...molecules, too) by catabolism.Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastro-intestinal tract.[1] These amino acids are further broken down to α-keto acids which can be recycled in the body for generation of energy, and production of glucose or fat or other amino acids. This break-down of amino acids to α-keto acids occurs in the liver by a process known as transamination Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides. Protein metabolism is dependent on a vast number of endogenous mediators. These mediators define the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. Insulin is the major anabolic hormone and also has an important role in amino acid and protein homeostasis. During injury and stress two major alterations in insulin are noted: a catecholamine-mediated suppression of insulin release and an insulin resistance, leading to a release of skeletal muscle amino acid...
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...be diagnosed and 40,560 people will die in 2015 from pancreatic cancer (1). Over the years, there have been small strides made in regard to treating pancreatic cancer, but recently there has been a promising breakthrough dealing with a gene called protein kinase D1 (PKD1). Scientists have found a connection between this gene and the growth of pancreatic cancer and believe it could lead to new ways of halting the development of one of the most difficult tumors to treat (1). While it is still in early test stages, scientists are hoping this gene could unlock the secrets behind preventing and treating pancreatic cancer. Information on Pancreas and Pancreatic Cancer: The pancreas is a necessary organ in the digestive system as it helps to break down food so that the nutrients can be absorbed during the rest of the digestive process. The pancreas consists of two different glands, the exocrine and endocrine glands, and they serve two very different purposes. The exocrine gland releases pancreatic enzymes into ducts that mix with bile from the liver to break down food before it enters the small intestine; the...
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...Some examples of these types of organs include the liver, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. Theses all help with assisting in digestion, they just aren’t apart of the major organs which are the major elements crucial to it. There are though, specific cells in each of these accessory organs that benefit the process. For the liver, it helps in producing bile which helps in digesting fat and breaking it down into smaller more manageable particles. Next, the gallbladder, which stores the bile produced by the liver. It is also interesting to know that humans are capable of living without a gallbladder. Last, we have the pancreas which aids in secreting enzymes into the duodenum. The pancreas is made up of Endocrine and Exocrine tissue. The Endocrine tissue produces hormones while the exocrine tissue produces digestive enzymes. In a nut shell, what is the ultimate fate of the digested chicken and rice? Well, because rice is a carbohydrate, it is much easier to digest. Simple sugars found in the rice are thus absorbed in the small intestine, and in turn, the bloodstream. As for the chicken, chicken is a protein, and...
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...system of glands and each gland has a type of hormone that secretes directly into the bloodstream. It helps coordinate and integrate complex psychological reactions the endocrine system, it also works with the nervous system because together they are constantly transferring chemicals to each other. The endocrine system has five glands and they all produce hormones for different things, they produce hormones and they spread through the bloodstream. We have a thyroid gland that produces thyroxin, which is a primary hormone that helps regulate the body’s metabolism. We also have a pineal gland, which creates the hormone melatonin, and this hormone helps with sleep-wake cycles. The parathyroids are four tiny organs that control balance. The pancreas controls the level of sugar in the blood this is controlled by two hormones: insulin and glucagon. The gland that produces the most hormones is the pituitary gland the hormones controls high blood pressure, thirst, sexual behavior and other body functions. The pituitary gland is the master gland because it affects other glands. Our endocrine system has a gland that produces hormones and if the hormones are not produced correctly it affects the behavior with our body. Other things affect us on in human behavior. We have two things that influences or affects the heredity on human behavior, which are behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology. The difference between behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology is that behavior genetics...
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...FORENSIC SCIENCE 3.1 [pic] The frontalis, orbicularis oris, laris oculi, buccinators and zygomaticus are muscles that are responsible for showing facial expressions such as surprise, anger, fear, disgust, amongst other emotions. The temporalis and the masseter muscle are responsible for chewing movements. The sterncleidomastoid and trapezius are neck muscles and can be associated with the throat. 3.2 The principal organs that comprise the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. These organs also consist of various tissues including nerve, blood and connective tissue. All together the organs and various tissues carry out the activities of the nervous system. The activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three overlapping functions. The first of these functions is sensory. There are millions of sensory receptors that detect changes which occur on the inside and outside of the body. They monitor things such as temperature, light and sound from the external environment and from the internal environment they detect variations in pressure, PH, carbon dioxide. All of this gathered information is called sensory output which is converted into electrical signals called nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain. These signals are then brought together to create sensations, to add a memory or to produce thoughts. The decisions that are made each moment based on the sensory input is the second function, integration...
