...Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739. Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sultanate and Mughal Empire in South Asia and in the land that became Pakistan. Islam and the Pakistan movement The Muslim poet-philosopher Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal first proposed the idea of a Muslim state in northwestern South Asia in his address to the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. His proposal referred to the four provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the NorthWest Frontier -- essentially what would became Pakistan. Iqbal's idea gave concrete form to two distinct nations in the South Asia based on religion (Islam and Hinduism) and with different historical backgrounds, social customs, cultures, and social mores. Islam was thus the basis for the creation and the unification of a separate state. Allama Muhammad Iqbal in 1937, in a letter to Jinnah wrote, After a long and careful study of Islamic Law I have come to the conclusion that if...
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...19 8. Conclusion 21 References 22 Appendix 1 – Map of Pakistan 23 Appendix 2 – GLOBE Study 24 Appendix 3 - Supplementary Information 26 Appendix 4 - Important Contact Information 28 1. Introduction Pakistan was one of the two original successor states to British India, which was partitioned along religious lines in 1947. For almost 25 years following independence, it consisted of two separate regions, East and West Pakistan, but now is made up only of the western sector. Both India and Pakistan have laid claim to the Kashmir region, and this territorial dispute led to war in 1949, and again in 1965, 1971, and 1999, and remains unresolved today. Pakistan is situated in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, with Afghanistan and Iran on the west, India on the east, and the Arabian Sea on the south. The name Pakistan is derived from the Urdu words Pak (meaning pure) and stan (meaning country). It is nearly twice the size of California (see map in Appendix 1). Pakistan can be described as the missing link between South Asia and the Middle East. The South Asian side to Pakistan is prevalent in their language and culture. The Middle Eastern side of Pakistan is represented in their religion. If one is selling financial products Pakistan should be viewed as a Middle...
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...2012, pp.439-458 Role of Civil Society in Empowering Pakistani Women Shehzadi Zamurrad Awan F.C College University ABSTRACT Civil society in Pakistan has been playing its role in social, economic and political empowerment of women. Unfortunately, despite of the emergence of vibrant print/electronic media, wide-spread network of women related non-governmental organizations and the focus of political parties on women related issues; a large segment of female population is still struggling hard for the equal status. However, it is pertinent to state that the notion of women empowerment is deeply linked with an over-all change in patriarchal structure of the society, on one side and the truthful understanding of religion (Islam) on the other. We cannot neglect this reality that the growing trend to provide equal opportunities of education and employment to women has contributed to their welfare, but not effective through to make a dent in their over-all well-being. In spite of the fact that more representation is given to the women in legislatures, neither have they suggested remedies for the grievances and dismal plight of women, nor they could suggest the broad framework to improve the role of female socio-economic and political in Pakistan. KEY WORDS: Civil Society, Pakistan, Woman, Welfare, Gender, NGO Introduction This paper intends to establish a linkage between the issues of women empowerment and the contribution of the civil society, to achieve a respectable status...
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...Collecting the Data V. Analyzing Data: VI. Conclusion: VII. Recommendations V. REFERENCES Executive summary: The society of Pakistan has many different cultures. The east of country is mainly Punjabi, the south is mainly Sindhi in the east are the tribal cultures. In many areas the tribes and cultures are mixed, most Pakistanis are Punjabi and most of the nation are Sunni Muslim. Culture comprises of the virtues and codes that retain in any particular nation, which becomes the traditional value of that nation. May be it is a food or a dress code, Pakistani culture is of its supreme quality. Punjab is the heart of cultural values. Many traditions are the part of Pakistani culture, for instance, the annual ceremonies on the tombs, the spring festival which is celebrated on a wide scale when all the cities are decorated with flowers, kite flying is another charm of these spring festivals, Wagah border ceremony that happens at the International border gate before 5PM each day, the Festival of Lamps, Mela Chiraghan, is also give us the glaze of culture. Results have been talked about in the light of Pakistani social setting. Results have been talked about in the light of Pakistani customs and traditions. Introduction: Every country has its own culture. In Pakistan, we come across many different cultures which depict us as a nation. Pakistani culture is a mixture of different provinces and tribes, for instance, Sindh,...
