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Management Control System

Case : General Appliance Corporation

Disusun oleh:
ANNA DEWI LESTARI (Kelas AP. 16)

MAGISTER MANAJEMEN
FAKULTAS EKONOMIKA DAN BISNIS
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
2 0 1 1

A. LATAR BELAKANG
General Appliance Corporation adalah produsen terintegrasi untuk segala jenis perabotan rumah tangga. Organisasi perusahaannya bersifat divisional dan terdesentralisasi, terdiri dari empat divisi produk, empat divisi manufaktur dan enam kantor staf. Antar divisi diharapkan untuk saling berinteraksi seakan akan mereka merupakan perusahaan-perusahaan yang independen, dengan proses transfer komponen yang dibebani harga transfer yang sesuai dengan hasil negosiasi antar divisi tersebut.
Sebuah divisi produk tidak memiliki kekuatan untuk memutuskan apakah akan membeli komponen dari dalam atau luar perusahaan. Namun demikian divisi manufaktur harus tetap mempertahankan harga di mana divisi produk dapat membelinya dari pemasok luar.

B. PERMASALAHAN 1. Masalah Kompor
Divisi produk Krom (Chrome) menjual kepada Divisi Kompor Elektrik sebuah unit berlapis krom yang dipasang diatas kompor yang harus tahan terhadap korosi dan noda makanan. Divisi produk krom telah memproduksi unit ini sejak 1 januari 1986, yang sebelumnya diproduksi oleh pemasok luar.
Sekitar pertengahan tahun 1986, Presiden General Applience Corporation mengkhawatirkan keluhan konsumen dan agen penjual (dealer), melalui survei yang menunjukkan bahwa reputasi perusahaan sebagai produsen produk berkualitas telah menurun. Hal tersebut diyakini terutama karena kinerja yang buruk dari mesin elektronik pembuat unit tersebut yang baru, yang kemudian dikoreksi. Presiden GAC memerintahkan Wakil presiden manufaktur untuk meningkatkan kualitas seluruh produk sampai pada tingkat memuaskan.
Awal 1987 divisi Produk Krom dan divisi manufaktur mempelajari proses manufaktur untuk menemukan cara pembuatan lapisan atas kompor yang memenuhi standar kualitas, dengan menambah unsur tembaga dan operasi penghalusan di akhir siklus. Total biaya dari operasi tambahan ini adalah 80 sen/unit, namun hasilnya pada Juni 1987 tingkat penolakan atas kualitas produk menurun drastis di bawah 1%.
Akibat kenaikan biaya, pada bulan Juli 1987 Divisi Produk Krom mengusulkan untuk menaikkan harga kompor tersebut sebesar 90 sen, yang terdiri dari biaya tambahan atas operasi tambahan ditambah 10 sen sebagai markup laba atas tambahan biaya tersebut. Sebelum usulan tersebut diajukan, harga produk tersebut sekarang adalah $10 per unit.
Divisi kompor elektrik sangat keberatan dengan usulan kenaikan harga tersebut dan diputuskan untuk membawa pertikaian tersebut kepada staf keuangan. Staf keuangan meminta rekomendasi dari departemen teknik, yang ternyata hasilnya menyatakan bahwa biaya yang diusulkan merupakan sesuatu yang beralasan dan mencerminkan proses efisien, dan menghasilkan produk dengan kualitas yang lebih baik dari pemasok luar. 2. Masalah Alat Pengendali Thermostatis/Suhu
Salah satu pabrik dari Divisi Motor Elektrik memproduksi unit pengontrol suhu. Salah satunya dibeli oleh Divisi Produk Mesin Cuci (sekitar 100.000 unit/tahun). Sementara itu Divisi Produk Kulkas membeli unit pengontrol suhu dari luar yakni Monson Controls Corporation. Namun pada bulan Juli 1987, Divisi Kulkas menginformasikan kepada Monson Controls Corporation bahwa sejak 1 januari 1988, divisi tersebut akan membeli seluruh unit pengendali suhunya dari Divisi Motor Elektrik, atas dasar demi komitmen “yang terbaik untuk kepentingan perusahaan”.
Pada tahun 1984, permintaan atas unit pengendali suhu sangat tinggi, dalam hubungannya dengan kapasitas produksi industri tersebut. Antara tahun 1985 sampai sampai pada pertengahan tahun 1987, kapasitas produksi dari perusahaan-perusahaan independen tersebut jauh melebihi permintaannya. Salah satu akibatnya adalah menurunnya tingkat harga. Hal tersebut juga dialami oleh Divisi Motor Elektrik, laba yang dihasilkan oleh produk ini menurun drastis, dari laba sebelum pajak sebesar 15% dari nilai investasi pada tahun 1984 menjadi mendekati nol pada tahun 1987.
Pada Oktober 1987, Divisi Motor Elektrik dan Divisi Kulkas melakukan negosiasi untuk harga tahun 1988. Divisi Kulkas mengusulkan harga $2,15, yaitu harga yang ditawarkan Monson Controls Corporation. Namun Divisi Motor Elektrik tetap menolak untuk menurunkan harganya dibawah $2,40 kepada pihak manapun.
Setelah beberapa minggu bernegosiasi, pertikaian tersebut akhirnya diserahkan kepada staf keuangan untuk penyelesaian. Hasil analisis staf keuangan kondisi harga rendah saat itu diakibatkan karena kelebihan kapasitas, bila seluruh kebutuhan dipasok dari luar maka harga akan naik $2,40 karena tindakan tersebut akan mengeliminasi adanya kelebihan kapasitas. 3. Masalah Transmisi
Divisi Mesin Cuci menggunakan transmisi untuk produk pencuci otomatis, yang dipasok dari dua pemasok yakni Divisi Produk Gear & Transmisi dan dari Thorndike Machining Corporation. Pada Maret 1985, Thorndike diberitahu bahwa mulai 1 Januari 1987, GAC tidak lagi membeli transmisi dari Thorndike. April 1985, presiden Thorndike meminta kepada presiden dari General Appliance Corporation agar keputusan tersebut dapat ditinjau kembali, dengan memberikan daftar usulan penurunan harga yang akan diberikan jika perpanjangan kontrak dilakukan.
Penurunan harga Thorndike dimungkinkan karena Thorndike masih lebih untung jika menurunkan harga daripada menelantarkan mesin-mesin produksi transmisi yang ada; dan Thorndike mengharapkan adanya kenaikan produktivitas. Thorndike juga menyatakan telah mengembangkan suatu transmisi yang cocok untuk mesin cuci ekonomis yang berbiaya $2 lebih rendah, dan mulai dapat diproduksi pada tanggal 1 Januari 1988.
Manajer umum dari Divisi Mesin Cuci tertarik untuk menerima usulan tersebut dengan harga $10 per unit. Pada akhir tahun 1985, Divisi Gear & Transmisi menawarkan harga transmisi yang baru sebesar $12 ditambah beberapa penyesuaian kecil. Divisi Mesin Cuci menolak untuk menerima harga yang diusulkan tersebut dan bertahan pada harga $11,21. Divisi Gear & Transmisi menolak untuk mempertimbangkan usulan proyek tersebut.
Kedua divisi tersebut kemudian menyerahkan permasalahan ini kepada staf keuangan untuk mencari jalan tengahnya. Hasil analisis staf keuangan mengatakan bahwa penawaran Thorndike lebih ekonomis dan sejalan dengan tujuan laba perusahaan.