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...hypothalamus, the penal body, the adrenal glands and the ovaries and testes. The thyroid gland secretes Triodothyronine which is responsible for metabolic rates. If a person has a hyperthyroid condition in which too much of the hormone is secreted, the person can become over excited and agitated, thus, affecting behavior. The testes in males secrete the hormone testosterone which has been linked to behavior of aggression. Women also have small quantities of testosterone that fluctuate and at times when the levels are higher may exhibit ovaries more aggressive behaviors as well. Female ovaries secrete the hormone estrogen. As the levels of estrogen fluctuate each month, a female may at times feel depressed, fatigued, irritable or energized. The pancreas produces...
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...Heredity and hormones can influence peoples behavior. Heredity is when traits are giving to the children from the parents. Scientists have tried to identify the genes that may cause such behaviors like, depression, shyness, anxiety and aggression. They have done studies involving twins to try and correlate genetics with behavior. The researchers in those cases weren’t looking for a particular gene but were looking to see if their were similarities within families. (Morris and Maisto,2005) Hormones are the chemicals that are released within the body and affect other parts such as the endocrine system. The also contribute to a persons behavior by determining their moods. The endocrine system consists of glands like the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, the pituitary glands as well as the testes and ovaries. The function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, which is found in many foods and convert it into thyroxine (T4) and Trrodothyronine (T3) which are thyroid hormones. Thyroids are the only cells that the body has that can absorb iodine. These cells combine iodine with and the amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4, which are then released into the blood stream and are transported throughout the body. Every cell in the body depends on the hormones produced by the thyroid to control the rate of their metabolism. When too much of these hormones are secreted the person is said to have a hyper-thyroid condition. This condition affects a persons behavior because it...
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...The Endocrine System OBJECTIVES Give the functions of the endocrine system Define hormones, endocrine and exocrine glands Enumerate and state the location of the endocrine glands of the body Explain the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in endocrine function Describe how hypothalamus regulates hormone secretion from the pituitary Describe how the pituitary gland regulates the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands Describe the different endocrine glands of the body based on the following: Structure Hormones produced Target cells for each hormone Principal action of each hormone WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? Identify the 2 major types of endocrine conditions and give examples of each OVERALL FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Water balance Uterine contractions & milk release Growth, metabolism, & tissue maturation Ion regulation Heart rate & blood pressure regulation Blood glucose control Immune system regulation Reproductive functions control REGULATION OF EFFECTORS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS 1 HORMONES Comes from the greek word hormaein which means “to excite” Mediator molecules released by the glands of the endocrine system Overview of the Endocrine System System of ductless glands that secrete hormones Hormones are “messenger molecules” Circulate in the blood Act on distant target cells Target cells respond to the hormones for...
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...Hormone function a.) Describe how agonists and antagonists act to disrupt normal hormone function. Use examples and describe the resulting disease states that may result Humans are exposed to thousands of chemicals during their lifetime, through the air, food, and water. A significant number of these chemicals can be toxic since they can disrupt the endocrine system. Over the past decade, the list of chemicals with endocrine disrupting activity has dramatically increased. Natural hormones are themselves agonists and, in many cases, more than one distinct hormone binds to the same receptor. For a given receptor, different agonists can have dramatically different potencies. Antagonists are molecules that bind the receptor and block binding of the agonist, but fail to trigger intracellular signalling events. Receptors can be activated or inactivated by either endogenous (such as hormones and neurotransmitters) or exogenous (such as drugs) agonists and antagonists, resulting in the stimulation or inhibition of a biological response. A physiological agonist is a substance that creates the same bodily responses but does not bind to the same receptor. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial compound and a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic activity. The widespread exposure of individuals to BPA is suspected to affect a variety of physiological functions, including reproduction, development, and metabolism. Many known obesogens are Endocrine disrupting chemicals...
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...Homeostasis Homeostasis is a process of where our body has to be able to control certain things such as body temperature and the water level so that they don’t change, therefore it is when it keeps things the same. It is how the body keeps the conditions inside, and some scientists refer to it as a constant internal environment; two examples of this is: • Keeping the body temperature at 37 degrees, • The amount of water in our body. Our bodies are always making adjustments to be able to carry out normal bodily functions, but fortunately for us the adjustments are done automatically, if this wasn’t the case then we would all be very busy and would regulate our internal environment very frequently. Homeostasis is controlled by the Automatic nervous system and the Endocrine system (hormones). Negative feedback system Homeostasis is quite often referred to as the negative feedback, which means that the system is able to take suitable action to maintain the constant environment. The main responsibility of homeostasis is that it has to maintain constant levels of many body functions e.g. body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and also blood sugar levels. Body temperature The term used for monitoring the body temperature is called thermoregulation. An adult’s body temperature is usually close to 37 degrees. There are temperature detectors in the skin and the internal organs monitor it and feedback to the hypothalamus in the brain to take the correct action when the temperature...