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................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 ESSAYS ....................................................................................................................... 5 1. Social & Cultural Diversity............................................................................................... 6 2. Citizenship ...................................................................................................................... 7 3. What Is A Good Pakistani Citizen? Define His/Her Responsibilities & Rights. ............... 8 4. What Is A Good Pakistani Citizen? Define His / Her Rights And Responsibilities .......... 9 5. What Is A Good Pakistani Citizen? Define His / Her Rights And Responsibilities ........ 11 6. Sectarian Violence: Implications for Citizens and Country............................................ 12 7. Becoming A Responsible Citizen: Can Education Help? .............................................. 13 8. Becoming A Responsible Citizen: Can Education Help? .............................................. 15 9. Becoming A Responsible Citizen Can Education Help? ............................................... 16 10. Becoming a Responsible Citizen? Can Education Help ............................................. 20 11. Will Peace Education In Pakistan Reduce Conflict? OR...
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...Review Article Violence against Women in Pakistan: A Framework for Analysis Parveen Azam Ali1, Maria Irma Bustamante Gavino2 University of Sheffield1, United Kingdom, Aga Khan University School of Nursing2, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract Understanding violence against women is as complex as its process. As a perusal of literature shows that most of the explanations were contextually and culturally based, this review attempts to analyze the issue of violence against women using theories applicable within the Pakistani context. Literature examining the issue of violence against women and its various theories was reviewed. A framework using the determinants of violence against women as proposed, include intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the people, the socio-economic- political and cultural system of Pakistan and the influences of surrounding countries. The Pakistani scenario has been described and the theoretical bases were presented. Each determinant has been discussed with supporting literature. Further studies are needed to strengthen the framework; however, it provided a modest view of violence against women in Pakistan. The framework would help the policy and decision makers to understand the dynamics of violence against women and may move them to action to bring about improvements in women's' lives. Introduction Understanding violence against women is a complex issue. Several explanations coming from various theories have been offered to understand...
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...do you watch during the Prime Time; An Indian Drama, or a Turkish one, or any local? Now days, mostly people are inclined towards these Turkish dramas like “Ishq-e-Mamno”, “Fatima Gul” and so many more and are so mesmerized by their outlook that they have started to forget their own culture. This problem was identified by observation and through a survey. We conducted a survey on different age groups like mothers, teenagers (13-18) and minors (8-13). We conducted this research to see the impact of this media on our generation whose minds are so innocent. In back 2001 it was common to view Indian news channels in our country and it was to believe what they say as we don’t have our 1 single news channel but finally from 2003 and onwards Pakistani media and news channel over came this threat. After news channels we had a fever of daily soups to watch again from India and it was common to have knowledge of their rituals. Finally got rid of them and we faced a challenge of foreign content again and this time we had turkey as our opponent. Now a day’s according to the interviews conducted and data collected from our research we concluded that it’s very hard for our people to escape from the web of foreign content Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 Research Question and Objective 9 Conceptual Framework 9 Selection of Methodology and Methods 10 Methodology 10 Quantitative Data 10 Qualitative Data 11 Sample Size and Technique...
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...This book gave an insight to Ariès audacious ideas which was criticised by some of the public. “In medieval society the idea of childhood did not exist” Aries assumes “The absence of definition extended to every sort of social activity: games, crafts, arms … Until the end of the Middle Ages, the child was, almost as soon as he was weaned, regarded as a small adult, who mingled, competed, worked, and played with mature adults.” This reveals that he believes this concept is a recent social construction as it did not exist during the middle ages as children were perceived as miniature adults. There is some truth to his thesis, however, Ariès has generalised children’s activities throughout the middle ages which is false to some extent as people in different social classes had different roles for example in the highest social class (royalty) would have had privileged children who did not have to work labour but did attend school which was highly influenced by the dominant religion, Christianity. This reveals that religion had a significance in children’s lives leading to the conclusion that going to church was part of their social activity. British historian, Nicholas Orme’s states “This toy knight comes from a rich harvest of archaeological finds, made in the mud banks of the River Thames in London during the last 30 years … The finds also include toys that girls might have liked: little...
