y económico 8 I.1. Interpretación institucional-legal I.2. Expansión de la economía informal I.3. La economía informal: Definiciones I.4. Agentes que participan I.5. El caso de México I.6. Sobreviviencia y rentabilidad I.7. Efectos macroeconómicos 8 9 10 12 15 17 18 II. La economía informal en el mundo 21 III. La economía informal en México 27 III.1. Medición del sector informal III.2. El mercado de trabajo en México III.2.1. Condiciones de empleo III.3. Economía informal III.4. El sector no estructurado en México III.4.1. Ocupación III.4.2. Género III.4.3. Edad III.4.4. Escolaridad III.4.5. Población ocupada por sectores III.4.6. Ingresos III.4.7. Distribución geográfica 27 28 32 33 37 37 39 39 40 40 43 46 III.5. Economía informal y recaudación tributaria III.6. Economía informal y regulación III.7. Acciones gubernamentales III.7.1. Programas de empleo III.8. Legislación III.8.1 Iniciativas 49 53 56 57 60 60 IV. Comentarios finales 62 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ● La existencia de economía informal se ha intentado explicar por la insuficiente creación de empleos formales producto del bajo crecimiento del PIB, por la subcontratación de empresas informales por parte de las empresas formales, y por las excesivas...
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...2012 Doing business in a more transparent world C O M PA R I N G R E G U L AT I O N F O R D O M E S T I C F I R M S I N 1 8 3 E C O N O M I E S © 2012 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 08 07 06 05 A copublication of The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation. This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818...
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...relating to employment. This important anthology brings together the thinking of leading philosophers, economists and lawyers on this complex subject. Selected recent articles from the multidisciplinary International Labour Review are assembled for the first time to illuminate questions such as how we should define equality, what equal opportunity means and what statistics tell us about differences between men and women at work, how the family confronts globalization and what is the role of law in achieving equality. There is an examination of policy – to deal with sexual harassment and wage inequality, for example, as well as part-time work, the glass ceiling, social security, and much more. A major reference on the best of current research and analysis on gender roles and work. Martha Fetherolf Loutfi has been Editor-in-Chief of the International Labour Review, a Senior Economist for the Brandt Commission and in the ILO’s Employment and Development Department and an associate professor of economics. She has written books and articles on employment, women, energy, environment, capital flows and foreign aid. Price: 40 Swiss francs WOMEN, GENDER AND WORK 30.11.2002 ILO c.i+iv_WomGend&Work WHAT IS EQUALITY AND HOW DO WE GET THERE ? WOMEN, GENDER WORK Edited by Mar tha Fetherolf Lout f i I N T E R N AT I O N...
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...HISTORY, TENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2008, 2003, and 1998. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1234567890 QFR/QFR 10987654321 ISBN: 978-0-07-340696-1 MHID: 0-07-340696-1 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Michael Ryan Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Publisher: Christopher Freitag Sponsoring Editor: Matthew Busbridge Executive Marketing Manager: Pamela S. Cooper Editorial Coordinator: Nikki Weissman Project Manager: Erin Melloy Design Coordinator: Margarite Reynolds Cover Designer: Carole Lawson Cover Image: Albert Bierstadt, American (born in Germany), 1830–1902 Valley of the Yosemite, 1864 (detail) Oil on paperboard 30.16 × 48.89 cm (11 7/8 × 19 1/4 in.) Museum of Fine Arts, BostonGift of Martha C. Karolik for the M. and M. Karolik Collection of American Paintings, 1815–1865 47.1236 Buyer:...
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...www.FreeLibros.me www.FreeLibros.me Preparación y evaluación de proyectos Quinta edición Nassir Sapag Chain Reinaldo Sapag Chain Revisor Técnico Álvaro Alfonso Moreno Suárez Decano de Economía Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Presidente Asociación Colombiana de Facultades y Departamentos de Economía - Afadeco Bogotá, Colombia BOGOTÁ • SANTIAGO • BUENOS AIRES • CARACAS • GUATEMALA • LISBOA • MADRID MÉXICO • NUEVA YORK • PANAMÁ • SAN JUAN • SÃO PAULO • AUCKLAND • HAMBURGO Londres ⋅ Milán ⋅ Montreal ⋅ Nueva Delhi ⋅París ⋅ San Francisco ⋅ Sidney Singapur ⋅ St. Louis ⋅ Tokio ⋅ Toronto www.FreeLibros.me Editora: Lily Solano Arévalo Manufactura Colombia: Bibiana García Diagramación: Yolanda Alarcón Preparación y evaluación de proyectos. Quinta edición Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra, por cualquier medio, sin autorización escrita del editor. DERECHOS RESERVADOS © 2008, respecto a la cuarta edición por McGraw-Hill Interamericana S.A. Carrera 11 No. 93-46 oficina 301. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. ISBN 10: 956-278-206-9 ISBN 13: 978-956-278-206-7 Impreso en Colombia Printed in Colombia 5123468907 Impreso en Colombia 1234567890 Printed in Colombia www.FreeLibros.me A nuestras esposas, Cristina y Silvia, y a nuestros hijos, Álvaro, Andrea, Carolina, Claudio, José y Verónica, quienes aceptaron sacrificar tantas horas que les pertenecían y que les fueron sustraídas en la absorbente tarea de preparación de este proyecto...
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