C. JAWABAN PERTANYAAN 1. Dalam setiap proses negosiasi, salah satunya tawar menawar harga transfer, peran masing-masing manajer divisi memang perlu dimonitor dan ditengahi oleh divisi lain yang lebih netral, seperti Divisi/Staf Keuangan. Sehingga dalam proses negosiasi dan implementasi harga transfer tetap memenuhi kasanah “goal concruence” baik dengan semua divisi sebagai pusat laba maupun dengan tujuan laba perusahaan. 2. Kebijakan Transfer Harga harus dirancang sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat mencapai tujuan berikut ini: * Memberikan informasi yang relevan kepada setiap unit usaha untuk menentukan timbal balik optimum antara biaya dan pendapatan perusahaan. * Menghasilkan keputusan yang selaras dengan cita-cita, sehingga keputusan yang meningkatkan laba unit usaha juga akan meningkatkan laba perusahaan. * Membantu pengukuran kinerja ekonomi dari unit usaha individual. yang mudah dimengerti dan dikelola. * Merancang sistem penentuan harga transfer sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat menjawab dua keputusan yang harus diambil untuk setiap produk yakni apakah perusahaan harus memproduksi sendiri produk tersebut atau membelinya dari pemasok luar (keputusan sourcing), dan bila diproduksi secara internal, pada tingkat harga berapakah produk tersebut akan ditransfer antar pusat laba (keputusan harga transfer).

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