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...Pakistan * Philosopher’s view of society distasteful of accepting heterogeneity of ideas * Our society wants to eliminate obnoxious elements rather than developing intellectual arguments against them * Islam and Tolerance * Our hypocrisy has turned a country into a holocaust MAIN BODY CAUSES OF SOCIAL INTOLERANCE IN PAKISTAN * Pak geo strategic position and foreign policy * Role of Islam * Madrassa myopic education * Lack of good governance and true democracy * Inadequate judicial system * Sectarian disharmony * Unethical practices of media Impacts of Social intolerance * Inter creed hostility * Tarnished country image * Threatened financial viability of country * Lack of Socio-Economic development Recommendations to instill social tolerance in Pakistan * Formal Education to all * Rejuvenate madrassa education * Induce democratic values at family level * Independent Foreign Policy that serves our national interests * Media should acknowledge its social responsibility * Address the grievances of masses * Set up a society on pluralistic philosophy Conclusion Country can get rid of this menace of social intolerance but it needs systematic overhaul Pakistan is increasingly revolutionizing into a country where dissent is repelled and disagreement is penalized in almost every sphere. Currently, Pakistani society is beset with intolerance. Certain...
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...The Subtle Subversion The State of Curricula and Textbooks in Pakistan Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics (DRAFT COPY) compiled by A. H. Nayyar and Ahmed Salim Sustainable Development Policy Institute Report of the project “A Civil Society Initiative in Curricula and Textbooks Reform” A project of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute #3, UN Boulevard, Diplomatic Enclave I, Islamabad Mailing Address: PO Box 2342, Islamabad, Pakistan Telephone: ++(92-51) 2278134, 2278136, 2270674-6 Fax:++(92-51) 2278135 URL: www.sdpi.org e-mail: main@sdpi.org SDPI is an independent, non-profit research institute on sustainable development Partial support from Eqbal Ahmed Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. 2 Contents Summary Recommendations Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Introduction Insensitivity to the Religious Diversity of the Nation Appendix 1-1: Listing of Material in Curriculum Documents Appendix 1-2: Listing of Material in Textbooks Historical Falsehoods and Inaccuracies Glorification of War and the Military Omissions That Could Have Been Enriching Pedagogical Problems in Primary Education: A Critique of the Curriculum Gender Biases Human Rights Teaching of Urdu, Class 6 to 10 Teaching Social Studies, Class 6 to 10 Peace Studies: a proposed program of studies in schools Curriculum Documents Covered Thoughts on Curriculum Objectives List of participants in the project i iii 1 9 27 53 65 77 89 95 101 111 123 127 131 135 137 139 Chapter 3 Chapter...
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...1. Solution to Power Crisis-Kalabagh Dam or Alternative Sources of Energy? 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN/A country is backward because its people are backward. 3. Democracy has failed to deliver in Pakistan!Discuss./The Future of Democracy in Pakistan/What are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state? 4. Media-a Mirror to the Society or a Frankensteinian Monster/Power of Media in the Modern World/Globalization and electronic media/The present system of education must assume some of the responsibilities of our failures of media/Truth is a rare commodity despite the freedom enjoys by the print media and electronic media. 5. Palestine is missing from the agenda of the United Nations ;nor is The United States ready to press on nor Israel ready to accommodate Palestinians.Elaborate. 6. The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before due to the specific imperialist designs/The Politics of Empowerment in Pakistan.Elucidate/Political is the art of possible. Discuss. 7. Pakistan and War on Terror: Gains and Losses 8. Status of Women in Islam./The state of women Rights in Pakistan/Can women be equal to men in Pakistan?/Why is there no status of the third gender in Pakistan?/Does Pakistani society regard women as the angel in the house of the source of all evils? 9. Provincial Autonomy. 10. Climate Change:A Myth or Reality!/Global Warming/Climate Change/Greenhouse Effect 11. Is Foreign...