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...body to ensure the body is performing properly (Huffman, 2013). The stimuli released from these systems are hormones and neurotransmitters. Hormones, though having some similarities to neurotransmitters, have very different and specific functions within the body. The endocrine system is made up of a network of glands which releases hormones directly into the bloodstream. This system helps to regulate long-term processes, like growth, on-going processes, like digestion, and bodily responses to emergencies. Each gland within the endocrine system releases a specific hormone to stimulate another gland. Parathyroid glands, which reside behind the thyroid, release the parathyroid hormone which keeps calcium levels in the blood stable. The pancreas secretes the hormones glucagon and insulin to increase or decrease glucose levels in the blood. The pineal gland secretes melatonin to assist in regulating sleep patterns. The hypothalamus, one of the staples of the endocrine system, secretes many hormones including anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin to stimulate other glands in the body, such as the pituitary gland. Similarly, the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland also secretes multiple hormones that regulate various processes, including metabolism. Testes and ovaries secrete hormones such as testosterone and estrogen to regulate sexual development in the body (Huffman, 2013). As stated before, hormones do differ from...
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...Title: Exploring Endocrine, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems Instructions: Your lab report from Part 1 along with the Part 2 activity will serve as a guide to answer the questions and to complete the tables for the endocrine, cardiovascular (circulatory), and respiratory systems. When your lab report is complete, submit this document to your instructor in your assignment box. 1. Endocrine System Question 1: How does the insulin and glucagon secreted by the pancreas function in glucose metabolism? Answer 1: “Insulin and glucagon work together to keep glucose levels in the blood within the normal range. When there is an elevated blood glucose level, this stimulates beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin. The insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by body cells, and the liver will uptake the glucose and store it as glycogen. These actions return blood glucose levels back to normal. When there is decreased blood glucose, this stimulates the alpha cells in the pancreas to produce glucagon. The glucagon travels to the liver and facilitates the conversion of glycogen to glucose. This glucose is released in the bloodstream to return levels back to normal.” (M.U.S.E.) 2. Cardiovascular System Blood flows through the body in two distinct pathways: the pulmonary pathway and the systemic pathway. The blood flowing in the pulmonary pathway is deoxygenated, and it delivers this blood to the lungs to be oxygenated again. The blood...
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...English | Русский | Қазақша | Definition | cranial | Черепной | Шеке | relating to the skull or cranium. | Facial | Лицевой | Бет | affecting the face. | Spinal column | Позвоночный столб | Омыртқа жотасы | the spine; the backbone. | Cervical | Шейный | Мойын | relating to the neck. | Thoracic | Грудной | Кеуде | relating to the thorax. | lumbar | Поясничный | Бел | relating to the lower part of the back. | Sacral | Крестцовый | Құйымшақ | relating to the sacrum. | Vertebra | Позвонок | Омыртқа | each of the series of small bones forming the backbone, having several projections for articulation and muscle attachment, and a hole through which the spinal cord passes. | Coccyx | Копчик | Сегізкөз | a small, triangular bone at the base of the spinal column in humans and some apes, formed of fused vestigial vertebrae. | Arch | Дуга | Доға | a curved symmetrical structure spanning an opening and typically supporting the weight of a bridge, roof, or wall above it. | Thorax | Грудная клетка | Кеуде қуысы | the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration; the chest. | Basic | Основной | Негізгі | forming an essential foundation or starting point; fundamental. | Cartilage | Хрящ | Шеміршек | firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures...
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...The pancreas is a very important organ in our body, and Weird Al seems to agree since he wrote a whole song about it. The pancreas performs many necessary functions that the body needs to keep the cycle of life going. This organ is considered both endocrine and exocrine because it performs different functions pertaining to each category. The song refers to the pancreas as secreting enzymes and hormones, and metabolizing carbohydrates, both which are endocrine and exocrine functions respectively. First we will discuss the endocrine function of the pancreas and why it is important. This function is carried out by the islets of Langerhans (Chapter 18, Figure 18.27a). These groups of cells secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood to maintain...
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...School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies. With reference to acid-base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood pH? ‘We live and die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+. Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several systems work interdependently on maintaining blood’s pH (Sheldon, 2001, p.23): buffer, renal and respiratory systems. In this essay I will concentrate on the pH of the blood in relation to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. Blood pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.4 is considered neutral in the systemic arterial blood within its narrow range of around 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH is greater than 7.45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7.35 then the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p.23). Fig. 1: Diagram of blood pH scale: (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity...
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