...Mariah WolfeHist 410Active Liberty Paper5/1/12 The book Active Liberty by Stephen Breyer is a response to Antonin Scalia’s A Matter of Interpretation. Breyer takes a liberal stance on issues that Scalia addresses. Three points that I found interesting are the six elements Breyer uses in interpreting law and how he emphasizes them, the difference between modern liberty and active liberty, and how Breyer applies active liberty in different scenarios. Early on in the book, Breyer says that there are six elements used when interpreting a law - language, history, tradition, precedent, purpose, and consequence. However, he goes on to say that although all judges uses these different elements, they emphasize them all differently. For example, one judge might put more emphasis on purpose and consequence, while another might concentrate more on tradition and language. This can affect whether or not a judge looks at a law with a loose or strict interpretation. One who uses the first combination might have a strict view of the law because he or she knows what will happen afterwards. Taking into account language and tradition, however, might allow one to have a broader view of the law because they are taking into account how the laws were used before and what exactly the law is saying. Another point that Breyer touches on, which could also be considered the main argument in the book, is the difference between modern and active liberty. Modern liberty, also known as civil liberty, protects...
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...Hyperbilirubinemia is an excess of bilirubin in the blood and is the main cause of jaundice. Bilirubin, is a normal part of the pigment released from the breakdown of "used" red blood cells and because bilirubin has a pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of the baby's skin, eyes, and other tissues. Normally, the liver filters bilirubin from the bloodstream and releases it into the intestinal tract. A newborn's immature liver often can't remove bilirubin quickly enough, causing an excess of bilirubin. Jaundice due to these normal newborn conditions is called physiologic jaundice, and it typically appears on the second or third day of life. ("Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice." - Online Medical Encyclopedia. University of Rochester, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.) The first symptom is yellow appearance of the skin and the eyes. The infant’s skin may appear yellow as early as the 1st or 2nd day of life. The jaundice starts around the head and the face then progresses to the shoulders, arms and the rest of the body including the legs and feet. The appearance may become more yellow when the baby is 3 to 4 days old and then slowly gets better. This is called “physiologic” or normal neonatal jaundice. Most infants have this pattern so no testing is needed. At times, the yellow appearance may occur earlier, last longer than 5-6 days or may be much more pronounced. A consultation with your health care provider is then needed to determine if testing is indicated. Along with the skin...
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...MINICHROMOSOMES: THE NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGY FOR PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic transformation occurs frequently in nature in prokaryotes. The transfer of genes from one organism to another is termed horizontal gene transfer1. For example, bacteria can acquire virulence factors, as well as antibiotic resistance genes, which may lead to the breakdown of the efficacy of antibiotics. Horizontal gene transfers are rare in higher eukaryotes, but years ago scientists found that a pathogenic bacterium, Agrobacterium, could transfer genes from its genome to its plant hosts, where expression of the transferred genes caused crown gall disease2. The development of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation, and direct transformation by biolistics, i.e., the high velocity delivery of DNA attached to metal particles, led to the first generation of transgenic plants and the rapid application of this technology to crop improvement. Genetic engineering as a driving force for modern agriculture Genetic engineering is a powerful tool for improving crop quality and productivity, and reducing labor and resource utilization of farming. For example, farmers saved up to an estimated 60% of costs for pest control by growing Bt (insect resistance) cotton in certain regions of the US in 1997, according to a USDA report3. The reduction of pesticide spray has other safety benefits for both the environment and humans. Because of these and other benefits, the adoption of three primary GE crops...
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...Volume 3, number 2 What is critical appraisal? Sponsored by an educational grant from AVENTIS Pharma Alison Hill BSC FFPHM FRCP Director, and Claire Spittlehouse BSc Business Manager, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford q Critical appraisal is the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its validity, results and relevance before using it to inform a decision. q Critical appraisal is an essential part of evidence-based clinical practice that includes the process of systematically finding, appraising and acting on evidence of effectiveness. q Critical appraisal allows us to make sense of research evidence and thus begins to close the gap between research and practice. q Randomised controlled trials can minimise bias and use the most appropriate design for studying the effectiveness of a specific intervention or treatment. q Systematic reviews are particularly useful because they usually contain an explicit statement of the objectives, materials and methods, and should be conducted according to explicit and reproducible methodology. q Randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews are not automatically of good quality and should be appraised critically. www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk Prescribing information is on page 8 1 What is critical appraisal What is critical appraisal? Critical appraisal is one step in the process of evidence-based clinical practice. Evidencebased clinical practice...
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...-1- Equivalence of the different discounted cash flow valuation methods. Different alternatives for determining the discounted value of tax shields and their implications for the valuation∗ Pablo Fernández PricewaterhouseCoopers Professor of Corporate Finance IESE Business School, University of Navarra Camino del Cerro del Aguila 3. 28023 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: fernandezpa@iese.edu Abstract This paper addresses the valuation of firms by cash flow discounting. The first part shows that the four most commonly used discounted cash flow valuation methods (free cash flow discounted at the WACC; cash flow for equityholders discounted at the required return on the equity flows; capital cash flow discounted at the WACC before taxes; and Adjusted Present Value) always give the same value. The disagreements in the various theories on the valuation of the firm arise from the calculation of the discounted value of tax shields (VTS). The paper shows and analyses 7 different theories on the calculation of the VTS: Modigliani and Miller (1963), Myers (1974), Miller (1977), Miles and Ezzell (1980), Harris and Pringle (1985), Ruback (1995), Damodaran (1994), and Practitioners method. The paper also shows the changes that take place in the valuation formulas when the debt's market value does not match its book value. JEL Classification: G12, G31, M21 October 16, 2008 (First version: July 2, 1999) Another version of this paper may be found in chapters 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the author's...
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...Advance Edited Version Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/12/48 15 September 2009 Original: ENGLISH HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Twelfth session Agenda item 7 HUMAN RIGHTS IN PALESTINE AND OTHER OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict ∗ ∗ Late submission A/HRC/12/48 page 2 Paragraphs Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART ONE INTRODUCTION I. II. III. METHODOLOGY CONTEXT EVENTS OCCURRING BETWEEN THE “CEASEFIRE” OF 18 JUNE 2008 BETWEEN ISRAEL AND THE GAZA AUTHORITIES AND THE START OF ISRAEL’S MILITARY OPERATIONS IN GAZA ON 27 DECEMBER 2008 IV. APPLICABLE LAW PART TWO OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY: THE GAZA STRIP Section A V. VI. THE BLOCKADE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF MILITARY OPERATIONS CONDUCTED BY ISRAEL IN GAZA BETWEEN 27 DECEMBER 2008 AND 18 JANUARY 2009 AND DATA ON CASUALTIES ATTACKS ON GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS AND POLICE VIII. OBLIGATION ON PALESTINIAN ARMED GROUPS IN GAZA TO TAKE FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT THE CIVILIAN POPULATION VII. A/HRC/12/48 page 3 IX. OBLIGATION ON ISRAEL TO TAKE FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT CIVILIAN POPULATION AND CIVILIAN OBECTS IN GAZA X. INDISCRIMINATE ATTACKS BY ISRAELI ARMED FORCES RESULTING IN THE LOSS OF LIFE AND INJURY TO CIVILIANS XI. DELIBERATE ATTACKS AGAINST THE CIVILIAN POPULATION XII. THE USE OF CERTAIN WEAPONS XIII. ATTACKS ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVILIAN LIFE IN GAZA: DESTRUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, FOOD PRODUCTION, WATER INSTALLATIONS, SEWAGE...
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