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...If the Central Asian Society exists and is meeting in fifty or a hundred years hence, Afghanistan will be as vital and important a question as it is now1 Lord Cuzon, speaking at the annual dinner of society, London, 1908 Governance of Pakistan is to God alone, it is up to Pakistan to carry out God’s commands2 Qazi Hussain Amhed, leader of Jamiat-e-Islami, Islamic political party in Pakistan INTRODUCTION 1. The rise of Islamic militancy or the jihad culture in Pakistan was directly sponsored by the security forces of Pakistan and is a legacy of Pakistan’s creation as an Islamic state and Pakistan’s involvement in the creation of the Taliban and its rise to power in Afghanistan. Since the arrival of the United States in the region post-9/11 and its support for Pakistan in its fight against Islamic extremism, Pakistan’s home-grown insurgent forces have turned its fight against the state itself in its resistance against a stable and democratic government. This conflict has led to a growth in Islamic extremism in Pakistan’s border regions which have turned into safe-havens for fighters in Afghanistan in their war against the US and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GoIRA). Evidence shows that these fighters still receive covert support from Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) agency and elements of the Pakistani military. 2. Scope. This essay will first explain the roots of Islamic militancy in Pakistan including Pakistan’s involvement in the rise...
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...“The Problems faced by Eunuchs in Pakistan” A country, where even the majority struggles hard to get their fundamental human rights, there exist a community within, which is completely neglected and alienated from the rest of the society. We have heard about them, we come across them in our social affairs, yet we never stop to ponder on their state of life. Hijras, khwaja saras, khusras and chakkas, all are the terms given to this community by our society. Three of these terms are derogatory, even used as abuses. “Eunuchs” (hijras), the term describes a person who has no gender in particular, neither a male nor a female. Most are born apparently male, but some may be intersex (with ambiguous genitalia).”They are often perceived as third sex, and most see themselves as neither man nor women. However, some may see themselves as females. Unlike some western transsexual women, hijras generally do not attempt to pass as women. (1) Page 2 The economic condition of Eunuchs in Pakistan is very poor. Very few job opportunities are available to them. Even they cannot do any technical job because of the social abuse. Eunuchs earn their livings in three ways. First, they sing and dance in weddings and other occasions of happiness to earn their livelihoods. Second, they beg on streets and...
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...networks of economic exchange are widespread and arguably create the foundation of human social organization Chapais B (2008; 2010). However, considerable cultural variation around the world opens up the question of whether regulated exchange of mates across kin groups represents the ancestral form of marriage or whether it is a recently derived consequence of more intensive modes of subsistence. This question is important to answer because in some societies marriage is a nonchalant affair with limited regulation in courtship marriages with no prescriptions, while in others marriages are arranged and regulated by complex rules and prescriptions Chapais B (2008); Flinn MV, Low BS (1986). Humans lived as hunter-gatherers for most of our species’ history hence cultural variation amongst recent hunter-gatherers may be useful for reconstructing ancestral human social structure (Lee RB, DeVore I, eds; Hawkes K, O’Connell JF, Blurton-Jones NG (2001); Marlowe F, 2003). When we examine marriage practices of American, Israeli, and Pakistani. The prevalence of marriage practices in hunter-gatherers suggests a deep history of regulated marriage. Americans generally define marriage as a "mutual and voluntary commitment to a lifelong, monogamous partnership" (Pinsof, 2002, p. 1 37). According to this definition, it is assumed that partners love one another and make a personal choice to enter the marital union. This idea is...
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...ELEMENT OF PAKISTANI CULTURE The society and culture of Pakistan comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups: the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch and Pashtun in the west; and the ancient Dardic, Wakhi, and Burushocommunities in the north. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures.The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cities such asKarachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar,Sialkot, Abbottabad, and Multan. Rural areas of Pakistan are regarded as more conservative, and are dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds if not thousands of years. Literature Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its nationhood as a sovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of South Asia was inherited by the new state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto,Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi. Poetry Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. The independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well...
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